Can Americans who join terrorist organizations and fight against United States troops be charged with treason? Does the January 6th riot in Washington D.C. constitute “levying war”? Despite ongoing acts of levying war, and providing aid and comfort to enemies, the United States has not had a treason conviction since the 1950's. Courts and prosecutors actively avoid the charge, leading to a substantial lack of case law and legal guidance. Today, legal scholars disagree on how the Treason Clause should be applied. In this thesis, I discuss the disappearance of treason, and analyze opposing views on how the treason charge should be utilized in the twenty-first century. Specifically, I argue that treason holds significant constitutional importance, and should return as a viable charge in criminal law.

It is well-documented that leaders' conceptual complexity can affect their decision-making, but what about its broader effects on political violence? While Hermann & Sakiev (2011) and Conway & Conway (2011) have examined terrorists' conceptual complexity before attacks, this study generates a more extensive analysis by examining weapon types and target types. This research explored the connection between a terrorist leader's level of conceptual complexity and the violent attacks their organizations commit, arguing that complexity lowers before an attack and after the 9/11 terrorist attacks. It employed a content analysis of Osama bin Laden's rhetoric from 1999 to 2003 to discern levels of conceptual complexity. Out of more than 150 relevant pieces of rhetoric, 15 speeches, interviews, and statements were hand-coded, then compared to the total number, type, and magnitude of terrorist attacks committed during the correlating time frames using data from the Global Terrorism Database. Results show that bin Laden's conceptual complexity levels rose before an attack and more than doubled after 9/11. The potential impact of this research is notable. At a theoretical level, it supports previous findings on terrorist complexity while providing a new dimension of weapon type and target type. However, it would have an equally significant impact at the professional level by providing a method to implement specific security policies according to identify trends. Thus, giving counterterrorism professionals another potential tool to prevent harm.

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Syfte med denna magisteruppsats är att överskådligt undersöka hur polisprogrammen förlagda vid de fem olika lärosäten och högskolorna/universiteten i Sverige: Högskolan i Borås, Linnéuniversitetet i Växjö, Malmöuniversitetet, Södertörns högskola samt Umeå universitet utbildar polisstuderande inom diskriminering, extremism, fanatism, fundamentalism, hatbrott, hedersbrott, våldsbejakande grupperingar och terrorism. Vidare syftar denna magisteruppsats till att utreda hur utbildningarna för polisprogrammen skiljer sig åt när det gäller det valda områden. En enkätundersökning sändes till lärarna vid respektive lärosäte. Resultaten visar på varierande svar bland lärosäten men huvudresultat är att utbildning inom diskriminering, extremism, fanatism, fundamentalism, hatbrott, hedersbrott, våldsbejakande grupperingar och terrorism är bristfällig, mer utbildning behövs inom området. / The purpose of this master's thesis is to clearly examine how the police educations located at the five different universities in Sweden: The University of Borås, Linnaeus University in Växjö, Malmö University, Södertörn University and Umeå University educate police students in discrimination, extremism, fanaticism, fundamentalism, hate crimes, honor crimes, violent groups and terrorism. Furthermore, this master's thesis aims to demonstrate how much the education for the police programs differs for the selected subject areas where a survey aimed at the teachers at the respective higher education institution was sent out and where it could be made visible to a large extent the varying answers together with the comparison of the course content from the respective higher education institution. The overall results of both my survey and also previous related research show that education in discrimination, extremism, fanaticism, fundamentalism, hate crimes, honor crimes, violent groups and terrorism is poor in the public sector in general and that more education is generally needed due to Sweden's changed demographics over time.

The master thesis "Basque terrorist organization ETA - its activity since 2004, tactics, internal structure and future perspectives of development" deals with the analysis of development of the Basque terrorist organization ETA after 2004, when the islamic fundamentalists attacked Madrid. The first part of this thesis briefly presents basic theoretical principles of terrorism. The second part is focused on the history of ETA and its development from the very beginning till the year 2004. The third and the main part analyses the current development of ETA and the modification of its structure and strategy and also the counter- terrorist provisions, which have been taken by the Spanish state in order to paralyse the organization. All kinds of aspects which had and still have an influence on this issue had been taken into account - the changes of the internal structure of ETA and its financing, the changes in legislation or the changes in security forces strategy. A special chapter concentrates on the analysis of the strategic importance of ceasefire and the negotiations with the government.

The aim of this work is explanation of the concept of homegrown terrorism based on an analysis of selected terrorist attacks; and creates a definition for this completely new phenomenon. For the processing of the topic I chose a comparative case study method, which is applied to the exploration of three terrorist attacks (terrorist attacks in London 2005, attacks in editorial office of Charlie Hebdo in 2015 and terrorist attacks in Paris 2015). Basic investigated dependent variable is homegrown terrorism and the independent variables are concepts "belonging" and "autonomy". Variables that are connected to the concept of "belonging" include the origin of the attackers and links to the Western countries, the concept of "autonomy" is linked to the independence of the attackers to terrorist groups abroad and self-training of the attackers and finally motives of the attackers include the role of religion, the social situation of the attackers and hatred of invaders towards the West. The variables above are applied to each terrorist attack separately in the form of table data. Each dependent and independent variable may be positive or negative. According to this research, I found that each particular attack was different in certain characteristics from the previous one and therefore it is difficult to...