Zeólitas sintetizadas a partir de cinzas leves e pesadas de carvão e modificadas com hexadeciltrimetilamônio (HDTMA) foram usadas como adsorvente para remoção dos corantes Solophenyl Navy (SN) e Solophenyl Turquesa (ST) e suas formas hidrolisadas, Solophenyl Navy hidrolisada (SNH) e Solophenyl Turquesa hidrolisada (STH), de efluente simulado de indústria têxtil. As zeólitas leve modificada (ZLM) e pesada modificada (ZPM) foram caracterizadas por diferentes técnicas, tais como, espectrometria de fluorescência de raios-X, difração de raios-X e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. As ZLM e ZPM apresentaram carga estrutural negativa devido à formação de uma bicamada parcial de HDTMA na superfície externa da zeólita. A concentração inicial dos corantes, o tempo de contato e o equilíbrio de adsorção foram avaliados. A cinética de adsorção de SN, ST, SNH e STH sobre as zeólitas seguiu o modelo de pseudo segunda- ordem. O tempo de equilíbrio foi de 20 min para SN e ST e 30 min para SNH e STH sobre ZLM, enquanto sobre ZPM foi de 60 min para SN e ST e 20 e 30 min para SNH e STH, respectivamente. Os modelos de Langmuir, Freundlich e Temkin foram aplicados para descrever as isotermas de adsorção. A adsorção dos corantes foi melhor descrita pelo modelo de Langmuir, com exceção dos sistemas SN/ZPM, SNH/ZPM e SNH/ZLM que seguiram modelo de Freundlich. As capacidades máximas de adsorção foram 3,64; 3,57; 2,91 e 4,93 mgL-1 para SN, ST, SNH e STH pela ZLM, respectivamente e 0,235; 0,492; 1,26 e 1,86 mgL-1 pela ZPM, nesta mesma ordem. O melhor desempenho dos corantes hidrolisados foi atribuído à redução do tamanho das moléculas dos corantes durante o processo de hidrólise. A toxicidade aguda dos corantes foi avaliada por diferentes organismos teste. O microcrustáceo C. dubia apresentou valores de EC50 de 1,25; 54,5; 0,78 e 2,56 mgL-1 para SN, ST, SNH e STH, respectivamente. A macrófita L. minor mostrou valores de EC50 de 18,9; 69,4; 10,9 e 70,9 mgL-1 para SN, ST, SNH e STH, respectivamente. As larvas de mosquitos C. tepperi mostraram valores de EC50 de 119 e 440 mgL-1 para a SN e ST, respectivamente. Com relação ao processo de adsorção, os efeitos agudos foram substancialmente reduzidos após o tratamento da solução aquosa de SN e ST com ZLM, assim como de suas formas hidrolisadas, apresentando nenhuma toxicidade após a remoção de 100% da cor. Após o tratamento dos corantes com ZPM houve um aumento da toxicidade, com exceção dos corantes SNH e STH que não apresentaram toxicidade após o tratamento. Testes de Avaliação e Identificação da Toxicidade foram realizados a fim de identificar quais substâncias estariam causando a toxicidade nos corantes SN, ST e no lixiviado de ZLM e ZPM. Os efeitos tóxicos foram reduzidos significativamente após a manipulação com Extração de Fase Sólida (SPE) e ácido etilenodiaminotetracético (EDTA) para o lixiviado de ZLM e ZPM. Os corantes mostraram redução na toxicidade após a manipulação com EDTA indicando que as substâncias tóxicas eram principalmente metais catiônicos. / Zeolites synthesized from fly and bottom ashes and modified with hexadecyltrimethylamonium (HDTMA) were used as adsorbent to remove dyes - Solophenyl Navy (SN) and Solophenyl Turquoise (ST) and their hydrolysed forms Solophenyl Navy Hydrolysed (SNH) and Solophenyl Turquoise Hydrolysed (STH), from simulated textile wastewater. The HDTMA-modified fly zeolite (ZMF) and HDTMA-modified bottom zeolite (ZMB) were characterized by different techniques, as X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, etc. The ZMF and ZMB presented negative charge probably due to the formation of a partial bilayer of HDTMA on exchangeable active sites on the external surface of unmodified zeolite. Initial dye concentration, contact time and equilibrium adsorption were evaluated. The adsorption kinetic for SN, ST, SNH and STH onto the zeolites followed the pseudo second-order model. The equilibrium time was 20 min for SN and ST and 30 min for SNH and STH, respectively. Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin models were applied to describe the adsorption isotherms. Adsorption of the dyes were best described by the Langmuir model, with exception to SN/ZPM, SNH/ZPM and SNH/ZLM systems that followed Freundlich model. The maximum adsorption capacities were 3,64; 3,57; 2,91 e 4,93 for SN, ST, SNH e STH by ZLM, respectively and 0,235; 0,492; 1,26 e 1,86 by ZPM, in this order. The best performance for hydrolyzed dyes has been attributed to reduction of the size of dyes molecules during the hydrolysis process. Acute toxicity of the dyes to a different organism were evaluated by different test-organisms. Waterflea, Ceriodaphnia dubia showed EC50 value of 1,25; 54,5; 0,78 and 2,56 mgL-1 for SN, ST, SNH and STH, respectively. The plant Lemna minor showed EC50 values of 18,9; 69,4; 10,9 and 70,9 mgL-1 for SN, ST, SNH and STH, respectively. Midges larvae of Chironomus tepperi showed EC50 values of 119 and 440 mgL-1 for SN and ST, respectively. Regarding the adsorption process, acute effects were substantially reduced after adsorption treatment of aqueous solution with SN and ST by ZMF, as well as their hydrolysed forms, showing no toxicity after removal of 100% of colour. After treatment with ZPM there was an increase of the toxicity, with exception of SHN and STH dyes that do not show toxicity after the treatment. Toxicity Identification Evaluation tests (TIE) were realized in order to identify what substances were causing the observed toxicity for the SN, ST and the leached of ZMF and ZMB. The acute effects were significantly reduced after manipulation with Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE) and Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) for the leached of ZMB and ZMF. The dyes showed reduced in the toxicity after manipulation with EDTA indicating that the toxicants are mostly cationic metals.

La richesse moléculaire des végétaux constitue une source importante de molécules tinctoriales et bioactives d'origine naturelle, utilisées depuis toujours par les artisans et tradipraticiens dans le domaine artisanal et thérapeutique. Ces travaux contribuent principalement à l’étude chimique de cinq plantes tinctoriales : T. grandis, L. inermis, K. senegalensis, I. tinctoria et P. cyanescens, lesquelles représentent les plus employées par les artisans à l'issue d'une enquête ethnobotanique réalisée au Sud-Est du Bénin. Un essai d'optimisation des conditions d’extraction des colorants de T. grandis assistée par ultrasons a été effectué et comparée à trois autres techniques utilisées conventionnellement. Ce procédé a été établi comme le plus simple, rapide, efficace et donnant le rendement le plus important en colorants jaunes et rouges extraits des plantes étudiées, en comparaison aux extractions classiques. De la même manière, il a été mis au point un procédé d'extraction de l’indigotine par usage du dithionite de sodium. Il a pu être démontré que ce procédé permet d'extraire rapidement et efficacement cette molécule à partir de P. cyanescens comparativement à l'emploi de solvants organiques usuels. Une étude fondamentale sur l’identification des colorants extraits à partir des plantes étudiées a été effectuée. Une approche chromatographique utilisant la CLHP/UV-Vis a permis d’identifier la catéchine et l'épicatéchine ainsi que des acides phénoliques, constitutifs des tanins quantitativement caractéristiques des espèces K. senegalensis et L. inermis. En outre, la lawsone et des flavones ont été identifiées dans L. inermis. Il a été caractérisé en plus de la tectoquinone, trois autres anthraquinones Ta, Tb et Tc dont les structures n'ont pas été élucidées, à ce jour, ainsi que des flavonoïdes dont cinq n'ont jamais été décrits dans littérature de T. grandis. Quant aux plantes à indigo, elles se différencient non seulement par la teneur en indigoïdes issue de leurs divers extraits mais aussi par trois flavonoïdes identifiés spécifiquement dans P. cyanescens. L’ensemble de ces résultats expérimentaux a pu être appliqué avec succès à l’étude de colorants extraits à partir d'échantillons prélevés sur des objets du patrimoine notamment des masques, statuettes et textiles provenant de collections muséales, ce qui a contribué à la détermination de leur origine minérale et botanique. Par ailleurs, des tests chimiques sur des fractions plus ou moins enrichies en molécules colorantes issues des plantes étudiées ont permis l'évaluation des propriétés pharmacologiques réalisés in-vitro révélant une activité antioxydante et cytotoxique sur les cellules cancéreuses MCF-7 et IGROV / Molecular plant wealth is an important source of dyes and naturally occurring bioactive molecules, have always been used by artisans and crafts and traditional healers in the therapeutic field. This work contributes mainly to the chemical study of five dye plants: T. grandis, L. inermis, K. senegalensis, I. tinctoria and P. cyanescens, which represent the most used by the artisans at from a ethnobotanical study conducted in southeastern Benin. An optimization of the extraction conditions dyes from T. grandis assisted ultrasonic tests was carried out and compared with three other techniques conventionally used. This process has been established as the simplest, quick, efficient and providing the most important yield in yellow and red dyes extracted from plants studied, in comparison to conventional extractions. Similarly, a method of indigotine extraction using sodium dithionite has been developed. It could be shown that this method can extract quickly and efficiently indigotine from P. cyanescens compared to the use of conventional organic solvents. A fundamental study of the identification of dyes extracted from plants studied was performed. Chromatographic approach using HPLC / UV-Vis permits to identify catechin and epicatechin and phenolic acids, tannins constituent species characteristics quantitatively and K. senegalensis and L. inermis. Furthermore, lawsone and flavones have been identified in L. inermis. It was further characterized by the tectoquinone, three other anthraquinones Ta, Tb and Tc whose structures have not been elucidated and flavonoids which five were never been described in literature of T. grandis. As for indigo plants, they differ not only by the content of their various end indigoid extracts but also specifically identified by three flavonoids in P. cyanescens. All these experimental results have been successfully applied to the study of dyes extracted from samples of objects including heritage masks, statuettes and textiles from museum collections, which contributed to the determination of their mineral and botanical origin. Furthermore, evaluation of the pharmacological properties, by chemical tests in vitro and antioxidant showed cytotoxic activity on cancer cells MCF-7, IGROV and very important fraction of more or less enriched in the dye molecules from plants tested

Spheres of chitosan were prepared and crosslinked with sodium tetraborate and the epoxy resin PY-340 to obtain the hybrid materials QUIT-BORAX and QUIT-EPOXI, respectively. The hybrid QUIT-EPOXI was reacted with sodium tetraborate to obtain the hybrid QUIT-EPOXI-BORAX. The spheres of raw chitosan and the new hybrid materials were characterized by determining the pH of zero point charge, thermogravimetry, infrared absorption spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Interactions processes of the dyes methylene blue (AM) and remazol Red (VR) with the hybrids were evaluated using adsorption tests in acidic and alkaline media (pH 4 and pH 10 buffered solutions, respectively) at 30 °C. In the tests of AM adsorption using AM initial concentration of 8.8 mg L-1 in pH 10 buffered solution, the AM adsorbed amounts on QUIT BORAX, QUIT-EPOXY and QUIT-EPOXY-BORAX were 1.438, 1.970 and 1.385 mg g-1, respectively. These values correspond, respectively, to 32.81%, 35.49% and 31 70%, indicating the following affinity order for AM adsorption: QUIT-EPOXY > BORAX-QUIT > QUIT-EPOXY-BORAX. In the interactions of the VR dye (initial concentration of 6.3 mg L-1, pH 4 buffered solution) with the materials, this dye was only adsorbed on the QUIT-BORAX-EPOXY material with an adsorbed amount, of 1.808 mg g-1, corresponding to 58.21% of removal of VR. It was observed that the materials have not affinity for AM in pH 4, and the VR dye was not adsorbed on the materials using pH 10 buffered solution. The best release results of the impregnated AM indicated the following dye release order: QUIT-EPOXY-BORAX (74.7%) > QUIT-BORAX (64.1%) > QUIT-BORAX (41.8%), during approximately seven days. The experiments have shown that the obtained hybrid materials can be used in the application of cationic species in carrier systems. / Esferas de quitosana foram preparadas e reticuladas com tetraborato de sódio e resina epóxi PY-340 obtendo-se os materiais híbridos QUIT-BÓRAX e QUIT-EPÓXI, respectivamente. O híbrido QUIT-EPÓXI foi tratado com tetraborato de sódio para obtenção do híbrido QUIT-EPÓXI-BÓRAX. As esferas de quitosana pura e os novos materiais híbridos obtidos foram caracterizadas por determinação do pH do ponto de carga zero, termogravimetria, espectroscopia de absorção na região do infravermelho e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Processos de interações dos corantes azul de metileno (AM) e vermelho de remazol (VR) com os materiais obtidos foram avaliados através de testes de adsorção em meio ácido e em meio alcalino (tampões pH 4 e pH 10) na temperatura de 30 °C. Nos testes de adsorção do corante AM, na concentração inicial de 8,8 mg L-1, em tampão pH 10, a quantidade adsorvida no material QUIT-BÓRAX foi de 1,438 mg g-1. Para o material QUIT-EPÓXI, a quantidade adsorvida foi de 1,970 mg g-1 e para o material QUIT-EPÓXI-BÓRAX foi encontrado um valor de 1,385 mg g-1 correspondendo a 32,81%, 35,49% e 31,70%, respectivamente, indicando que a afinidade dos materiais pelo corante AM em meio alcalino decresce na ordem: QUIT-EPÓXI > QUIT-BÓRAX > QUIT-EPÓXI-BÓRAX. Nas interações entre o corante VR (concentração inicial de 6,3 mg L-1, tampão pH 4) e os materiais obtidos observou-se que apenas o material QUIT-EPÓXI-BÓRAX adsorveu o corante aniônico, apresentando um valor de quantidade adsorvida de 1,808 mg g-1, correspondendo a 58,21% de remoção do corante. Os materiais não tiveram afinidade pelo corante AM em tampão pH 4, nem pelo corante VR em tampão pH 10. Os melhores resultados dos testes de liberação do corante AM impregnado nos três materiais indicaram que o percentual de liberação decresce na ordem: QUIT-EPÓXI-BÓRAX (74,7%) > QUIT-BÓRAX (64,1%) > QUIT-BÓRAX (41,8%), durante um período de aproximadamente sete dias. Os experimentos realizados mostraram que os materiais híbridos obtidos podem ser utilizados para aplicação de espécies químicas de natureza catiônica em sistemas carreadores.

The main thrust of this thesis is the development of new triarylborane containing luminescent molecules as well as utilizing triarylboron center as a receptor for the selective detection of biologically, environmentally and industrially important anions such as fluoride and cyanide in aqueous and non-aqueous solutions. The thesis contains nine chapters. The contents of each chapter are described below. Chapter 1 The first chapter is an introduction to the theme of the thesis and presents a general review on the techniques, theories and photochemistry relevant to the present work with emphasis on photochemistry of triarylboranes and their importance in the field of anion sensor chemistry. A review on various boron based luminophores is also presented. Chapter 2 The second chapter deals with the general experimental techniques and synthetic procedures utilized in this work. Chapter 3 This chapter deals with the synthesis of boryl-BODIPY dyads (1-8) in which triarylborane acts as anion receptor and BODIPY as a signalling unit. The absorption spectra of all boryl-BODIPY dyads shows similar pattern. However, the fluorescence spectra of 1, 2, 3, 6 and 7 shows dual emission bands whereas 4, 5 and 8 exhibit a single emission band. These interesting photophysical properties of boryl-BODIPYs (1-8) depends on the dihedral angle between two chromophores and partial energy transfer from donor (triarylborane) to acceptor (BODIPY) unit. The energy transfer efficiency of compounds 4, 5 and 8 is higher (close to 100%) compared to other series of boryl-BODIPYs (1-3, 6 and 7), due to the orthogonal arrangement of chromophores with high dihedral angles. To better understand photophysical properties and energy transfer process, anion binding studies were carried out since triarylborane acts as receptor for fluoride and cyanide ions. Anion binding studies of boryl-BODIPYs were (1-5) carried out in dichloromethane solutions and using tetrabutylammonium salt of fluoride/cyanide. All boryl-BODIPY dyads (1-5) were sensitive and selective sensor of fluoride, whereas the presence of only excess amounts (20 equv or more amounts) of cyanide made any changes in absorption and emission spectra. Other anions even above 100 eq were unable to cause any change. The quenching efficiency of compounds 4 and 5 was found to be more than that of other boryl-BODIPYs (1 and 3). The binding of fluoride with boryl-BODIPY (1-5) was entirely reversible; addition of BF3•Et2O to the fluoride adducts of compounds (1-5) regenerated the parent compounds. Chapter 4 In chapter 3, it was established that linear boryl-BODIPY dyads (1-8) show dual/single fluorescence bands depending on the dihedral angle between triarylborane and BODIPY unit. This Chapter describes the synthesis of three new “V” shaped boryl-BODIPY dyads (9, 10 and 11) their optical properties, Compound 9-11 are structurally similar differing only in the number of methyl substituents on the BODIPY moiety which were found to play major role in determining their optical behavior. The dyads show rare forms of multiple channel emission characteristics arising from different extents of electronic energy transfer (EET) processes between the two covalently linked fluorescent chromophores (triarylborane and BODIPY units). Owing to the presence of Lewis acidic triarylborane moiety, the dyads function as highly selective and sensitive fluoride sensors with vastly different response behavior. Upon binding of fluoride to the tricoordinate borane centre, dyad 9 shows gradual quenching of its BODIPY dominated emission due to the cessation of (borane to BODIPY) EET process. Dyad 10 shows ratiometric changes in its emission behavior upon addition of fluoride. Dyad 11 forms fluoride induced nanoaggregates which result in fast and effective quenching of its emission intensity upon addition of even small quantities of analyte (i.e. 0.1 equivalent of fluoride). When the solution is allowed to stand, disaggregation of the molecules results in partial recovery of the initial fluorescence bands. Thus, small structural alterations in these three structurally close dyads (9-11) result in exceptionally versatile and unique photophysical behavior and remarkably diverse responses towards a single analyte i.e. fluoride anion. Chapter 5 This chapter deals with intermolecular charge transfer (ICT) process in borane containing donor-acceptor triads and tetrads to realize colorimetric response for small anions such as fluoride and cyanide. Triad 12 and tetrad 13 incorporating –B(Mes)2, BDY (borondipyrromethene), and TPA (triphenylamine) were synthesized. Introduction of two dissimilar acceptors (triarylborane and BODIPY) on a single donor (TPA) resulted in two distinct ICT process (amine to borane and amine to BDY). The absorption and emission properties of new triad and tetrad are highly dependent on individual building units. The nature of electronic communication among the individual fluorophore units has been comprehensively investigated and compared with building units. Compounds 12 and 13 showed chromogenic and fluorogenic response towards small anions such as fluoride and cyanide. Chapter 6 In the previous chapter, it was demonstrated that although triphenylamine-triarylborane-BODIPY donor-acceptor conjugates show colorimetric response towards fluoride and cyanide. They could not distinguish these two interfering anions. To overcome the anion interference peripherally triarylborane decorated porphyrin (14) and its Zn(II) complex (15) were designed and synthesized and this forms the subject matter of this Chapter. Compound 15 contains two different Lewis acidic binding sites (Zn(II) and boron centre). Unlike all previously known triarylborane based sensors, the optical responses of 15 towards fluoride and cyanide are distinctively different thus enabling the discrimination of these two interfering anions. Metalloporphyrin 15 shows a multiple channel fluorogenic response towards fluoride and cyanide and also a selective visual colorimetric response towards cyanide. By comparison with model systems and from detailed photophysical studies on 14 and 15, it was concluded that the preferential binding of fluoride occurs at the peripheral borane moieties resulting in the cessation of the EET (electronic energy transfer) process from triarylborane to porphyrin core and with negligible negative cooperative effects. On the other hand, cyanide binding occurs at the Zn(II) core leading to drastic changes in its absorption behavior which can be followed by the naked eye. Such changes are not observed when the boryl substituent is absent (e.g. tetraphenyl-Zn(II)-porphyrin or TPP). The conjugates 14 and 15 showed reversible binding interaction towards CN and F and they are capable of extracting fluoride from aqueous media. Chapter 7 This Chapter deals with the design of a sensor which can detect fluoride colorimetrically in aqueous medium. Detecting fluoride in aqueous solution is an important area of current research owing to both positive and negative health and environmental effects associated with the fluoride ion. Although numerous fluoride sensors are reported, the colorimetric sensing (visual detection without the need of costly equipment and complicated analytical of fluoride at recommended levels 0.7 ppm) has not realized. Here we report the design, optical and fluoride sensing ability of two new water soluble Lewis acidic triarylborane-triarylamine conjugates 16 and 17 (containing one or two ammonium cations (-C6H4-NMe3). Compound 17 shows selective colorimetric response for aqueous inorganic fluoride at as low a level as 0.1 ppm Chapter 8 The synthesis and optical properties of four new triarylborane–dipyrromethane (TAB– DPM) conjugates (19a–d) containing dual binding sites (hydrogen bond donor and Lewis acid) have been reported. The new compounds exhibit a selective fluorogenic response towards the F− ion. The NMR titrations show that the fluoride ions bind to the TAB–DPM conjugates via the Lewis acidic triarylborane centre in preference to the hydrogen bond donor (dipyrromethane) units. Chapter 9 A new triarylborane-aza-BODIPY conjugate is reported (22). The conjugate molecule consists of two blue emissive dimesitylarylborane moiety and a NIR (near infra-red) emissive aza-BOIDPY core and shows panchromatic absorption spanning over ~300-800 nm region. The presence of two different fluorophore units in the conjugate leads to a broad dual-emissive feature covering a large part of visible and NIR region. DFT computational studies suggest limited electronic communication between the individual fluorophore units which may be responsible for the intriguing optical features of the conjugate molecule. Further, the broadband emissive conjugate can act as a selective sensor for fluoride anion as a result of fluorescence quenching response in both visible as well as in NIR spectral region.

The present thesis is focused on the synthesis and environmental applications of polyaniline and its nanocomposites. It is organized in six chapters and brief discussions of the contents of the individual chapters are given below. Chapter 1 reviews two important water purification methods: adsorption and photocatalysis, which are widely discussed in literature. A general introduction to conducting polymers has been given and their photocatalytic activity has been described. Chapter 2 reports the application of polyaniline emeraldine salt for the removal of anionic dyes from aqueous solutions by adsorption. A possible mechanism for the anionic dye adsorption by PANI emeraldine salt has been proposed. The electrostatic interaction between the positively charged PANI backbone and dye anions is responsible for significant dye adsorption. The kinetic parameters for the adsorption of anionic dyes on PANI have also been determined. In Chapter 3, we investigate the adsorption and desorption of anionic dyes from aqueous solution by PANI doped with different protonic acids. PANI with three dopants, namely p-toluene sulfonic acid (PTSA), camphor sulfonic acid (CSA) and dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid (DBSA) were used to adsorb various dyes. The adsorbed dyes were desorbed from the polymer by using a basic aqueous solution. It was found that the adsorption of dye is dependent on the size and nature of the dopant acids. The influence of different dopants on the adsorption and desorption kinetic parameters was also examined. In chapter 4, the inherent property of PANI to adsorb dyes has been explored for the detection of dyes by electrochemical method. The changes in the CV of PANI film coated on Pt electrodes on addition of dye have been employed for detection of dye in aqueous solution. Furthermore, PANI coated stainless steel (SS) electrodes show a change in current intensity of Fe2+/Fe3+ redox peaks due to addition of dye in the electrolyte solution. Chapter 5 describes the synthesis and characterization of polyaniline-grafted-chitosan (CPANI) with different grafting ratios. The mechanical properties and the crystallinity of CPANI were investigated by means of nanoindentation and X-ray diffraction experiments, respectively. CPANI has been further self-assembled into multilayer thin film via versatile and simple layer-by-layer (LbL) approach. Negatively charged hyaluronic acid (HUA) was used as complementary polyelectrolyte for the self-assembly. LbL growth of the multilayer thin films has been monitored with UV-vis spectral analysis as well as by AFM. The formation of thin film has been further characterized by SEM. The pH responsive behavior of CPANI/HUA multilayer thin film has been investigated. Reusability of this thin film has been investigated by repeating the pH responsive experiments for 10 cycles. Chapter 6 is focused on the preparation of nanocomposite thin films of CPANI/PSS/TiO2 via LbL approach. LbL growth of this self-assembly was monitored by UV-vis spectral analysis and porous nature was observed from SEM images. Poly (styrene sulfonate) (PSS) was used as bridging layer between TiO2 nanoparticles and CPANI for the multilayer self-assembly. Incorporation of CPANI within this LbL self-assembly enhanced the dye degradation ability of the thin film by increasing the availability of dye molecules around the TiO2 nanoparticles. Furthermore, CPANI may act as a sensitizer to enhance the photocatalytic activity of TiO2. The effects of surface area of the multilayer thin film and amount of catalysts (TiO2 nanoparticles) incorporated in the self-assembly were described based on the kinetics of the dye degradation reactions. The same multilayer thin film can be efficiently used for dye degradation several times. The work presented in this thesis utilizes unique dye adsorption properties of PANI and its copolymers. The change in conductivity of PANI after dye adsorption and the electrochemical dye detection in aqueous medium promise the potential of PANI as a dye sensing material in waste water at very low concentration. The nanocomposites of CPANI/PSS/TiO2 present a novel material for photocatalysis.

published_or_final_version / Environmental Management / Master / Master of Science in Environmental Management

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

nÃo hà / A descarga de efluentes das indÃstrias tÃxteis para corpos aquosos Ã, correntemente, uma das maiores preocupaÃÃes dos ambientalistas em funÃÃo dos corantes sintÃticos usados para colorir os tecidos poluindo assim o ambiente. A aplicaÃÃo de tratamentos biolÃgicos, sobretudo com a utilizaÃÃo de bactÃrias, apresenta-se como um dos mais viÃveis economicamente, sendo um dos sistemas mais utilizados para descolorir efluentes coloridos. Neste sentido, estudos foram realizados testes para a remoÃÃo de cor dos corantes Remazol Brilliant Blue R, Orange G e Orange II utilizando cepas de Escherichia coli e de Aeromonas hydrophila, isoladas e em cultura mista. Primeiramente foi feito o isolamento das cepas bacterianas de trÃs ambientes diferentes. Em seguida, foram feitos testes para verificar qual concentraÃÃo do corante seria limite para o crescimento de cada microrganismo. AlÃm dos testes de descoloraÃÃo tambÃm foram monitorados outros parÃmetros como o pH, biomassa, remoÃÃo de DQO, proteÃnas totais e toxicidade dos metabÃlitos formados. A cepa Escherichia coli, isolada do ambiente marinho, foi capaz de descolorir concentraÃÃes de 2, 5 e 2 mg L-1, respectivamente, para os corante RBBR, Orange G e Orange II, enquanto que a cepa E. coli, isolada do efluente tÃxtil, descoloriu nas concentraÃÃes de 5, 0,5 e 5 mg L-1, respectivamente. A bactÃria Aeromonas hydrophila descoloriu respectivamente nas concentraÃÃes de 10, 5 e 5 mg L-1, enquanto que o consÃrcio das trÃs bactÃrias descoloriu na concentraÃÃo de 5 mg L-1 para os trÃs corantes testados individualmente. Nessas condiÃÃes de cultivo a diminuiÃÃo na taxa de DQO variou entre 45 e 69%, com a menor taxa observada no ensaio contendo A. hydrophila e o corante Orange II (45%) e a maior taxa de remoÃÃo no ensaio contendo o consÃrcio e o corante RBBR (69%). Bioensaios utilizando o microcrustÃceo Artemia salina mostraram que durante o processo de descoloraÃÃo foram produzidos metabÃlitos com caracterÃsticas recalcitrantes. Os resultados demonstram que as bactÃrias Escherichia coli e Aeromonas hydrophila apresentam potencial biotecnolÃgico na descoloraÃÃo de corantes tÃxteis, desde que sejam utilizadas baixas concentraÃÃes dos corantes / The discharge of effluents from textile industries for water bodies is currently a major concern for environmentalists as a function of synthetic dyes used to color fabrics thus polluting the environment. Biological treatments, especially with the use of bacteria, present themselves as the most economically viable and widely used to decolorize colored effluents. Thus, studies were conducted to test the color removal of dyes Remazol Brilliant Blue R, Orange G and Orange II using isolated and in mixed culture strains of Escherichia coli and Aeromonas hydrophila. Firstly, the isolation of bacterial strains from three different environments was made. Then, tests were performed to verify that the dye concentration would limit the growth of each microorganism. In addition to tests of decolorization, other parameters such as pH, biomass, COD removal, total protein and toxicity of metabolites were also monitored. The Escherichia coli strain isolated from the marine environment was able to decolorize concentrations of 2, 5 and 2 mg L-1, respectively, for the RBBR dye, Orange G and Orange II dyes, while the strain E. coli isolated from textile effluent, decolorized in concentrations of 5, 0.5 and 5 mg L-1, respectively. The bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila decolorized, respectively, at 10, 5 and 5 mg L-1, while the consortium of three bacteria decolorized at concentration of 5 mg L-1 for the three dyes tested individually. In these culture conditions the decrease in the rate of COD ranged from 45% to 69% with the lowest rate observed in the assay containing A. hydrophila and dye Orange II (45%) and the highest removal rate in the test containing the dye RBBR and the consortium (69%). Bioassays using Artemia salina showed that during the process of decolorization metabolites were produced with recalcitrant characteristics. The results show that the bacteria Escherichia coli and Aeromonas hydrophila have biotechnological potential in textile dyes, provided that they use low dye concentrations decolorizing

MENVSC / Department of Ecology and Resource Management / In this study, the efficacy of bentonite clay, pre-treated magnesite and their nanocomposite on the removal of Congo red dye from aqueous solution was explored. Batch experimental approach was a technique used to fulfil the goals of this study. A number of operational parameters were optimised, and they include effects of shaking time, adsorbent dosage, initial CR dye concentration, initial solution pH and temperature. Findings of the study revealed that the optimum conditions that are suitable for the removal of CR dye are 20 minutes, 0.5 g of dosage, 120 mg/L, 250 rpm, and pH = 7. This has achieved > 99% removal efficacy of CR dye for the nanocomposite and reduced it to below the South African National Standard (SANS) 241 water quality specifications. Furthermore, kinetic studies revealed that bentonite clay, pre-treated magnesite, and their nanocomposite fitted very well to pseudo-second-order kinetics than pseudo-first-order kinetics. The regression analysis was observed to be 1, 0.9, and 0.9 for bentonite clay, pre-treated magnesite, and their nanocomposite respectively. Adsorption isotherms indicated that CR removal by bentonite clay, pre-treated magnesite, and their nanocomposite fitted well to Langmuir adsorption isotherm than the Freundlich adsorption isotherm hence indicating mono-layer adsorption. Thermodynamic values for CR removal were observed to be: ΔH0 (kJ mol-1) = 43.86, 30.67, and 24.88 for bentonite clay, pre-treated magnesite, and their nanocomposite respectively. This indicates that the reaction is endothermic. The positive ΔS0 (kJ mol-1 K-1) values for bentonite clay and 25 °C for pre-treated magnesite confirms that there is an increase in the degree of randomness at solid/solution interface during the removal of CR ions from aqueous solution. The negative values of ΔG0 (kJ mol-1) for 40 – 70 °C on bentonite and the entire range for the nanocomposite suggest the spontaneity and feasibility of CR adsorption whereas the positive ΔG0 (kJ mol-1) for bentonite clay suggest a non-spontaneous nature of adsorption. As such, pre-treated magnesite/bentonite clay nanocomposite demonstrated superior adsorption capacity in relation to individual materials and other materials reported in literature. / NRF

Tesis por compendio / [ES] La preocupación por la salud del planeta ha aumentado drásticamente y los efluentes textiles son de los más contaminantes en la industria a nivel mundial. Los procesos de ennoblecimiento textil y en especial los de tintorería, vierten grandes cantidades de residuos de difícil tratamiento como los colorantes. Las nanoarcillas pueden limpiar las aguas residuales de colorantes gracias a su capacidad de adsorción. En este trabajo fue posible analizar y cuantificar la cantidad de iones metálicos sustituidos por colorantes aniónicos cuando se adsorben, y determinar la cantidad óptima de nanoarcilla que debe utilizarse para adsorber todo el colorante. Las pruebas demostraron la cantidad específica de nanoarcilla que debe utilizarse y cómo optimizar los procesos posteriores de separación y procesamiento de la nanoarcilla. Se utilizó hidrotalcita como material adsorbente. En esta investigación se utilizaron diversos tipos colorantes, directos, reactivos, catiónicos y dispersos. Los patrones de difracción de rayos X (DRX) permitieron comprobar la recuperación de la forma de la hidrotalcita y confirmaron la adsorción de los colorantes. Se utilizó un análisis FTIR, XPS y EDX para comprobar la presencia de grupos característicos de los colorantes en los híbridos resultantes. Las pruebas termogravimétricas (TGA) corroboraron la adsorción del colorante y la mejora de la solidez térmica. La reflectancia solar total (TSR) mostró una mayor protección frente a la radiación UV-VIS-NIR. Gracias a los trabajos realizados, se ha podido establecer el punto máximo de adsorción de la hidrotalcita. Además, mediante la utilización de nanotecnologias han podido colorear sustratos textiles con nuevas técnicas de estampación aprovechando colorantes que se han desechado de baños de tintura no agotados. Las estampaciones obtenidas se someten a pruebas de solidez del color para compararlos con estampaciones más convencionales. Se realizaron mediciones del color mediante espectrofotómetros de reflexión para valorar el resultado del color tanto de los híbridos como de los textiles estampados exitosamente. Las pruebas de TGA-DTGA realizadas previamente a las estampaciones sobre los híbridos, permite adelantarse a los resultados de ciertas pruebas de solidez del color a la luz o el planchado, las cuales se ven mejoradas gracias a las acción de la hidrotalcita. Otro uso de las nanoarcillas híbridas obtenidas de la adsorción de colorantes es el de realizar nuevos baños de tintura para sustratos textiles. Mediante el uso del nanoadsorbente hidrotalcita, han logrado adsorber y recuperar colorantes de diferente carga como aniónicos, catiónicos y no iónicos para reutilizarlos de forma exitosa en nuevos baños de tintura. Las tinturas realizadas sobre tejidos de algodón, poliéster y acrílico han sido sometidas a diferentes pruebas de degradación del color para ver su viabilidad como productos finales, utilizando la espectroscopía de reflexión para la medida del atributo de color antes y después de los ensayos, mostrando resultados muy coherentes a los de una tintura convencional. / [CA] La preocupació per la salut del planeta ha augmentat dràsticament i els efluents tèxtils són dels més contaminants en la indústria a nivell mundial. Els processos d'ennobliment tèxtil i especialment els de tintoreria, aboquen grans quantitats de residus de difícil tractament com els colorants. Les nanoargiles poden netejar les aigües residuals de colorants gràcies a la seua capacitat d'adsorció. En aquest treball va ser possible analitzar i quantificar la quantitat d'ions metàl·lics substituïts per colorants aniònics quan es adsorben, i determinar la quantitat òptima de nanoarcilla que ha d'utilitzar-se per a adsorber tot el colorant. Les proves van demostrar la quantitat específica de nanoargila que ha d'utilitzar-se i com optimitzar els processos posteriors de separació i processament de la nanoargila. Es va utilitzar hidrotalcita com a material adsorbent. En aquesta investigació es van utilitzar diversos tipus colorants, directes, reactius, catiònics i dispersos. Els patrons de difracció de raigs X (DRX) van permetre comprovar la recuperació de la forma de la hidrotalcita i van confirmar l'adsorció dels colorants. Es va utilitzar una anàlisi FTIR, XPS i EDX per a comprovar la presència de grups característics dels colorants en els híbrids resultants. Les proves termogravimétricas (TGA) van corroborar l'adsorció del colorant i la millora de la solidesa tèrmica. La reflectància solar total (TSR) va mostrar una major protecció enfront de la radiació UV-VIS-NIR. Gràcies als treballs realitzats, s'ha pogut establir el punt màxim d'adsorció de la hidrotalcita. A més, mitjançant la utilització de nanotecnologies han pogut acolorir substrats tèxtils amb noves tècniques d'estampació aprofitant colorants que s'han rebutjat de banys de tintura no esgotats. Les estampacions obtingudes se sotmeten a proves de solidesa del color per a comparar-los amb estampacions més convencionals. Es van realitzar mesuraments del color mitjançant espectrofotòmetres de reflexió per a valorar el resultat del color tant dels híbrids com dels tèxtils estampats reeixidament. Les proves de TGA-DTGA realitzades prèviament a les estampacions sobre els híbrids, permet avançar-se als resultats d'unes certes proves de solidesa del color a la llum o el planxat, les quals es veuen millorades gràcies a les acció de la hidrotalcita. Un altre ús de les nanoargiles híbrides obtingudes de l'adsorció de colorants és el de realitzar nous banys de tintura per a substrats tèxtils. Mitjançant l'ús del nanoadsorbente hidrotalcita, han aconseguit adsorber i recuperar colorants de diferent càrrega com a aniònics, catiònics i no iònics per a reutilitzar-los de manera reeixida en nous banys de tintura. Les tintures realitzades sobre teixits de cotó, polièster i acrílic han sigut sotmeses a diferents proves de degradació del color per a veure la seua viabilitat com a productes finals, utilitzant la espectroscopía de reflexió per a la mesura de l'atribut de color abans i després dels assajos, mostrant resultats molt coherents als d'una tintura convencional. / [EN] Concern for the health of the planet has increased dramatically and textile effluents are among the most polluting in the industry worldwide. Textile finishing processes, especially dyeing, discharge large quantities of difficult-to-treat wastes such as dyestuffs. Nanoclays can clean wastewater of dyes thanks to their adsorption capacity. In this work it was possible to analyze and quantify the amount of metal ions substituted by anionic dyes when adsorbed, and to determine the optimum amount of nanoclay to be used to adsorb all the dye. The tests demonstrated the specific amount of nanoclay to be used and how to optimize the subsequent processes of separation and processing of the nanoclay. Hydrotalcite was used as the adsorbent material. Various types of dyes, direct, reactive, cationic and disperse dyes were used in this investigation. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns verified the recovery of the hydrotalcite form and confirmed the adsorption of the dyes. FTIR, XPS and EDX analysis were used to check the presence of characteristic groups of the dyes in the resulting hybrids. Thermogravimetric tests (TGA) corroborated dye adsorption and enhanced thermal robustness. Total solar reflectance (TSR) showed enhanced protection against UV-VIS-NIR radiation. Thanks to the work carried out, it was possible to establish the maximum adsorption point of hydrotalcite. In addition, by using nanotechnologies it is possible to color textile substrates with new printing techniques, taking advantage of dyes that have been discarded from dye baths that have not been exhausted. The prints obtained are subjected to color fastness tests to compare them with more conventional prints. Color measurements were performed using reflection spectrophotometers to assess the color performance of both hybrids and successfully printed textiles. The TGA-DTGA tests performed prior to printing on the hybrids allows to anticipate the results of certain color fastness tests to light or ironing, which are improved thanks to the action of the hydrotalcite. Various types of dyes, direct, reactive, cationic and disperse dyes were used in this investigation. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns verified the recovery of the hydrotalcite form and confirmed the adsorption of the dyes. FTIR, XPS and EDX analysis were used to check the presence of characteristic groups of the dyes in the resulting hybrids. Thermogravimetric tests (TGA) corroborated dye adsorption and enhanced thermal robustness. Total solar reflectance (TSR) showed enhanced protection against UV-VIS-NIR radiation. Thanks to the work carried out, it was possible to establish the maximum adsorption point of hydrotalcite. In addition, by using nanotechnologies it is possible to color textile substrates with new printing techniques, taking advantage of dyes that have been discarded from dye baths that have not been exhausted. The prints obtained are subjected to color fastness tests to compare them with more conventional prints. Color measurements were performed using reflection spectrophotometers to assess the color performance of both hybrids and successfully printed textiles. The TGA-DTGA tests performed prior to printing on the hybrids allows to anticipate the results of certain color fastness tests to light or ironing, which are improved thanks to the action of the hydrotalcite. / López Rodríguez, D. (2023). Recuperación del colorante de aguas residuales textiles mediante nanoarcillas para su reutilización como pigmentos y nuevos baños de tintura [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/194877 / Compendio