"The question of locus standi regarding the non-state complaints procedure before the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights (the Commission) is a very flexibile one. Although the language of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (the Charter), the enabling powers and functions of the Commission, does not provide for such broad standing, the Commission has over its 20 years of operation, given broad interpretation to the question of standing by adopting the actio popularis doctrine. As a reslut the Commission has entertained communicatons from any person, group of persons or non-governmental organisation (NGOs), whether on their own behalf or on behalf of tothers. The location or nationality of such persons is also not a bar to standing. Consequently, the Commission has accepted communications from national NGOs operating in the country of the state party against whom the complaint is made, NGOs with a regaional focus, international NGOs, and non-African nationals. ... The study has five chapters. Chapter one introduces the study and the justification thereof. Chapter two explores the origin, nature and application of locus standi in domestic legal systems with particluar respect to private protection of public rights and human rights protection using Ghana, Mozambique and South Africa as case studies. Chapter three examines the standing requirements before other regional human rights protection systems namely the ECHR, and the IACHR as well as global human rights protection mechanisms throught the lens of the HRC, the CERD-Committee, the CAT-Committee and the CEDAW-Committee. Chapter four traces and assesses the development of the broad standing requirements before the Commission regarding its non-state communications procedure and the problems associated with them. And Chapter five presents the conclusions and recommendations of the study." -- Introduction. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2006. / Prepared under the supervision of Mr. Angelo Matusse at the Faculty of Law, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

During the year of 2015 and the large migration wave that hit Europe, many unaccompanied young refugees came to Sweden. For this particular group, the challenge is to become integrated to the labour market in order to receive a permanent residency permit in Sweden after they graduate their upper secondary education. Over the past few years, it has become more evident that the state is not able to handle the integration process alone, and that it is time to shed light on contemporary initiatives deriving from other actors, such as civil society organisations. The question is whether these initiatives have been successful in bringing about change, and in what ways. The purpose of this thesis was therefore to analyse the civil society organisation Right To Play that uses sports as a tool for labour market integration, through the theory of Institutional Entrepreneurship by identifying its rationales, resources, and relations that are used to prompt institutional change. Through three semi-structured interviews and one observation, together with secondary data, a narrative analysis of their stories was conducted. The results showed that the organisation manage to mix a set of strong rationales of sports, labour market integration, and youth agency, to transform the youth from being passive receivers of integration to become active agents and important human resources within the organisation, and to connect the youth with other actors in the society through external relations. The study also concluded that the elements of rationales, resources, and relations, that are used to investigate the power of an organisation to prompt institutional change, also helps the organisation to become resilient in times of crises.

Collective administration of rights - the position of collective administrators in granting licenses, entering into copyright contracts on compensation and in cases of infringing use Abstract This thesis is focused on the subject of collective management of copyright and related rights, primarily from the point of view of the collective management organisations, in particular their legal relationships to users of legally protected rights. The goal of this master thesis is to evaluate the current state of Czech legislation regarding the institution of collective management of rights and its recent amendment. The thesis is divided into five chapters. The first of them deals with some essential concepts of copyright including the usage of legally protected rights. The second chapter defines concepts of collective management of rights and collective management organisations and covers the reasons for its foundation and historical development in the world and in the Czech Republic. Special attention is given to the monopolized position of the collective management organizations which is often criticized by the public. The next two chapters introduce individual collective management organisations together with a new institute of independent management organisations, introduced in Czech legislation by Amendment...

In 1997, 70% of British Armed Forces roles were opened to women. Women were still excluded from ground close combat (GCC) roles, where the primary purpose is to close in on and kill the enemy at short range, usually under 30 metres, using weaponry or hand to hand combat. Excluding women from GCC roles in the military was covered under Section 85(4) of the Sex Discrimination Act 1975. In order to legally retain the exclusion, the European Community Equal Treatment Directive stipulated that a review of the role of women in certain ground close combat environments should be undertaken every eight years. In this study I will be using post-structural policy analysis to examine the ways the 2010 and 2016 reviews on women in ground close combat have constructed gender difference. The findings have shown that cohesion and physical capacity have been deemed essential to combat effectiveness, therefore in this study I argue that the subtexts of these “essential” factors of combat are actively limiting the potential for gender equality in the British Armed Forces.

For several years now, the healthcare service has been facing major recruitment challenges where the shortage of nurses is a reality. As time goes by and experienced employees leave the profession, managers are facing a transition to not only having a lack of resources but also a lack of competence. Insufficient staffing or competence can create negative consequences and further aggravate the basic problem of competence management. The overall purpose of this study is to create knowledge about the situation of unit managers regarding the competence management of nurses, by examining what conditions and tools   unit managers have in their leadership to handle this. The study examines the conditions and tools that unit managers describe that they have for managing competence and need thereof in the department. What tools regarding competence management / needs, how the tools look like and how they are used in relation to competence management, and whether the unit manager lacks any tools. Finally, the study describes how the unit manager handles the unit’s competence needs and competence management, through leadership. The study is based on theories in competence management, learning organizations, learning in the workplace and leadership. Specifically, four different departments are examined at an emergency hospital in central Sweden using a qualitative method. The empirical material comes from completed semi-structured interviews with a total of eight unit managers, which were analyzed based on a qualitative content analysis approach. The results of the study show how the unit managers have adopted different strategies for working with the prevailing competence management situation. Competence management is mostly described in terms of competence development. The unit managers describe limitations regarding the shortage of nurses and there are major challenges regarding the competence level of the department. The unit managers describe a need for a larger proportion of the group of nurses who have solid professional experience within the specialty of the   department. The results show different obstacles at different levels, where the goal to have a long-term and forward-looking focus, may stand aside. The unit managers describe that other things take up their time, where a large proportion of the worktime is spent on staffing, with the right competence. The study shows how the unit managers use or develop their own competence tools to facilitate competence management. Support from the organisation is in many issues lacking but demanded. About half of the unit managers use the region's competence tools. The unit manages describes some elements of a learning organization, but the holistic approach for the entire hospital is not in focus. Leadership is described as clear, present and that the goals of the unit are linked to the employees' motivation and development needs. The lack of nurses remaining, and the lack of experienced nurses in the unit affects the unit managers' daily work. A large part of the worktime is spent on recruitment, but also on constantly developing the competence of the employees in order to ensure good patient care.

Sexual violence against women is a broad and serious problem all over the world, but South Africa is one of the countries that stand out with their high statistics, where women are mostly targeted and exposed to this violation. At the same time, there are many women’s and human right’s organisations in South Africa working to address sexual violence and support survivors and fighting for equality between men and women. In this study, five organisations have been interviewed, whereof four of them are working with religious leaders as an approach to fights sexual violence. The result and analysis suggest the importance of both women’s and human rights organisations as norm entrepreneurs, as well as the importance of religious leaders as local actors to facilitate the work of internalizing gender equality and fight sexual violence. The mentoring and support from organisations and the work with religious leaders have shown positive progress in several areas of their work to localize and internalize gender equality. However, the organisations are facing limitations in their work with religious leaders which might limit the progress of localization and internalization.

Introduction: The focus area of this thesis is on Innovation services and organizations intentions for utilizing innovation services. Innovation services is defined as consultancy services aimed at improving the innovation process, such as innovation training, ideation sessions and innovative workshops. In regard to existing research, the field of innovation services remains rather unexplored. While some studies have conducted research on the impacts of utilizing innovation services, no study has explored the underlying perspectives influencing intention of utilizing innovation services.  Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to explore the underlying perspectives that influences organisations intention to utilise innovation services. Research Questions: How does the structure of the organisational culture influence the intention for utilising innovation services? Which factors motivate organisations to utilise innovation services? What value do organisations perceive in innovation services? Methodology: In order to answer the purpose and the research question of the thesis, a qualitative research approach was deemed appropriate as the focus of the thesis is to understand the “why” aspect of the utilization of innovation services. Semi-structured interviews were deemed as a suitable data-collection method to gather data from the appropriate sample. Since the purpose of the study is to explore the underlying perspectives that influences organisations intention to utilise innovation services, managers working with innovation were considered a suitable sample group due to their decision-making power on choosing to utilise innovation services or not. Conclusion: The study offers insight as to the underlying perspectives influencing organisations intention of utilising innovation services. The primary influencers were the improvement to the innovation process which could be achieved through the utilisation of innovation services, which could result in a more efficient innovation process, and increase the rate of innovation. Furthermore, the thesis offers insight as to how organisational culture influences intention of utilising innovation services and identifies that the culture within departments working with innovation differs from the overall culture of the organisation.

The study aimed to investigate how homeless people in Gävle municipality experience the remedial actions to stop homelessness. Eight homeless individuals, four acutely homeless and four living in municipal shelters, were interviewed for the purpose of thisresearch. The results show that the experiences of remedial actions are linked to the situation of homelessness; the majority of the interviewees, however, do not consider they receive adequate help from the social services, although they feel satisfied with the actions from the non-profit organisations. The theoretical analysis shows that insufficient efforts or lack of actions can lead to homeless people experiencing social exclusion. Finally, the results show that the interviewees wish for remedial actions that result directly in housing and thus life change. This supports the previous research that showed that similar actions are compatible with the well-being and the possibility of reintegration into society. / Studien syftade till att undersöka hur hemlösa i Gävle kommun upplever att de åtgärdande insatserna mot hemlöshet fungerar. Åtta individer som lever i hemlöshet intervjuades, varav fyra akut hemlösa samt fyra som bor på kommunala stödboenden. Resultaten visar att upplevelser av insatser är kopplade till situation av hemlöshet, dock upplever majoriteten att de inte får adekvat hjälp av socialtjänst. Vidare uppgav samtliga hemlösa att de är nöjda över de ideella insatserna från den öppna verksamheten. Utifrån den teoretiska analysen visar det sig bland annat att brister och avsaknad av insatser kan leda till att hemlösa upplever social exklusion. Resultaten visar avslutningsvis att de hemlösa önskar insatser som direkt leder till eget boende för att kunna göra en livsförändring. Detta överensstämmer med tidigare forskning som visar på att liknande insatser är förenligt med välbefinnande och möjlighet till återintegrering i samhället.

This master thesis deals with the mapping and analysis of Russian-Georgian relations in the period between 2004-2011. It focuses primarily on the development of relations after the onset of the new Georgian President Mikhail Saakashvili and after his transformation of Georgian Policy. The work is divided into chronological historical axis of events, from the history of Georgia and Georgian people, the author gets to the problems of August war in 2008. The main objective of this work is to find the causes of the war between Russia and Georgia, to map out its long-standing hostile relations and try to find its solutions. Starting point of this work is the assumption that Georgia and Russia have always been nations culturally very similar and therefore its friendly relations are essential for the regulation of conflicts on Georgia's borders. Russia as a powerful neighbor, has always had a superiority over Georgia. Therefore, in subsequent chapters is enhanced the need for intervention by international organizations such as NATO, OSCE, EU, etc. issues in Russian-Georgian conflict, in order to offset the forces of power on both sides. In the last chapters the thesis deals with the intervention of the international community, whether their pressure on Russia will be still intense and if in the future...

The objective of the study is to examine psychological needs of individuals working as volunteers. The needs can then be understood in relation to the structure of the organisation they are a part of. The results of the empirical study are based on twelve qualitative interviews, where three individuals per organisation were chosen from four different organisations in the south of Sweden.  The result shows three important motives. The first one is the identification of the interviewees’ psychological position, and what factors were expressed as essential. The second motive presents a description of the needs, and the character profiles. The third motive describes the organizational structure’s impact on the individuals’ dedication to their commitment. Based on the analysis of the empirical results, the interviewees working as volunteers have a similar conception of needs. The analysis also shows that a majority of them have similar character traits. The volunteers in this study value the characteristics and values of non-profit commitment. They also value how their primary and secondary needs become satisfied through their volunteering, which they bring forward as something that their paid work does not provide. The choice of organisation, to which they are committed, has been of prime importance. The analysis shows that the non-profit commitment fulfils the purpose of self-realization. However, in order to satisfy the needs of volunteers, the form and structure of the organisation have to function properly. External factors that are not maintained may influence the motivation, which can lead to a lack of drive force and abandonment of the commitment.   Keywords: Volunteering, non-profit organisations, needs, motivation, organisational structures, leadership.