Um dos principais desafios no desenvolvimento de ferramentas e metodologias para sistemas multiprocessados, embarcados e de tempo-real é o reuso de software já desenvolvido, mantendo baixa utilização de recursos como memória, energia e desempenho de CPU, e ainda atendendo às restrições temporais. O presente trabalho procura atacar este problema no nível do middleware, comumente utilizado como forma de integrar componentes de software reusáveis, diminuindo o tempo e o esforço desprendido no desenvolvimento de aplicações e serviços com alta qualidade. Este trabalho especifica e implementa um middleware para uma plataforma MPSoC voltada para sistemas embarcados e de tempo-real, permitindo adaptações durante o projeto e/ou execução da aplicação, a fim de otimizar o uso dos recursos e atender às restrições de projeto. Ao projetista da aplicação é permitido reusar os serviços do middleware e da plataforma em diferentes aplicações. Igualmente, aplicações escritas sobre o middleware podem ser portadas para outras plataformas onde o middleware possa ser executado. O middleware proposto oferece serviços implementados em hardware e encapsulamento da comunicação hardware-software na própria aplicação. Além disso, são oferecidos meios para gerenciamento de requisitos não funcionais de energia e tempo-real, como deadline e tempo de execução. / One of the main challenges in the development of tools and methodologies for a multiprocessor real-time embedded system is to reuse already developed software, but at the same time obtaining low memory footprint, low energy consumption, and minimal area, obviously addressing the real-time constraints. This work aims at facing these problems at the middleware level, frequently used to integrate components of reusable software, accelerating development cycle and reducing the effort to develop applications and services with high quality. The present work specifies and implements a middleware for an MPSoC platform oriented to real-time and embedded systems, providing adaptations at development and execution time, in order to optimize resources usage and fulfill design restrictions. The designer can reuse middleware services and the platform as well, when developing different applications. Likewise, applications developed under the middleware can be ported to run in other platforms where the middleware was ported to. The proposed middleware offers hardware implemented services and encapsulates hardware-software communication in the application. Moreover, it permits to specify non-functional requirements of energy and real-time, as deadline and execution time.

abstract: Energy consumption of the data centers worldwide is rapidly growing fueled by ever-increasing demand for Cloud computing applications ranging from social networking to e-commerce. Understandably, ensuring energy-efficiency and sustainability of Cloud data centers without compromising performance is important for both economic and environmental reasons. This dissertation develops a cyber-physical multi-tier server and workload management architecture which operates at the local and the global (geo-distributed) data center level. We devise optimization frameworks for each tier to optimize energy consumption, energy cost and carbon footprint of the data centers. The proposed solutions are aware of various energy management tradeoffs that manifest due to the cyber-physical interactions in data centers, while providing provable guarantee on the solutions' computation efficiency and energy/cost efficiency. The local data center level energy management takes into account the impact of server consolidation on the cooling energy, avoids cooling-computing power tradeoff, and optimizes the total energy (computing and cooling energy) considering the data centers' technology trends (servers' power proportionality and cooling system power efficiency). The global data center level cost management explores the diversity of the data centers to minimize the utility cost while satisfying the carbon cap requirement of the Cloud and while dealing with the adversity of the prediction error on the data center parameters. Finally, the synergy of the local and the global data center energy and cost optimization is shown to help towards achieving carbon neutrality (net-zero) in a cost efficient manner. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Computer Science 2014

abstract: Energy performance and efficiency plays of major role in the operations of K-12 schools, as it is a significant expense and a source of budgetary pressure upon schools. Energy performance is tied to the physical infrastructure of schools, as well as the operational and behavioral patterns they accommodate. Little documentation exists within the existing literature on the measured post-occupancy performance of schools once they have begun measuring and tracking their energy performance. Further, little is known about the patterns of change over time in regard to energy performance and whether there is differentiation in these patterns between school districts. This paper examines the annual Energy Use Intensity (EUI) of 28 different K-12 schools within the Phoenix Metropolitan Region of Arizona over the span of five years and presents an analysis of changes in energy performance resulting from the measurement of energy use in K-12 schools. This paper also analyzes the patterns of change in energy use over time and provides a comparison of these patterns by school district. An analysis of the energy performance data for the selected schools revealed a significant positive impact on the ability for schools to improve their energy performance through ongoing performance measurement. However, while schools tend to be able to make energy improvements through the implementation of energy measurement and performance tracking, deviation may exist in their ability to maintain ongoing energy performance over time. The results suggest that implementation of ongoing measurement is likely to produce positive impacts on the energy performance of schools, however further research is recommended to enhance and refine these results. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Construction 2015

abstract: Residential air conditioning systems represent a critical load for many electric utilities, especially for those who serve customers in hot climates. In hot and dry climates, in particular, the cooling load is usually relatively low during night hours and early mornings and hits its maximum in the late afternoon. If electric loads could be shifted from peak hours (e.g., late afternoon) to off-peak hours (e.g., late morning), not only would building operation costs decrease, the need to run peaker plants, which typically use more fossil fuels than non-peaker plants, would also decrease. Thus, shifting electricity consumption from peak to off-peak hours promotes economic and environmental savings. Operational and technological strategies can reduce the load during peak hours by shifting cooling operation from on-peak hours to off-peak hours. Although operational peak load shifting strategies such as precooling may require mechanical cooling (e.g., in climates like Phoenix, Arizona), this cooling is less expensive than on-peak cooling due to demand charges or time-based price plans. Precooling is an operational shift, rather than a technological one, and is thus widely accessible to utilities’ customer base. This dissertation compares the effects of different precooling strategies in a Phoenix-based utility’s residential customer market and assesses the impact of technological enhancements (e.g., energy efficiency measures and solar photovoltaic system) on the performance of precooling. This dissertation focuses on the operational and technological peak load shifting strategies that are feasible for residential buildings and discusses the advantages of each in terms of peak energy savings and residential electricity cost savings. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Civil Engineering 2016

abstract: Integrated circuits must be energy efficient. This efficiency affects all aspects of chip design, from the battery life of embedded devices to thermal heating on high performance servers. As technology scaling slows, future generations of transistors will lack the energy efficiency gains as it has had in previous generations. Therefore, other sources of energy efficiency will be much more important. Many computations have the potential to be executed for extreme energy efficiency but are not instigated because the platforms they run on are not optimized for efficient execution. ASICs improve energy efficiency by reducing flexibility and leveraging the properties of a specific computation. However, ASICs are fixed in function and therefore have incredible opportunity cost. FPGAs offer a reconfigurable solution but are 25x less energy efficient than ASIC implementation. Spatially programmable architectures (SPAs) are similar in design and structure to ASICs and FPGAs but are able bridge the ASIC-FPGA energy efficiency gap by trading flexibility for efficiency. However, SPAs are difficult to program because they do not share the same programming model as normal architectures that execute in time. This work addresses compiler challenges for coarse grained, locally interconnected SPA for domain efficiency (SPADE). A novel SPADE topology, called the wave pipeline, is introduced that is designed for the image signal processing domain that is both efficient and simple to compile to. A compiler for the wave pipeline is created that solves for maximum energy and area efficiency using low complexity, greedy methods. The wave pipeline topology and compiler allow for us to investigate and experiment with image signal processing applications to prove the feasibility of SPADE compilers. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Electrical Engineering 2016

abstract: User satisfaction is pivotal to the success of mobile applications. At the same time, it is imperative to maximize the energy efficiency of the mobile device to ensure optimal usage of the limited energy source available to mobile devices while maintaining the necessary levels of user satisfaction. However, this is complicated due to user interactions, numerous shared resources, and network conditions that produce substantial uncertainty to the mobile device's performance and power characteristics. In this dissertation, a new approach is presented to characterize and control mobile devices that accurately models these uncertainties. The proposed modeling framework is a completely data-driven approach to predicting power and performance. The approach makes no assumptions on the distributions of the underlying sources of uncertainty and is capable of predicting power and performance with over 93% accuracy. Using this data-driven prediction framework, a closed-loop solution to the DEM problem is derived to maximize the energy efficiency of the mobile device subject to various thermal, reliability and deadline constraints. The design of the controller imposes minimal operational overhead and is able to tune the performance and power prediction models to changing system conditions. The proposed controller is implemented on a real mobile platform, the Google Pixel smartphone, and demonstrates a 19% improvement in energy efficiency over the standard frequency governor implemented on all Android devices. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Computer Engineering 2017

L'énergie est une ressource clé dans les systèmes commandés en réseau, en particulier dans les applications concernant les réseaux sans fil. Cette thèse étudie comment économiser l'énergie dans les capteurs sans fil avec une co-Conception contrôle et communication. Cette thèse examine les techniques et les approches existantes qui sont utilisées pour économiser l'énergie d'un point de vue de la communication et du contrôle. Cet étude est organisée selon une architecture de communication par couches couvrant de bas en haut les couches Physique, Liaison, Réseau, et Application. Puis, à partir de la conclusion que la puce radio est un important consommateur d'énergie, une loi conjointe de gestion des modes radio et de contrôle en boucle fermée est établie. La gestion des modes radio exploite les capacités de la puce radio à communter dans des modes de basses consommation pour économiser l'énergie, et d'adapter la puissance de transmission aux conditions du canal. Il en résulte un système de contrôle basé sur des événements où le système fonctionne en boucle ouverte à certains moments. Un compromis naturel apparaît entre l'économie d'énergie et les performances de contrôle. La loi conjointe est établie avec une formulation de contrôle optimal utilisant la Programmation Dynamique. Cette thèse résout le problème optimal dans les deux cas d'horizon infini et fini. La stabilité du système en boucle fermée est étudiée avec la formulation Input-To-State Stability (ISS). La principale conclusion de cette thèse, également illustrée dans la simulation, est que la conception à travers différentes couches dans les systèmes commandés en réseau est essentielle pour économiser l'énergie dans les noeuds sans fil. / Energy is a key resource in Networked Control Systems, in particular in applications concerning wireless networks. This thesis investigates how to save energy in wireless sensor nodes with control and communication co-Design. This thesis reviews existing techniques and approaches that are used to save energy from a communication and a control point of view. This review is organized according to the layered communication architecture covering from bottom to top the Physical, Data Link, Network, and Application layers. Then, from the conclusion that the radio chip is an important energy consumer, a joint radio-Mode management and feedback law policy is derived. The radio-Mode management exploits the capabilities of the radio chip to switch to low consuming radio-Modes to save energy, and to adapt the transmission power to the channel conditions. This results in an event-Based control scheme where the system runs open loop at certain time. A natural trade-Off appears between energy savings and control performance. The joint policy is derived in the framework of Optimal Control with the use of Dynamic Programming. This thesis solves the optimal problem in both infinite and finite horizon cases. Stability of the closed loop system is investigated with Input-To-State Stability framework. The main conclusion of this thesis, also shown in simulation, is that cross-Layer design in Networked Control System is essential to save energy in the wireless nodes.

Energy assessment in buildings is an essential topic in order to achieve the set goals for energy efficiency. This thesis investigated the energy consumption in various scenarios in Husmuttern’s buildings. Different purposes (school and apartment), locations (Spain and Sweden) and materials combinations are modelled and analysed. The models were created in the building performance simulation tool IDA ICE. After the yearly energy demand results were obtained they were processed and analysed. Then several factors were changed in the model in order to investigate different impacts in the energy consumption of the building, such as the overall heat transfer, hot water consumption, windows and doors. Also, PV panels were installed in the model to obtain the potential penetration of renewable energy in the buildings. The results showed the different consumption in the buildings depending on the purpose and location, and the impact of the changed factors in the overall energy consumption. The change of windows to more efficient ones showed that the apartments improve their consumption more than the schools, especially in when the Spanish location is considered. This case also had the biggest possible change when the hot water demand is varied. Whereas if the door was the changed, the Swedish apartment has the most possible improvement.

Submitted by SINDY MICHELL HERNANDEZ VINDEL (michellhernandezvindel@gmail.com) on 2018-06-19T01:02:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertaçao_Final Sindy Michell Hernandez V. 2018.pdf: 1572873 bytes, checksum: 7f9b29da76793fec333427ae125e00ab (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Lucia Martins Frederico null (mlucia@fca.unesp.br) on 2018-06-19T12:13:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 hernandez vindel_sm_me_botfca.pdf: 1462447 bytes, checksum: df95003454c3e5d9e2096a584b162350 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-19T12:13:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 hernandez vindel_sm_me_botfca.pdf: 1462447 bytes, checksum: df95003454c3e5d9e2096a584b162350 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A energia é uma das bases de maior importância para a sociedade já que contribui no desenvolvimento dos países, as mudanças na matriz energética para uso de fontes renováveis causarão impactos positivos, contribuindo num desenvolvimento sustentável. As modificações na matriz energética brasileira e hondurenha com o propósito de torná-las mais eficientes e procurando contribuir com o desenvolvimento ambiental e jurídico configuram o tema de interesse desta pesquisa. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo geral analisar o desenvolvimento qualitativo e jurídico da matriz energética do Brasil e de Honduras e como objetivos específicos estudar as características da matriz energética e suas dependências de energia não renovável no período de 2000 a 2016 para o Brasil e de 2000 a 2015 para Honduras e avaliar o efeito das estratégias jurídicas na mudança da matriz energética de ambos países por meio de uma análise comparativa na legislação energética do Brasil e de Honduras. A metodologia empregada foi qualitativa por meio de uma pesquisa de sondagem, o período experimental foi de 15/11/2016 a 30/03/2018 onde se procuraram informações e normas legais referentes ao objetivo deste trabalho. Foram consultados artigos científicos em sites especializados, os dados estatísticos do consumo energético foram obtidos de organizações internacionais. Em sites oficiais governamentais consultou-se a legislação energética de Brasil e Honduras e usando-se como critério transversal a atualização e vigência das mesmas. Como resultados encontrou-se que ambos países são dependentes de energia não renovável para poder cobrir a demanda energética, mas estão indo pelo caminho correto na diversificação de sua matriz energética, também foi possível verificar que existe uma convergência entre algumas leis energéticas do Brasil e de Honduras, assim como outras leis que podem ajudar na eficiência energética dos países melhorando o desenvolvimento socioeconômico de ambos países. / Energy is one of the most important bases for society since it contributes to the development of countries, changes in the energy matrix for use of renewable sources will cause positive impacts, contributing to sustainable development. The changes in the Brazilian and Honduran energy matrix in order to make them more efficient and seeking to contribute to environmental and legal development are the theme of interest in this research. The present work had as general objective to analyze the qualitative and legal development of the energy matrix of Brazil and Honduras and as specific objectives to study the characteristics of the energy matrix and its dependencies of nonrenewable energy in the period from 2000 to 2016 for Brazil and 2000 to 2015 for Honduras and to evaluate the effect of the legal strategies in the change of the energy matrix of both countries through a comparative analysis in the energy legislation of Brazil and Honduras. The methodology used was qualitative by means of a survey, the experimental period was from 11/15/2016 to 03/30/2018 where information and legal norms regarding the objective of this work were sought. Scientific articles were consulted on specialized websites, statistical data on energy consumption were obtained from international organizations. Government official websites consulted the energy legislation of Brazil and Honduras and using as a transversal criterion the updating and validity of the same. As results it was found that both countries are dependent on non-renewable energy to cover energy demand but are on the right path in diversifying their energy matrix, it was also possible to verify that there is a convergence between some energy laws of Brazil and Honduras, as well as other laws that can help in the energy efficiency of the countries improving the socioeconomic development of both countries.

The labeling of buildings specified by technical regulations of energy efficiency quality level s presents the technical requirements and the methods for the classification of commercial buildings, services and publics regarding energy efficiency. The work consisted in the application of this regulation in the design phase of the public building the will house the convenience center for elderly in town of Doutor Maurício Cardoso RS. Starting from the experience of application of regulation, was evaluated the applicability of it, from the viewpoint of the evaluator and, from the analysis of the influence of variables that determine the building s classification, was analyzed the application of regulations from the point of view of architectural practice. The prescriptive method, which is contained in regulations, was used for general and partial classification of efficiency levels of building. The three main requirements were considered, established by legislation: Envelopment, lighting and air conditioning system. In order to draw conclusions about the real influences of the variables that determine the efficiency level of the building were created hypothetical scenarios. The work presents itself as a major issue, since the application of the methodology of the regulations, can be used as a design tool, encouraging the use of energy efficient solutions from design architectural, contributing to the performance of increasingly efficient buildings vigorously. It was possible to observe, with the obtained results, regarding the applicability of the regulations, and some difficulties regarding the presentation the data necessary for such, the classification of naturally ventilated environments is prejudiced due to the numerical equivalent of ventilation that can only be obtained through simulation. Regarding the variables that determine the efficiency, stands out the negative ways behave in some variations of the angles of shadowing. In artificially conditioned buildings, the efficiency of the envelopment along with the conditioning system interfere with the classification, whereas the remaining transitional environments are not conditioned, aspect that also contributes to the efficiency. / A Etiquetagem de edifícios especificada pelos Requisitos Técnicos da Qualidade do Nível de Eficiência Energética - RTQ apresenta os métodos para a classificação de edifícios comerciais, de serviços e públicos quanto à eficiência energética. O trabalho consistiu na aplicação do RTQ na fase de projeto da edificação pública que abrigará o Centro de Convivência do Idoso no município de Doutor Maurício Cardoso-RS. Partindo da experiência de aplicação do RTQ, foi avaliada a aplicabilidade do mesmo sob a ótica do avaliador e, a partir da análise da influência das variáveis que determinam a classificação do edifício, foi analisada a aplicação sob o ponto de vista da prática arquitetônica. O método prescritivo, que consta no RTQ, foi utilizado para classificação geral e parcial do nível de eficiência da edificação. O fato de o edifício ser naturalmente condicionado obriga a utilização da simulação na classificação geral, entretanto neste trabalho, este método não foi utilizado e o equivalente numérico da ventilação EqNumV adotado foi o mínimo. Foram considerados os três requisitos principais estabelecidos pela normativa: Envoltória, Sistema de Iluminação e Condicionamento de ar. No intuito de obter conclusões sobre as reais influências das variáveis que determinam o nível de eficiência energética do edifício, foram criados cenários hipotéticos. O trabalho apresenta-se como um tema relevante, já que a aplicação da metodologia do regulamento técnico pode ser utilizada como uma ferramenta de projeto, incentivando o uso de soluções energeticamente eficientes desde a concepção arquitetônica, contribuindo para execução de edificações cada vez mais eficientes energeticamente. Com os resultados obtidos foi observado que no que se refere à aplicabilidade do RTQ, além de algumas dificuldades em relação à apresentação dos dados necessários para tal, a classificação dos ambientes naturalmente ventilados é prejudicada em função do equivalente numérico da ventilação somente poder ser obtido através de simulação. Quanto às variáveis que determinam a eficiência, destaca-se o comportamento negativo em algumas variações dos ângulos de sombreamento. E, no que se refere à prática arquitetônica, em edifícios condicionados artificialmente, a eficiência da envoltória juntamente com o sistema de condicionamento interferem consideravelmente na classificação final, considerando que os ambientes de permanência transitória não são condicionados, aspecto que também contribui para eficiência.