Since the second world war multiple organizations have fought for world peace and stability.  Regardless of organizations and world leaders attempts to avoid a large-scale armed conflict, in February 2022 the tense situation in Ukraine evolved to an armed conflict, when Russia launched a military offensive. This paper aims to examine two organizations, the European Union (EU) and the Organization for Security and Co-operation (OSCE), conflict preventive actions regarding the conflict in Ukraine. The theory regarding conflict preventive actions takes stand from the organization Carnegie and their report on the subject. Results of the analysis reveal that both organizations use measures from Carnegie’s theory about conflict prevention. The organizations show two different centers of gravity regarding the measures, where none of them uses all the seven measures from the theory. EU´s shows a center of gravity on the preventive diplomacy and economic action. Whereas OSCE’s center of gravity are political-institutional actions, early warning and early actions. Conclusions can be drawn from the different type of organizations and their possibilities to use different measures. This also shows the need for involvement of multiple organizations in conflict prevention, to be able to manage all measures. / <p>2022-05-25</p>

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This thesis examines the roles and significance of ECOWAS (Economic Community of West Africa States) in conflict prevention, crisis response and security-building processes in West Africa, particularly since 2000. The importance of developing regional institutions and capacities for peace and security-building in Sub-Saharan Africa has been widely recognised since at least the mid-1990s. Not only has the African Union developed important peace and security building aims and roles, but so too have several of the sub-regional organisations in Africa, including ECOWAS in West Africa. In the late 1990s, ECOWAS Member States achieved a number of noteworthy sub-regional agreements on ECOWAS norms and mechanisms for conflict prevention, crisis response, and peace and security –building in West Africa. These agreements and mechanisms have subsequently been further developed since 2000, in a dynamic process that was informed by experience with efforts to respond to a range of crises and conflicts in the region. This thesis critically examines this process, focussing particularly on the extent to which, and how, ECOWAS norms, institutions and mechanism have continued not only to develop but also to be influential in practice. Our research demonstrates that the ECOWAS agreements and norms established by 2000 have continued subsequently to be dynamically developed and used by ECOWAS member states and West African networks, in close interaction with several international partners. It argues that these norms and mechanisms have played significant roles in influencing actual policies, practices and missions. They have therefore proved to be more than shallow symbolic or paper agreements, despite the political fragility and divisions of the region and most of its states. We argue that this cannot be adequately understood using single explanatory frameworks, such as Nigeria’s hegemonic influence or instrumental influence of external Actors such as UN, EU or USA, as has often been suggested. Adequate explanations need to combine these factors with others, including relatively consistent investment in regional norms and institutions by coalitions of some West African states (including Ghana, Senegal and Nigeria) together with civil society and parliamentary networks. Our research then examines in detail the extent to which, and how, ECOWAS norms and mechanisms on conflict prevention, crisis response and security sector reform were significant and influential in ECOWAS’ responses to the crises and conflicts in Cote D’Ivoire, Mali and to a lesser extent in Gambia since 2003; and also how these crises were in turn influential in the further development of ECOWAS norms in these areas. We demonstrate numerous weaknesses in the implementation and effectiveness in these norms; and limitations in their diffusion and influence. However, we argue that such weaknesses and limitations are typical of regional peace and security norms everywhere, including much more stable and developed regions. Equally significant is that substantial coalitions exist between ECOWAS member states and stakeholders. Despite obvious tensions, ECOWAS, AU, UN and other countries such as France continue to work to address inherent tensions and develop mutually beneficial collaborations that enhance effective conflict prevention in the sub-region. The study draws on the knowledge created within this this thesis to propose a framework for conflict intervention. / Allan & Nesta Foundation

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited / This thesis analyzes the "updated Petersberg tasks" included in the draft treaty establishing a Constitution for the European Union. The original Petersberg tasks called for forces capable of humanitarian and rescue missions, peacekeeping operations and tasks of combat forces in crisis management, including peacemaking. The updated tasks add conflict prevention, joint disarmament, military advice and assistance, post-conflict stabilization, and support to third countries in combating terrorism. The thesis focuses on the requirements of these tasks and the capabilities of the European Union's civilian agencies and military forces to execute them. It explores the meaning of the new missions, their specific capability requirements, and the prospects for the European Union to meet these requirements. It concludes that the European Union is currently capable of undertaking the missions that require mostly civilian tools or medium-level military forces for their conduct. The European Union does not at present have the relevant capabilities for the missions that demand more advanced military forces. / Major, Hellenic Army

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The overall purpose of this dissertation is to provide an empirical study of the post-Cold War EastAsian security setting, with the aim of understanding why there is an East Asian peace. The EastAsian peace exists in a region with a history of militarised conflicts, home to many of the world'slongest ongoing militarised problems and a number of unresolved critical flashpoints. Thus, thepost-Cold War East Asian inter-state peace is a paradox. Despite being a region predicted to be ripefor conflict, there have not only been less wars than expected, but the region also shows severalsigns of a development towards a more durable peace. The dominant research paradigm –neorealism – has painted a gloomy picture of post-Cold War East Asia, with perpetual conflictsdominating the predictions. Other mainstream international relations theories, too, fail to accountfully for the relative peace. One of the greatest problems for mainstream theories, is accounting forpeace given East Asia's lack of security organisations or other formalised conflict managementmechanisms. Given this paradox/problem, this dissertation sets out to ask "Why is there a relativepeace in the East Asian security setting despite an absence of security organisations or otherformalised mechanisms to prevent existing conflicts from escalating into violence?" In order to answer this question, the case of East Asian peace is approached by comparingthree embedded case studies within the region: the Taiwan issue, the South China Sea, and theKorean nuclear conflict. It explores the full range of informal and formal processes plus the ConflictPrevention and Peacebuilding Mechanisms (CPPBMs) that have been important for the creation ofa continuing relative peace in East Asia between 1990 and 2008. The study furthermore focuses onChina's role in the three cases, on an empirical basis consisting of interviews conducted with keypersons during more than 1.5 years fieldwork in China. The three cases show that informal processes exist, and that they have furthermore beenimportant for peace, both by preventing conflicts from escalating into war, and by buildingconditions for a stable longer-term peace. Their impact on the persistence of peace has been tracedto a range of different CPPBMs. Returning to the level of the East Asian case, a common feature ofmany of the identified processes is that they can be understood as aspects or manifestations of theEast Asian regionalisation process. Specifically, elite interactions (personal networks, track twodiplomacy), back-channel negotiations, economic interdependence and integration, and functionalcooperation have together with (China's acceptance of) multilateralism and institutionalisation (ofpeaceful relations) been of high importance for the relative peace. Whereas formalised conflictmanagement mechanisms and the U.S. presence have also contributed to peace, this dissertationshows their contribution to be much more limited.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Workplace incivility has been shown to have negative organizational and individual effects on people who experience this low-intensity deviant behavior. Research has recently begun to look at incivility as a form of modern discrimination that may be used to target out-groups within organizations, where out-groups are broadly defined. The first goal of the current study was to examine the impact of incivility on work-linked couples. Second, the present study sought to determine the effect that experiences of WLC incivility had on individual and organizational outcomes: burnout, job satisfaction, and turnover intentions. Finally, although the outcomes of incivility have been well-established, the antecedents of this phenomenon have been examined considerably less. Therefore, the present study sought to examine and explain the relationship between a climate for formality, gender, and WLC incivility. To accomplish these goals a snowball sampling method was used to recruit a total of 86 participants for an online survey. Hierarchal regression and bootstrapping mediation were used to analyze the data. Results showed that WLC incivility was predictive of burnout, job dissatisfaction, and turnover intentions. Furthermore, both burnout and job satisfaction were shown to mediate the relationship between WLC incivility and turnover intentions. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed as well as potential areas for future research.

Es wird zunehmend deutlich, dass weder eine einzelne wissenschaftliche Disziplin noch ein einzelnes Forschungsinstitut Lösungen für globale Probleme zu finden vermag; das Ergebnis ist ein Wandel hin zu vernetzten, globalen Forschungsansätzen, der mit einem Anstieg von Verbundprojekten mit inter- und transdisziplinärem Ansatz einhergeht. Obschon ein Bewusstsein für die schwierige Aufgabe besteht, institutionelle Strukturen so zu gestalten, dass sie sich förderlich auf die Zusammenarbeit auswirken, wird der praktischen Umsetzung kaum Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt. Doch diese ist insbesondere bei Forschungsverbünden zur nachhaltigen Entwicklung von entscheidender Bedeutung, da sie mit ihrer komplexen organisatorischen Struktur – mit Beteiligten unterschiedlicher Nationalität und aus verschiedenen Institutionen und Disziplinen – ausgesprochen anfällig für Konflikte sind. Um destruktiven und das Projekt gefährdenden Konflikten vorzubeugen, werden neben Studien zur effektiven Teamarbeit auch Instrumente benötigt, die die Zusammenarbeit und den Erfolg des Projektes fördern. Nur wenn Projekte effektiv funktionieren, können sie Lösungen für große gesellschaftliche Herausforderungen finden. Die vorliegende Dissertation verfolgt das Ziel, zur praktischen Funktionsfähigkeit transdisziplinärer Forschungsprojekte beizutragen, indem sie die Konzeption und die Wirksamkeit von Konfliktmanagement-Systemen in derartigen Forschungsprojekten untersucht. Als Fallbeispiel dient ein transdisziplinäres Forschungsprojekt zur Ernährungssicherheit, das exemplarisch für die Komplexität von Verbundprojekten steht. Die vorliegende Dissertation soll nicht nur dazu beitragen, die Wissenslücke über die Funktionsweise transdisziplinärer Forschungsprojekte zu schließen, sondern zudem einen Beitrag zur Forschung zu Konfliktmanagement-Systemen leisten, indem solch ein System in eine weitere Organisationsstruktur übertragen wird. / Recognizing that no single discipline or institute alone can find solutions to global challenges, a shift toward interconnected and global research approaches is occurring, thus increasing the number of collaborative research initiatives applying inter- and trans-disciplinary approaches. This is mirrored not just in the global development agenda (Agenda 2030) but also in the funding policies of national and international public funding bodies. While there is awareness for the grand challenges and institutional structures facilitating joint action, little attention is given to the operational details. However, this is essential, as research collaborations in sustainable development are complex organizational settings prone to conflict, made up of diverse members from multiple countries, institutions, and disciplines. To prevent destructive conflict, including complete project failure, research on collaborative team work, as well as tools to facilitate collaboration and project success, is needed. Effectively functioning projects can find solutions to grand societal challenges. Thus, the objective of this dissertation is to facilitate the operational functioning of transdisciplinary research projects by analyzing the design and effects of a conflict management system in such a research environment. Because it exemplifies the complexity of collaborative research projects, a transdisciplinary research project on food security serves as the case study. This dissertation not only helps close the knowledge gap on how transdisciplinary research projects operate, but it also advances research on conflict management systems by transferring the approach to a new type of organization.

The occurrence of internal armed conflict in Africa has increased over the last two decades. As such, Africa continues to be viewed by many as a troubled continent. In an attempt to avoid further conflict in Africa, organisations such as the United Nations have implemented comprehensive tools and strategies to prevent further conflicts from occurring. However, the genocide in Rwanda and the on-going unrest in Sudan have shown that there is still a lot of work to be done. In both these cases, the conflicts took place or escalated even with UN presence on ground. This paper will thus examine the UN's legal role in the prevention of internal armed conflict and establish the type of lessons that could be learnt from Rwanda and Sudan. / Public, Constitutional, & International / LL.M.

The occurrence of internal armed conflict in Africa has increased over the last two decades. As such, Africa continues to be viewed by many as a troubled continent. In an attempt to avoid further conflict in Africa, organisations such as the United Nations have implemented comprehensive tools and strategies to prevent further conflicts from occurring. However, the genocide in Rwanda and the on-going unrest in Sudan have shown that there is still a lot of work to be done. In both these cases, the conflicts took place or escalated even with UN presence on ground. This paper will thus examine the UN's legal role in the prevention of internal armed conflict and establish the type of lessons that could be learnt from Rwanda and Sudan. / Public, Constitutional, and International / LL.M.