A pesquisa clínica patrocinada no Brasil vem crescendo cada vez mais e gerando conhecimento científico em diversas áreas da saúde. O desenvolvimento desses ensaios clínicos envolve aspectos que vão além da geração de fármacos e produtos mais avançados. O grande alicerce da pesquisa clínica está também nos pacientes que aceitam participar de um estudo científico. Estes precisam passar por um processo de consentimento que envolve ter conhecimento sobre todos os aspectos que envolvem a sua participação no ensaio clínico. Dentro desse contexto, surge um grande desafio na área que é como realizar o processo de consentimento de maneira adequada. É preciso levar em consideração aspectos como compreensão, motivações, influências, coerção, benefícios, riscos, entre outros aspectos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar quais os fatores vivenciados pelos participantes de pesquisa clínica durante o processo de consentimento. Foram aplicados questionários a respeito da sua percepção no que envolve a participação na pesquisa clínica. Com os dados gerados foi possível desenvolver um conjunto de recomendações visando o aprimoramento do processo de consentimento em projetos de pesquisa clínica. / Clinical research sponsored in Brazil has been increasing and generating scientific knowledge in several areas of health. The development of these clinical trials involves aspects that go beyond the generation of drugs and more advanced products. The key of clinical research is also in patients who accept to participate in a scientific study. These need to undergo a consent process that involves having knowledge about all aspects that involve their participation in the clinical trial. Within this context, a great challenge arises in the area that is how to carry out the consent process in an appropriate way. It is necessary to take into account aspects such as understanding, motivations, influences, coercion, benefits, risks, among other aspects. The objective of this study was to identify the factors experienced by clinical research participants during the consent process. Questionnaires were applied regarding their perception regarding the participation in clinical research. With the data generated, it was possible to develop a set of recommendations aimed at improving the consent process in clinical research projects.

Thesis title: Territorial Decision-Making-Processes In this thesis, the author deals primarily with the planning permission proceedings, including the analysis of partial changes in the legislation introduced by the conceptual amendment of Act No. 183/2006 Coll., On Spatial Planning and the Building Code (Building Act), which came into effect on January 1, 2018. Author of this thesis draws in his writing primarily from the available commentary literature, from various judicial decisions of the Czech courts, especially of the Supreme Administrative Court of the Czech Republic and, last but not least, from a number of expert articles. The thesis is internally divided into the introduction, three separate chapters, subchapters and the conclusion. In the introductory chapter, the author defines selected basic terms relevant to planning permission proceedings in order to give the reader the opportunity to better understand the subject matter. The author further compares the differences between conceptual and implementation tools of spatial planning, describes the ways in which buildings are placed in the territory, as well as the different types of planning permits. In the second, core chapter of the thesis, the author offers a detailed analysis of the process leading to the issuance of a planning...

La personne morale ne peut consentir que par l'intermédiaire de ses organes sociaux. Ceux-ci ont pour fonction d'exprimer la volonté sociale en exerçant les pouvoirs qui leur sont attribués par la loi ou les statuts. Ce dispositif particulier, inhérent à l'abstraction radicale qui caractérise la personnalité morale, conduit trop souvent à considérer que le consentement d'une personne morale se réduit à un acte de représentation et, en conséquence, à apprécier ce consentement en la personne des organes représentants. Nous avons d'abord analysé la spécificité du consentement du fait de la personnalité morale (Première partie) à partir de ses deux composantes essentielles : la prise décisionnelle d'une part, l'acte de représentation d'autre part. II s'avère que le consentement de la personne morale, loin d'être réductible à un seul acte de représentation, est un processus organique organisé dans lequel la phase décisionnelle tient une place essentielle. Nous avons ensuite examiné l'approche juridique du consentement adaptée à la personnalité morale (Seconde partie). Après avoir étudié les modalités d'application des qualités ordinaires - individualité et intégrité - que doit revêtir le consentement de la personne morale, nous avons relevé les fonctions originales que ce consentement est susceptible de remplir. Si le consentement de la personne morale est toujours l'expression de l'intérêt social, d'autres fonctions peuvent également lui être assignées. Ainsi se présente-t-il actuellement comme un vecteur des bonnes pratiques de gouvernance. / The legal entity can give its consent only through its management bodies. The latter's functions are to express the social wishes by exercising their powers that have be attributed to them by law or by statutes. This specific measure, which is inherent to the radical abstraction that characterizes the legal entity, too often leads to the idea that the consent of the legal entity is reduced to an act of representation and thus leads to assessing this consent in its representing bodies. We have, first of all, analysed the special feature of the consent in light of the legal entity (First Part) through Iwo essential componants: the decision making on the one hand, the act of representation on the other hand. The consent of the legal entity proves to be far more than one single act of representation and actually a structured organic process in which the decision making phase holds an essential spot. We have then, second of ail, analysed the legal aspect of the consent suited to the legal entity (Second Part). After studying the implementing provisions of the usual features - individuality and integrity - that the consent of a legal entity needs to take on, we have raised the original functions that this consent is susceptible to fulfill. I the consent of the legal entity is always the expression of the social interest, other functions can also be assigned to it. Thus it can actually be a vector of good corporate governance practices.

abstract: Technology is rapidly evolving, and mental health professionals are increasingly using technology in their clinical work. In reaction to this shift, it is important that research examines the ethical implications of online behaviors. The current study examined the online practices of graduate students in the mental health field and generated prediction models for online client searches and best practices in informed consent and online disclosure. The sample consisted of 316 graduate students in counseling, clinical, and school programs. Of those with clinical experience, a third had utilized the Internet to find information about their client. Progress in the participants' program, as measured by credits completed or in progress, and years of social networking experience were positively related to online client searches. The vast majority (over 80%) of individuals who conducted an online search did not obtain informed consent prior to the search. Curiosity was the most frequent reason given for conducting a client search. Previous professional discussions and belief that information online is private were not significant predictors of obtaining informed consent. The final analysis examined disclosure of client information and found that lower scores on ethical decision-making and years of social networking experience predicted online disclosure. This study is an important step in understanding the implications of the intersection of technology use, ethics, and clinical practice of graduate mental health professionals. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.C. Counseling Psychology 2012

This thesis gains an insight into advertising and integrated marketing communications with an exploration of the relationships between advertisers and consumers at the meso level of interface between the two groups. As an initial investigation into advertising and integrated marketing communications and its relationships to consumers’ behaviour, the inquiry develops by exploring an alternative lineage of interpretive consumer research. The two areas of focus emerging from the literature review are the concepts of manufacturing consent (Herman and Chomsky, 2002) as the macro advertiser/sender level of behaviour and the concept of motivational behaviour research (Tadajewski, 2006) as the micro consumer/receiver level of behaviour. The study utilises a mixed methods research design to explore the interface between advertisers and consumers. From the analysis of the commonalites and variances within the data, a mapping of behaviour between the two groups presented a new and unexpected set of interactions. Interactions that reflect the Foundation Premises within the work of Vargo and Lush (2008) by developing an emergent conceptual model.

INTRODUÇÃO: A obtenção de órgãos para pesquisa é essencial para o estudo da neurobiologia da doença mental. Na comunidade científica internacional há uma demanda crescente para a disponibilização de tecido cerebral humano para estudos sobre a neurobiologia das doenças neuropsiquiátricas, com grande interesse no uso desses tecidos para a investigação dos processos biológicos básicos associados às doenças mentais. No cenário atual, entretanto, biobancos de tecido cerebral dedicados às doenças psiquiátricas são extremamente escassos. OBJETIVO: Descrever a frequência de doação de tecido cerebral para pesquisa por familiares de pessoas que cometeram suicídio MÉTODO: Foram incluídas solicitações para doação de encéfalo a familiares de indivíduos que cometeram suicídio com idade entre 18 a 60 anos cuja necropsia foi realizada entre março de 2014 e fevereiro de 2016. Foram excluídos casos com lesões no tecido cerebral devido a trauma na hora da morte. RESULTADOS: Tivemos acesso a 56 casos de suicídio. Destes, 24 estavam dentre os critérios de exclusão do projeto. Foram excluídos do estudo 11 casos por falta de responsáveis para assinar o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE). Finalmente, dos 21 remanescentes, 9 responsáveis autorizaram a doação de tecido cerebral, em sete casos de fragmento de córtex e dois do encéfalo. CONCLUSÕES: As doações de tecido cerebral para pesquisa são indispensáveis para a elucidação de causas biológicas, e há uma escassez de material biológico disponível para a investigação do sistema nervoso central em doenças neuropsiquiátricas. Neste estudo demostra-se que a doação para pesquisa em nosso meio é possível, com uma proporção de consentimento similar àquela relatada em doenças neurodegenerativas. / INTRODUCTION: Obtaining organs for research is essential to study the neurobiology of mental illness. The international scientific community there is a growing demand for the availability of human brain tissue for studies of the neurobiology of neuropsychiatric diseases, with great interest in the use of these tissues for investigation of basic biological processes associated with mental illness. In the current scenario, however, brain tissue biobanks dedicated to psychiatric disorders are extremely scarce. OBJECTIVES: To describe the frequency of brain tissue donation for research purposes by families of individuals that committed suicide. METHODS: All the requests for brain tissue donation for a brain biorepository made to the families of individuals aged 18-60 years that committed suicide between March 2014 and February 2016 were included. Cases presenting with brain damage due to acute trauma were excluded. RESULTS: Fifty-six suicide cases were reported. 24 fulfilled the exclusion criteria; 11 were excluded because no next of kin was found to sign the informed consent. Finally, of the 21 remaining cases, brain tissue donation was authorized in 9 - – 7 fragments of brain tissue and 2 the entire organ. CONCLUSIONS: The donation of brain tissue for research is essential for the elucidation of the neurobiology of neuropsychiatric illness. In the present study, we report the feasibility of brain tissue donation for research purposes. Moreover, that the rates of this sort of donation is similar to the rates reported for neurodegenerative diseases.

A presente dissertação abarcará cinco temas bastante específicos: a defesa da concorrência, a defesa do consumidor, a prática do cartel, as formas consensuais de seu combate e investigação e o bem-estar do consumidor. No Brasil, verifica-se que, tanto a defesa da concorrência como a do consumidor se unem por um objetivo comum: o bem-estar do consumidor. Por isso, práticas tidas como ofensivas à ordem econômica podem desencadear danos graves aos consumidores, sendo um relevante exemplo disto a formação de cartéis, especialmente os relacionados à alteração artificial de preços. Dentre as práticas abusivas previstas no CDC, foi lançada elevação de preços sem justa causa, o que torna possível que a prática do cartel ou, ao menos, os seus efeitos sobre o preço, possam vir a ser reprimidos por ambas as esferas. Nesse sentido, buscou-se analisar os institutos consensuais de combate aos cartéis previstos na lei de concorrência: o “compromisso de cessação de conduta” e o “programa de leniência”, assim como seus possíveis efeitos benéficos sobre os consumidores. Desta feita, a presente dissertação visou a responder aos seguintes problemas de pesquisa: (i) qual o arcabouço jurídico-institucional à disposição da defesa do consumidor e da concorrência? (ii) qual o liame entre estas duas esferas? (iii) o que é “cartel” e de que forma ele atinge os consumidores (iv) o que são o “compromisso de cessação de conduta” e o “programa de leniência” e qual a sua utilidade ao combate dos cartéis? A conclusão obtida é que a defesa da concorrência e a do consumidor possuem um objetivo comum, o bem-estar do consumidor, a primeira de forma mediata e a segunda, imediata. Ademais, verificou-se o “cartel” como uma conduta altamente agressiva à livre concorrência e aos interesses dos consumidores, sendo possível que seus efeitos, de forma indireta, sejam penalizados pelo CDC. Finalmente, verificou-se a grande utilidade das formas consensuais – “compromisso de cessação de conduta” e “programa de leniência” – não apenas ao combate aos cartéis quanto à imediata cessação de seus efeitos, mas também como grande ferramenta de prova de sua ocorrência e garantia do bem-estar dos consumidores. / The presente dissetation involves five very specific issues: antitrust, consumer protection, cartels, consensual forms of its combat and investigation and consumer welfare. In Brazil, it is found that both the defense of competition as the consumer defense are united by a common goal: consumer welfare. Therefore, practices seen as offensive to the economic order can trigger serious harm to consumers, being a relevant example the cartel formation, especially those related to artificial price change. Among the abusive practices set out in Brazilian Consumer Defese Code (CDC), it was registered the prices raise without just cause, which makes it possible that the cartel, or at least its effects on the price, may be suppressed by both spheres. Therefore, it sought to analyze the consensual institutes of cartel’s combat and investigation under competition law: the "Conduct Consent Decree" and "Leniency Program", as well as their possible beneficial effects on consumers. Thereby, this dissertation aimed to answer the following research problems: (i) what is the legal and institutional framework available to the consumer’s and competition’s protection? (ii) what is the link between these two spheres? (iii) what is "cartel" and how it affects consumers? (iv) what are the "Conduct Consent Decree" and "Leniency Program" and what is its usefulness to cartel’s combat? The reached conclusion is that the defense of competition and the defense of consumer have a common purpose, consumer welfare, the first in a mediate way and the second immediately. In addition, the "cartel" was established as a highly aggressive approach to free competition and to the interests of consumers, being possible that their effects, indirectly, be penalized by the CDC. - "Conduct Consent Decree" and "Leniency Program" - not only to fight against cartels to the immediate cessation of its effects, but also as a great proof tool of its occurrence and assurance of the well-being of consumers.

A pesquisa clínica patrocinada no Brasil vem crescendo cada vez mais e gerando conhecimento científico em diversas áreas da saúde. O desenvolvimento desses ensaios clínicos envolve aspectos que vão além da geração de fármacos e produtos mais avançados. O grande alicerce da pesquisa clínica está também nos pacientes que aceitam participar de um estudo científico. Estes precisam passar por um processo de consentimento que envolve ter conhecimento sobre todos os aspectos que envolvem a sua participação no ensaio clínico. Dentro desse contexto, surge um grande desafio na área que é como realizar o processo de consentimento de maneira adequada. É preciso levar em consideração aspectos como compreensão, motivações, influências, coerção, benefícios, riscos, entre outros aspectos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar quais os fatores vivenciados pelos participantes de pesquisa clínica durante o processo de consentimento. Foram aplicados questionários a respeito da sua percepção no que envolve a participação na pesquisa clínica. Com os dados gerados foi possível desenvolver um conjunto de recomendações visando o aprimoramento do processo de consentimento em projetos de pesquisa clínica. / Clinical research sponsored in Brazil has been increasing and generating scientific knowledge in several areas of health. The development of these clinical trials involves aspects that go beyond the generation of drugs and more advanced products. The key of clinical research is also in patients who accept to participate in a scientific study. These need to undergo a consent process that involves having knowledge about all aspects that involve their participation in the clinical trial. Within this context, a great challenge arises in the area that is how to carry out the consent process in an appropriate way. It is necessary to take into account aspects such as understanding, motivations, influences, coercion, benefits, risks, among other aspects. The objective of this study was to identify the factors experienced by clinical research participants during the consent process. Questionnaires were applied regarding their perception regarding the participation in clinical research. With the data generated, it was possible to develop a set of recommendations aimed at improving the consent process in clinical research projects.

Submitted by Tatiana Lima (tatianasl@ufba.br) on 2015-03-25T17:54:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Moscon, Daniela Campos Bahia.pdf: 2381056 bytes, checksum: 63db06a4ab3201a37649f8901c63dab1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Tatiana Lima (tatianasl@ufba.br) on 2015-04-06T18:07:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Moscon, Daniela Campos Bahia.pdf: 2381056 bytes, checksum: 63db06a4ab3201a37649f8901c63dab1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-06T18:07:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moscon, Daniela Campos Bahia.pdf: 2381056 bytes, checksum: 63db06a4ab3201a37649f8901c63dab1 (MD5) / Diversos têm sido os esforços empreendidos no sentido de refinamento dos conceitos relacionados aos vínculos que os trabalhadores estabelecem com as suas organizações empregadoras. Dentro dessa tendência mais ampla, estudos têm sido voltados para a revisão do modelo tridimensional do Comprometimento proposto por Meyer e Allen, tomando como base o argumento de que ele reúne mais de um tipo de vínculo no mesmo conceito. De modo mais recente, um grupo de pesquisadores brasileiros propôs dois novos conceitos que abarquem as bases instrumental e normativa, associadas no modelo de Meyer e Allen ao Comprometimento: Entrincheiramento Organizacional e Consentimento Organizacional, respectivamente. Por outro lado, o conhecimento desses fenômenos e a sua aplicação prática exigem que sejam estudadas as diversas variáveis que impactam diretamente no seu estabelecimento. Dentre tais variáveis, a percepção sobre a liderança se destaca, em função do papel que ela exerce de representante da organização e intermediadora das demandas dos empregados. Sendo assim, o objetivo dessa tese é analisar as relações existentes entre liderança e o estabelecimento de vínculos (Comprometimento, Entrincheiramento e Consentimento Organizacional) dos trabalhadores com organização. Para tanto, foram desenvolvidos três estudos que se propõem a realizar essa análise partindo de uma visão mais geral para uma situação mais específica em um determinado contexto de trabalho. O primeiro estudo se propõe a analisar tal relação a partir de uma revisão sobre como a literatura internacional tratou a questão nos últimos dez anos. O segundo, parte da análise de um banco de 994 casos, cuja coleta serviu de base às proposições dos conceitos de Entrincheiramento e Consentimento Organizacional, para analisar como esses conceitos (e mais Comprometimento Organizacional) se relacionam com a percepção geral de trabalhadores de diversos seguimentos diferentes sobre a sua chefia imediata. Já o terceiro e último estudo, analisa os vínculos de Entrincheiramento, Consentimento e Comprometimento Organizacional (assim como suas subdimensões) no contexto do Tribunal Regional do Trabalho 5 (Bahia) e suas relações com os conceitos de Liderança Transformacional, Transacional e Ausência de Liderança. Trata-se de um estudo de caso, que teve a participação de 173 funcionários lotados em Salvador e Região Metropolitana (BA). Os artigos selecionados para o estudo teórico foram analisados a partir de procedimentos quali-quantitivos de análise de conteúdo e, para os dados coletados nos estudos empíricos foram conduzidas análises descritivas, correlações de Pearson, regressão linear (método Enter) e análise de clusters (método Ward) (apenas para o terceiro estudo). Os resultados apontam que ainda existe carência de pesquisas que relacionem esses dois fenômenos, sobretudo no contexto brasileiro e utilizando os vínculos instrumental e normativo. Contudo, já é clara a importância do papel da liderança não apenas de forma direta, mas também pela sua capacidade de influenciar a percepção do empregado acerca das políticas de gestão de pessoas, suporte organizacional, dentre outros aspectos. Esse impacto, entretanto, se é claro no que se refere ao Comprometimento e Consentimento Organizacional, não tem a mesma importância no que se refere ao Entrincheiramento, mais influenciado por características estruturais internas e externas à organização. Além disso, foi possível perceber que, ao menos no contexto do terceiro estudo (TRT-5) a Liderança Transacional não é vista como antagônica à Transformacional: os funcionários tendem a avaliar as duas de modo semelhante, o que reforça a sua complementariedade. Sugere-se novos estudos utilizando os novos conceitos propostos em amostras mais amplas e a partir de metodologias de estudo mais diversificadas e flexíveis. Several efforts have been undertaken in order to refine the concepts related to organizational attachments. Within this broader trend, studies have been focused on the review of the three-dimensional model of the commitment proposed by Meyer and Allen (1991), based on the argument that he has more than one type of bond on the same concept. Recently, a group of Brazilian researchers has proposed two new concepts that encompass the instrumental and normative bases associated with the model of Meyer and Allen to Commitment: Organizational Entrenchment and Organizational Consent. On the other hand, the development of knowledge of these phenomena and their practical application require to be studied several variables that directly impact on their establishment. Among these variables, the perception of the leadership style stands out due to its role as representative of the intermediary organization and the demands of the employees. Thus, the aim of this thesis is to analyze the relationships between organizational attachments (Commitment, Organizational Consent and Entrenchment) and leadership. Thus, we developed three studies that propose to conduct this analysis starting from a more general to the more specific situation in a specific work context. The first study aimed to examine this relationship from a review of the international literature and addressed the issue in the last ten years. The second, part of the analysis of a database of 994 cases, whose collection formed the basis of the concepts of propositions Entrenchment Organizational Consent to examine how these concepts (and Organizational Commitment) relate to the general perception of workers in different segments different about their immediate supervisor. The third and final study examines organizational attachments of Entrenchment, Consent and Organizational Commitment (as well as their sub-dimensions) in the context of the Regional Labor Court 5 (Bahia) and their relationship with the concepts of Transformational Leadership, Transactional Leadership and Avoidance of Leadership. This is a case study, which was attended by 173 employees at Salvador and metropolitan area (BA). The articles selected for the theoretical study were analyzed according to procedures like content analysis and for data collected in empirical studies were conducted descriptive analyzes, Pearson correlations, linear regression (Enter method) and cluster analysis (method Ward) (for the third study). The results show that there is still lack of research that relate these two phenomena, especially in the Brazilian context and using the instrumental and normative attachments . However, it is clear the importance of the leadership role not only directly, but also for its ability to influence the perception of the employee on policies for managing people, organizational support, among other aspects. This impact, however, it is clear in relation to Organizational Commitment and Consent does not have the same importance in relation to Entrenchment, more influenced by structural features internal and external to the organization. Furthermore, it was revealed that, at least in the context of the third study (TRT-5) Transactional Leadership is not seen as antagonistic to Transformational: employees tend to evaluate both so similar, which reinforces their complementarity. We suggest further studies using the new concepts proposed in larger samples and study methodologies from more diversified and flexible.

The diploma thesis is divided into a theoretical and a practical part. The first part describes the current state of the issue of informed consent in a general context and related topics. To obtain the data, I used the qualitative research, the method of questioning, and the data collection technique of a semi-structures interview. The research sample group consisted of 11 patients and two doctors. The objective of the thesis was to identify and describe the differences between the theory and the practice of informed consent in the hospital, and to find out whether there has been any shift in the mistakes and errors associated with informed consent as stated by Haškovcová (2007). The research results have shown that the interviewed patients are not familiar with the concept of informed consent. The knowledge of the informed consent concept was more accurate by doctors as presumed. On the issue of viewed benefits of informed consent, it is clear from respondents? answers that informed consent is viewed primarily as doctors? legal protection against any complaints or lawsuits made by the patients in the performance of their profession by making the patient familiar with any complications that may occur during the performance. This benefit is perceived by both patients and doctors. Doctors see its benefit also as the protection of patients. Another benefit viewed by doctors is the written informed consent form. Six of the interviewed patients stated that informed consent was submitted to them to sign by the nurse/male nurse without proper instructions. Furthermore, doctors? answers show that the timing of instructions depends on the nature of the surgery, whether it is planned or acute. However, some patients said that they were not even instructed with the sufficient time after giving informed consent even when related to a planned procedure. The most stated form was the combination of written and oral instructions, so the patient was first instructed orally and then he was also handed a detailed description of the particular procedure in the written form. There was no uniformity about the question of the amount of submitted information among the interviewed patients as well as doctors ? some of them prefer just basic information, some of them want to know all the information. One of the interviewed doctors favored just the adequate informed consent and saw the detailed informed consent as problematic, another doctor preferred introduction of all the details, although in the written form, mainly because of legal protection. In terms of quality of the provided information, it is clear from the statements of the patients that two most important facts for them are that the performance is in their benefit and the duration of hospitalization. All patients have agreed on the fact that it is very good that they are informed about the procedure which will be performed on them. However, they were not united regarding the issue of participation in the decision ? two patients stated that not even the properly informed patient should participate in the decision about their treatment. Only one doctor expressed his stance to the patient?s participation in the decision stating that he tries to persuade his patients that his proposed solution is the optimal. The standard for the patients is to ask questions when they are concerned about something or interested in it. However, the statements showed that they do not always get the answer they are satisfied with. When the patients stated that they do not ask their doctors about anything, their reasons were enough information, lack of staff and a feeling of unwillingness on the part of doctors. If the patients did not receive enough information from the medical staff, they looked for it in other sources of information. This thesis points to the broader psychosocial context of informed consent, so its results may help during the training of staff in the assisting professions.