This article explores the short but intense history of the word terruco, a colloquial term which is used as a substitute for terrorist. In particular, the article aims to show that the use of terruco as an insult, although originally aimed at members of groups in arms, contributed decisively during the years of the dirty war and even in recent times, to stigmatize sectors of the Peruvian population, including defenders of human rights, relatives of those detained and other victims of political violence, and in general persons of Indian origin. Its frequent use in torture sessions and episodes of sexual assault added an additional dimension to the connection between the term terruco and generalized forms of abuse and violence which were considered by many Peruvians as necessary and even legitimate during the years of internal armed conflict. / Este artículo explora la breve pero intensa historia de la palabra terruco, un término coloquial que se usa como sustituto de terrorista. En particular, se intenta demostrar que el uso de terruco como un insulto, aunque en principio dirigido a los miembros de los grupos alzados en armas, contribuyó decisivamente, durante los años de la guerra sucia e incluso en tiempos más recientes, a estigmatizar a distintos sectores de la población peruana, incluyendo a defensores de derechos humanos, familiares de detenidos y otras víctimas de la violencia política, y personas de origen indígena en general. Su uso recurrente en sesiones de tortura y en episodios de violación sexual añade una dimensión adicional a la conexión entre el término terruco y la práctica generalizada de formas de abuso y violencia que fueron consideradas, por muchos peruanos, necesarias y hasta legítimas durante los años del conflicto armado interno

This paper examines the anti-terrorist strategy developed by Peru from the paradigm of the constitutional rule of law. One expression of this counter-insurgency fight was the nearly permanent establishment of states of emergency and the adoption of criminal emergency laws, which are critically analyzed, because they led to serious results on fundamental rights. In that sense, it is shown, with severe concern, the establishment by the Peruvian Government of legal “black holes” and “gray holes” at the expense of victims of enforced disappearance. The author concludes by assessing the position of the courts and the challenge they have in elaborating a democratic and constitutional model for combating terrorism. / El presente trabajo examina, desde el paradigma del Estado constitucional de derecho, la estrategia antiterrorista que desarrolló el Perú. Una de las expresiones de esta lucha antisubversiva fue la instauración casi permanente de los regímenes de excepción y la aprobación de las leyes penales de emergencia, las cuales son analizadas críticamente, pues propiciaron graves afectaciones a los derechos fundamentales. En ese sentido, se muestra, con  grave  preocupación,  la  creación por  parte  del  Estado  peruano  de«agujeros negros» y «agujeros grises» legales en desmedro de las víctimas de desaparición forzada. Finaliza el autor haciendo un balance de la postura de los órganos jurisdiccionales y el reto que tienen en la construcción del modelo democrático y constitucional de lucha contra el terrorismo.

This study aims at covering the perpetrators, victims and Sweden's society. The main issue is to examine how these categorization portrayed in the biggest newspaper in Sweden, Aftonbladet. To conduct the survey we have used a critical discourse analysis. The empirical material consists of 55 strategically selected news articles and 127 images related to the analyzed articles. In order to identify discourses we chose to use the following analytical concepts: We, they, include, exclude, ideal offender, ideal victim, the victims who survived and the ideal society to apply the investigation. With these concepts, we were able to identify five discourses and analyse how the perpetrators, victims, survivors and society were represented in the articles. In our conclousion, we found out that Sweden's society gets the largest space in the news texts. The representation of the perpetrator is depicted on the basis of different time aspects. In the first insight, the suspected perpetrator is presented as a father of four children who lived in Sweden to support his family, who remained in their homeland. In the second insight he is conceived as a stranger and a insane human. As far as the victims are concerned, they are usually reflected as saints and they are rewarded by loveful words.

This study aims at covering the perpetrators, victims and Sweden's society. The main issue is to examine how these categorization portrayed in the biggest newspaper in Sweden, Aftonbladet. To conduct the survey we have used a critical discourse analysis. The empirical material consists of 55 strategically selected news articles and 127 images related to the analyzed articles. In order to identify discourses we chose to use the following analytical concepts: We, they, include, exclude, ideal offender, ideal victim, the victims who survived and the ideal society to apply the investigation. With these concepts, we were able to identify five discourses and analyse how the perpetrators, victims, survivors and society were represented in the articles. In our conclousion, we found out that Sweden's society gets the largest space in the news texts. The representation of the perpetrator is depicted on the basis of different time aspects. In the first insight, the suspected perpetrator is presented as a father of four children who lived in Sweden to support his family, who remained in their homeland. In the second insight he is conceived as a stranger and a insane human.  As far as the victims are concerned, they are usually reflected as saints and they are rewarded by loveful words.

I denna uppsats ville vi undersöka om nyhetsrapporteringen av terrorism i Sverige har förändrats sedan strax innan terrorattackerna i USA den elfte september 2001 fram till strax efter terrordåden i Paris i november 2015. Vi utförde en kvalitativ innehållsanalys på tjugo utvalda artiklar publicerade i Dagens Nyheter och Aftonbladet och kom fram till att det idag ställs högre krav på media då tidningarna idag måste förklara varför de väljer att kalla en handling för terrorism. Därtill fann vi också att världsläget lyste igenom journalistiken i och med att man kring attackerna mot USA inte visste hur man skulle agera eller reagera vilket då kunde urskiljas i nyhetsjournalistiken. Detta har utvecklats därefter och ju närmare nutid man kommer desto mer fokus ligger på vilka aktioner man bör ta till efter terrordåd.

Following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001, many turned to the field of psychology for greater understanding of the impact of such events and guidance in supporting our citizens. This study sought to gain greater understanding of the differential impact of the September 11th attack on individuals by investigating the influence of age, psychological hardiness, and repression versus sensitization as forms of coping behavior on psychological health. Both an initial cross-sectional sample (172 young adults & 231older adults) and a short-term longitudinal follow-up (39 young adults & 58 older adults) were included in the study. Older age, psychological hardiness and the use of a repressing coping style were found to each individually relate to greater resilience/less dysfunction at both time one and two. For young adults, high hardy repressors faired best, followed by high hardy sensitizers. Low hardy young adults demonstrated similar levels of dysfunction regardless of coping style (repressions/sensitization). For older adults, coping style impacted both high and low hardy individuals equally, with high hardy repressors demonstrating greater functioning. This study attempted to gain greater insight into explanations for these and previous findings of greater resilience among older adults. In explaining the greater resilience of older adults, it seems that coping style is highly important, while hardiness and the impact of history-graded events does not explain the resilience of older adults.

This diploma thesis deals with the influence of terrorist attacks on Instagram content that is shared in the immediate surroundings of locations where the attacks took place. Its primary focus is the transformation of the image of urban space near the Bataclan music club in Paris as a result of terrorist attacks in November, 2015. Using the visual content analysis of user photographs and the theoretical background of the theory of photography, visual studies and memory studies, the author investigates what image of the given place is created by shared photographs in the time before, during and after the attacks. The main conclusion is that terrorist attacks have a significant impact on the Instagram content, but it is rather short-term and their ratio of content gradually decreases over the course of six months. The thesis also presents a comparative analysis of the content shared at the time of the attacks in Paris in 2015 and in Brussels in 2016. It aims to reveal similarities as well as differences in the image of these attacks on Instagram. Above all, this analysis confirms a strong similarity of user content in all locations, but at a more detailed level it also points to their local specifics such as different forms of communication by sharing various mottos and symbols.

The thesis in your hands focus on foreign Fighter phenomenon in the Czech Republic. It argues, that Foreign Fighters are specific kind of migrants who travel both short-term and long-term into a conflict area of their choice. Some do come back to their countries of departure. The thesis has two goals. First one is to find out if there is potential for securitization of Foreign Fighters in the Czech Republic present in Czech society. For this purpose, securitization theory is used. Second goal of the thesis is to look closer on the Foreign Fighter phenomenon both in general and in local circumstances. The thesis presents analysis of academic literature on the topic of Foreign Fighters. It discusses definitions, Foreign Fighter numbers and threat assessment, and approaches adopted to deal with the phenomenon. Next, specifics of foreign Fighters in the Czech Republic are discussed. A survey was launched in order to gain data for this study among Czech society. Results of the survey indicate there is not much interest for securitization of the topic in the Czech Republic. Further results yielded there is not much of a difference in Czech Foreign Fighters and their compatriots from other countries, except maybe focus of Czech fighters on Ukraine except Middle East.

This literature and interview-informed dissertation research sought to explore the educational experiences of a small sample of those who identify as part of the generation of Muslim youth in the United States who have come of age in “the age of terror,” precipitated by the September 11th terrorist attacks on the U.S. The research involved analyses and interpretations of selected literatures pertaining to seminal theories, histories, and discourses pertaining to U.S situated Muslim students in high schools. In addition, responses from seven Muslim high school students who describe how they see themselves, their schooling environments around them, and their place within that constructed world also contributed to this dissertation work. The researcher interrogated study participants’ descriptions garnered mostly via facilitations of interviews, and some student written narrative and poetry. Simultaneously, the researcher, who identifies as a queer Arab Muslim-American educator, reflexively interrogated her own assumptions, biases and expectations propelling and affecting her analyses and interpretations of study data. Themes of visibility and “coming out” as Muslim as well as of political structures, forms of oppression, namely Islamophobia, and school environments are all navigated as well as questioned through the perspectives of both students and the Arab-American Muslim educator-researcher. The research both creates and leaves spaces for further delvings into teacher education dominant notions of pedagogy, classroom images, and school communities. Additionally, this dissertation research offers possibilities for change in relation to conceptions of larger intersecting power structures that influence not only how the public perceives Muslim cultures but also on how these youth see themselves.

In the novel The Stringer, Perla Coughlin has evacuated Pittsburgh following a biological attack. Now, at a Red Cross Shelter in Ohio, she slowly strings a racket as she tells a volunteer about her past, Pittsburgh's past, and what might lay ahead for both. Characters grapple with their ignorance toward environmental warning signs, the hidden costs of technology, and the disquieting ways in which apocalypses reveal "who we really are." The first-person novel relies heavily on the epistolary tradition as well as Oulipean conventions of form and structure. Tennis serves as a unifying force amongst the four main characters, and the 2010 U.S. Census provides the vehicle through which terrorists launch their plot. The novel aims at a return toward Pittsburgh, but returning home is easier said that done. The city and its industries have been fundamentally changed. Personal secrets have been brought to light. Perla's fierce loyalty to her city makes forgiveness as tall as task as clawing her way back to Pittsburgh.