In this master's thesis classification is put into the bigger context of other human capacities of knowledge and action such as perception, language and categorization. By studying and analyzing recent research on categorization in psychology, anthropology and cognitive science and interpreting it through the philosophy of Henri Bergson the thesis  demonstrates how knowledge and action are two sides of the same coin and how this insight is a must for a proper understanding of classification. The analysis focuses primarily on the family resemblance categorization theory of Eleanor Rosch, the ethnobiological universal classication theory of Brent Berlin and Scott Atran, the presentation of evolutionary cognitive science by Peter Gärdenfors and the philosophical discussion on classification by Rebecca Bryant. The thesis removes classification from its assumed Aristotelian origin and connects it with psychological categorization and by extension all human (and nonhuman) acts of differentiation. This is a two years master’s thesis in Archive, Library and Museum studies.

<p>The aim of this study was to shed light on how journalists describe the child’s world and what gender labels are used in their descriptions. We wanted to get a better understanding of what happens when gender is constructed.</p><p>In order to study how gender is constructed, we chose to examine how the children’s magazine Kamratposten describes children’s spare time. We chose Kamratposten because it turns to both girls and boys. In order to analyze the paper, we chose to do a discourse analysis, and used Norman Fairclough’s and Ylva Brune’s analytical models. When we analyzed the texts we studied previous research and theories about children, gender and media.</p><p>We analyzed how Kamratposten constructs girls and boys spare time. We made a qualitative content analysis of 20 articles and found that the 1700s views on gender still exist.</p><p>Thus Kamratposten ascribes girls and boys different gender roles, different behavior and activities in the articles studied. Girls seem to still be positioned in the private surroundings of the home, while boys are positioned in the public sphere. Another difference noted between the genders is the construction of a serious passive and productive girl, and a playful active mostly non-productive boy.</p>

Individual’s existential ambivalence has according to Jacques Derrida, one of the foremost proponents of post-structuralism, led to a continuous demand for structure (Cooper, 1989). Categories, used as structural tools, are however often hierarchically organized, where one category is more preferable than the other, also referred to as binary oppositions. Alternative categories and/ or references will appear when adopting a deconstruction process, which is crucial in order to invoke change and development (Cooper, 1989; Markkula et al., 2011; Marion, 2006). The aim of present research is trying to identify if Derrida’s theory of undecidable transfer of features (Agger, 1991; Cooper, 1989; Livingston, 2010; Bates, 2005) is applicable in fashion, more specifically fast- and slow fashion, and if the two categories are susceptible to a merge. Deconstructionism and Derrida’s theory of undecidable was furthermore applied as the theoretical framework throughout the study. Present research has been executed with an interpretive methodological approach and through a poststructural epistemological outlook (Hudson &amp; Ozanne, 1988; Eriksson &amp; Kovalainen, 2016). Data was derived through two focus group interviews, involving seven informants at a time, with Autodriving as a visual research tool (Heisley &amp; Levy, 1991) and open-ended questions as a complementing instrument (Eriksson &amp; Kovalainen, 2016). A thematic analysis was furthermore applied when revisiting the data and analysing its content. The findings finally suggest that a merge between fast- and slow fashion is executable, which furthermore also legitimises Derrida’s theory of undecidability. This study has however only begun the deconstruction process and does therefore encourage future researchers to continue investigating the theory of undecidability (Agger, 1991; Cooper, 1989; Livingston, 2010; Bates, 2005) not only in fashion, but also within other institutions.

This thesis explores the social construction of birth by analyzing the interaction between the participants present in the delivery room. The data is drawn from 79 video recordings of birth. Six are unedited research recordings and the remaining 73 were edited for pedagogical, documentary and entertaining purposes. The theoretical and analytical perspective is Conversation Analysis. With this microanalytic method, a detailed insight is given to the interaction in the delivery room which should be of linguistic, anthropologic and midwifery interest. The thesis demonstrates how different situations are shaped during labor and the first 15 minutes after birth. It reveals how the identities child, girl, boy, mother, father, woman and man are constructed and negotiated in the unfolding interaction between the participants. In this sense, the thesis uncovers the construction of family roles in the delivery room during a delicate interaction between the private persons and the institutional representatives. The latter are charged with the complex task of safeguarding the physical wellbeing of mother and child while also promoting the development of parental identities. The thesis highlights the existence of a social birth work; the institutional interactants make use of a range of linguistic resources to demarcate the progression from second stage labor to birth and to position the newborn as an endeared social creature. Birth is an important liminal situation and is therefore forcefully spoken forth, and, as the thesis shows, enhanced with more or less ritual utterances and actions. Birth is also a matter of bodies, the body in labor, the supporting body of the partner and the appearance of the body of the newborn. The thesis gives insight into how these bodies are managed and stylized in interaction. Further the thesis makes visible the midwife’s use of interactional resources to instill strength into the body of the woman in labor. The results are discussed in light of the socio-cultural circumstances for hospital birth in Sweden.

Title: Purchasing Process of Services: A Study of the Purchasing Process of HumanResource (HR) services Background: The rise in competition among organizations continues to increase. The rise in globalization, outsourcing and continuous pressure from customers have been the source for the increase in competition. Additionally, the instability in various industries is leading to high competition among firms. The purchasing of professional services is vital to organizations. Contemporary organizations spend a huge portion of their resources on the purchasing of professional services. The proper purchase of professional services can lead to cost saving and competitive advantage for companies or organizations. Research Questions:  How can the various purchasing models be used to develop a process for professional HR service purchasing? What are the factors involved in developing a process for the purchasing of professional HR services Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to develop a purchasing process for the purchasing of professional HR services. It takes into consideration the various classifications models of purchasing and the factors involved in the purchasing of services in order to develop a purchasing process for professional HR services. Method: Through a qualitative case study, the thesis gathered empirical data and used the deductive scientific approach to building a foundation of theory. Additionally, pattern matching was used to analyze both the theory and empirical data. Conclusion: The thesis developed a new classification model for HR services which resulted in the development of a new purchasing process that takes into consideration the classification of services and integrates the effects of the classification in the purchasing process. Additionally, the thesis discovered that personal relationship, clarity of problem and solution, specification of supplier’s inputs, specification of supplier’s throughputs or processes, specification of supplier’s output and specification of supplier’s outcome and the characteristics of service are factors involved in the development of a purchasing process forHR Services. Keywords: Professional Human Resource Services, Categorization of service, PurchasingModels, Service Purchasing Process

Purpose: To research how conceptions of gender are mirrored in the preschool’s practices and how the preschool teachers treat the children in relation to the conception of gender and age. Questions at issue: How do preschool teachers treat children in preschool from a gender perspective? How are values and conceptions about gender expressed in the preschools’ practice? Method: Qualitative methods; observation and interview, discourse analysis, hermeneutics Main theoretical connections: Social constructivism, feminist poststructuralism, gender system We have concluded that preschool teachers treat children in preschool based on the expectations they put on the children. These expectations position children into different categories of “masculine” and “feminine”. Gender is expressed in the practice and affect how children relate to one another as well as how the preschool teachers relate to the children depending on their age. We have also been able to see a difference in how children are treated in relation to age. What has been made visible through our observations is that preschool teachers’ treat younger children according to concepts that strengthens the categorization of children. This was accomplished through the emphasis on gender descriptions of people and objects, which positioned children in these categories. This can be interpreted as preschool teachers’ gender categorizations was consolidated through language which is of importance regarding current expectations and values within these groups. Children thus learn to adapt to the different roles they are in preschool, which will later be interpreted as a part of that person's individual character. Teachers in the older children’s group focused rarely or not at all on consolidating concepts but confirmed and thus strengthened the standards that children were already aware of and practiced. This was done by the teachers that among other things tended to keep the children’s groups, which was based on notions that the children are acting by character and not by gender.

The Swedish upper secondary education consists of different types of schools. One type of school is the upper secondary for pupils who have assessed as having an intellectual disability. The aim of this study is to increase the knowledge and understanding of pupils’ experiences of everyday life in school, and how they perceive the significance of their sense of belonging to this type of school. An additional aim of the study is to increase the knowledge about different ways of organizing the education and teaching. The collection of data started with a national questionnaire survey which was directed to headteachers at the schools. Based on the results from the survey five schools were selected. By participant observations at the schools and repeated interviews with 14 young women and 12 young men, the first person perspective has been studied and analysed through an interpretive approach. The analysis showed that knowledge about the schools different ways of organizing the teaching are of importance, to understand pupils’ diverse experiences of school life. As an example it has an impact on how the pupils evaluate different types of knowledge, but also how they view their future opportunities. Any clear connection between the schools different ways of organizing the education and teaching and pupils’ experiences of their sense of belonging to this type of school has not emerged. Instead pupils’ awareness, confidence, uncertainty, dejection and determination are to be seen as a framework of understanding, telling us about their experiences of their school affiliation. Together they demonstrate a complexity surrounding pupils’ situation, associated to both advantages and disadvantages in school, but also their thoughts about identity and how they perceive being categorized as deviant by others. The analysis also showed that expectations on the pupils, and their possibilities in the school context, are related to a special school culture and to gender differences. / <p>Therése Mineur</p><p>is also affiliated to / är också knuten till</p><p>Högskolan i Halmstad</p>

Ce mémoire porte sur les processus de catégorisation et les modes de prise en charge des populations sans logement par l’État français à deux époques que sont la fin du XIXème siècle et la fin du XXème siècle (1880-1910 et 1980-2008). Au cours de ces deux périodes charnières, les transformations socio-économiques brouillent les dispositifs traditionnels de prise en charge de populations sans logement et conduisent progressivement l’État à une redéfinition de ces populations sur le plan administratif ainsi qu’à un resserrement sur le plan juridique. L’analyse met en évidence la résistance des discours juridiques et politiques face aux transformations sociales avant d’étudier l’émergence de nouvelles catégories et de nouveaux dispositifs pour appréhender et contrôler ces populations. Les sources utilisées (juridico-politiques et médicales) permettent de nuancer l’analyse dominante proposée jusqu’alors par Castel, qui néglige les sources médicales dans son étude des bouleversements sociaux et de la prise en charge des populations marginalisées aux deux époques. Enfin, le travail de catégorisation des populations marginalisées de la part de l’État s’oppose à une résistance de la part des populations elles-mêmes qui débordent les catégories et les dispositifs mis en œuvre pour les appréhender.

The objective of this work is to improve performance in fine-grained visual categorization (FGVC). In particular, we are interested in the large-scale classification between hundreds of different flower, bird, dog species. FGVC is challenging due to high intra-class variances caused by deformation, view angle, illumination and occlusion, and low inter-class variance since some categories only differ in detail that only experts notice. Applications include field guides, automatic image annotation, one-click shopping app and 3D reconstruction. At the start, we discuss the importance of foreground segmentation in FGVC, where we focus on the unsupervised segmentation of image training sets into fore- ground and background in order to improve image classification performance. To this end, we introduce a new scalable, alternation-based algorithm for co-segmentation, Bi-CoS, which is simpler than many of its predecessors, and yet has superior performance on standard benchmark image datasets. Next, we extend BiCos to a new model, Tri- CoS, that adds a class-discriminitiveness term directly into the segmentation objective. The new term aims at removing image regions that, although appearing as foreground, do not contribute to the discrimination between classes. We also propose a model that combines parts alignment and foreground segmentation into a unified convex framework. The model is called Symbiotic in that part discovery/localization is helped by segmentation and, conversely, the segmentation is helped by the detection (e.g. part layout). The joined system improves over what can be achieved with an analogous system that runs segmentation and part-localization independently. Finally, we built a new flower dataset consisting of 26,798 high quality images collected by ourselves and 187,559 images gathered from existing datasets. The construction of this dataset follows a strict biological taxonomy. We also evaluate the impact of using the Amazon Mechanical Turk (AMT) service for filtering fine-grained data.

Résumé This diploma thesis under the title Linguistic Representation of National Stereotypes in Czech Media deals with which stereotypes about three chosen nationalities - Romani, Vietnamese and Russians - are present in the selected sample selected from Czech media and how they are linguistically represented. The paper is based on the presumption that despite the principle of political correctness present in most of the journalese code of ethics, it is not possible to avoid some manifestations of shared fixed images of nationalities (called stereotypes) in media. Next, we argue that the media image of the world is based on the Linguistic Image of the World. The theoretical basis of the cognitive linguistics, especially the Prototype/Stereotype Theory and categorization as the way of understanding and assorting the world, were the main methodological sources. There is a chapter on each analysed national group that depicts the means of its categorisation and lists the particular categories that ensued from the analysis as well as the stereotypes that were discovered in the surveyed sample. Key words: Romani, Vietnamese, Russians, stereotypes, categorization, cognitive linguistics, media