As mental health care increasingly embraces recovery principles, the role of peer support workers (PSWs) has gained recognition. The work that mental health PSWs do became particularly important during the COVID-19 pandemic, when increased needs for mental health care became apparent but were often unmet. This article-based doctoral thesis adopts an interdisciplinary perspective that combines research on management and organization with research on health care and systems. The thesis examines the mental health peer support role and its integration within teams, organizations and health systems. It also considers the peer support role as it was enacted in a virtual space, which became a requirement due to pandemic work-from-home mandates. Within the context of the virtual space, PSWs confronted work-life boundaries that they had to navigate as they enacted their work roles. The virtual space also presented technological and social challenges to and opportunities for peer support, which are examined in this thesis from the points of views of PSWs and peers. Overall, this thesis attends to the PSW role more generally, and to peer support work in the specific context of a virtual environment. The thesis is composed of three studies, the second and third of which had to be adapted to the unexpected challenges and opportunities posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Study 1 (presented in Chapter 2) is a narrative review that synthesizes the literature on factors influencing formal PSW role implementation in mental health systems. The findings are synthesized in a multilevel framework consisting of macro, meso and micro level influences. The analysis reveals that macro-level influences on PSW role implementation include socio-cultural, regulatory, political and economic factors, most of which act as obstacles. At the meso level, organizational culture, leadership, and human resource management policies play a significant role. Micro-level influences center around PSWs' relationships with team members. Interlevel interactions are also discussed. This study is co-authored with Professor Samia Chreim and was published in Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services in February 2022. For Studies 2 and 3, qualitative data were collected from members of a peer support organization situated in Ottawa. This organization is a publicly funded, not-for-profit organization that provides services free of charge to people experiencing mental health and addictions challenges. Due to the pandemic, all services and operations of this organization transitioned to remote services involving virtual platforms. Study 2 (presented in Chapter 3) is a qualitative case study that delves into the work-life boundary challenges and management of PSWs who were providing virtual mental health support during the pandemic. The study identifies temporal, physical, and task-related boundary challenges in work-life domains. Strategies employed by PSWs to manage these boundaries include segmenting and integrating work and personal domains. The study highlights the importance of self-care and the need for training on work-life boundary management for mental health workers. This research is co-authored with Professor Samia Chreim and is published in BMC Public Health. Study 3 (presented in Chapter 4) focuses on the transition from in-person to virtual mental health peer support services. Through semi-structured interviews with PSWs and service users (or peers), the research examines how technological factors act as bridges and boundaries to mental health peer support services, and whether and how a sense of community can be built or maintained among PSWs and peers in a virtual space when connections are mediated by technology. The findings highlight the mental health peer support needs that were (un)met through virtual services, the technology-based boundaries that were manifested and the steps taken to remove some of these boundaries, and the strategies employed by the organization and its members to establish and maintain a sense of community in a virtual environment marked by physical distancing and technology-mediated interrelations. The manuscript pertaining to this study is co-authored with Professor Samia Chreim and will be submitted soon to an academic journal. Overall, this thesis presents a unique and multi-faceted exploration of the implementation of peer support worker roles in mental health systems and their adaptation to virtual environments. It makes a number of contributions. The multilevel framework developed in Study 1 not only advances knowledge in the field but also offers a structured approach for policymakers and organizations to enhance the formal incorporation of PSW roles into mental health systems. Study 2 provides valuable insights into the nature of work-life boundaries in a virtual space, an important topic at a time when peer support workers and organizations are considering whether and how to maintain some form of virtual work post-pandemic. Study 3 adds to knowledge by highlighting the significance of virtual peer support beyond pandemic conditions. It also enhances understanding of the need for technological adaptation in mental health services and for community building regardless of the model of service. Limitations and implications for research, practice and policy are addressed.

The major goal of the Bachelor of Adult Education degree is to equip officers with the prerequisite skills, knowledge and attitudes to design and deliver programmed instruction to different categories of learners as well as to equip them with skills to conduct research in the field of adult education practice. The present study undertakes to investigate the reasons for lack of patronage for the adult education degree at Zimbabwe Staff College (ZSC) by exploring the quality of the adult education degree programme in terms of its effectiveness, relevance, value and its ability to enhance the quality of life. An adult education degree programme should reflect the sociocultural realities and experiences of adult learners. Participatory approaches should inform the development and implementation of curriculum. The aim of the study is to inform decisionmaking aimed at programme improvement. Effectiveness entails adequacy and appropriateness of teaching methods and support services. Relevance is ensured by considering the policy framework, curriculum provision, learners‟ needs and non–participation in the programme. Value constitutes the ability to improve the economic, professional, social and political aspects of life. Using the qualitative case study design, seven students and two administrators were selected using purposeful sampling, which is informed by the non-probability theory of sampling, to participate in individual and focus group interviews, which were subsequently conducted and generated data for analysis. Available relevant documents were analysed. The major finding revealed that a lack of recognition of the adult education programme by superiors at ZSC was the major obstacle to participation. Lack of recognition was found to be attributable to the absence of any national lifelong learning policy, ZSC policy framework, institutional structural conditions, and non–participatory curriculum development process and also to other associated barriers. The non-existence of the national and local policies on adult education was found to be negatively affecting not only participation but also the quality of the content provision because a lifelong learning policy framework is supposed to be informing design and practice. Recommendations focus on revision of the policy framework and the way the policies are implemented at national and local levels. A review of the implementation of policy is imperative if the restrictions responsible for the invisibility of adult education in the country and adult education programmes at ZCS are to be removed. / Curriculum and Instructional Studies / D. Ed. (Curriculum Studies)

Modernisierungstheoretischen Annahmen zufolge sind soziale Beziehungen in Gesellschaften der zweiten Moderne keine gegebenen Größen mehr, sondern Gegenstand von Aushandlungsprozessen, handlungsleitende gesellschaftliche Wissensvorräte erodieren und das bürgerliche Kernfamilienmodell sieht sich zunehmend soziokulturell legitimierten Alternativen gegenüber. Zahlreiche Wandlungstendenzen von Familie lassen sich ablesen, unter diesen die Zunahme von Fortsetzungsfamilien nach Trennung und Scheidung und im Zuge dessen die Aufweichung der monolokalen Haushaltsbindung von Familie. Diese Dynamiken werfen die Frage nach der Ausgestaltung der Herstellungsleistungen von Familie auf, die mit Doing und Displaying Family im Rahmen einer praxistheoretischen Wende innerhalb der Familiensoziologie bereits angeschnitten sind. Hier setzt das Forschungsinteresse der vorliegenden Arbeit an: (1) Bereits vorliegende empirische Erkenntnisse und theoretisch-konzeptuelle Überlegungen maßgeblicher Forschungsfelder werden zusammengeführt und diskutiert. (2) Aus praxeologisch-wissenssoziologischer Perspektive richtet die Empirie der vorliegenden Studie ihre Aufmerksamkeit auf die Rekonstruktion familialer Identitätspolitiken und der Herstellung von Gemeinschaft im sogenannten paritätischen Wechselmodell, in dem Kinder regelmäßig und zu gleichen Teilen an den Orten der getrenntlebenden Eltern wohnen. Mit den Befunden kann gezeigt werden, dass eine von Eltern und Kindern geteilte Differenzthese zentraler Ankerpunkt für die Identitätskonstruktionen der untersuchten Familien bildet. Zwei Familienkerne stehen sich nach der Relokalisierung eines Elternpaares im Zuge der Auflösung ihrer Zweierbeziehung als zwei Familienwirklichkeiten mit je unterschiedlichen Behauptungen sozialer Ordnung gegenüber. In diese müssen sich die Kinder aktiv einpassen bzw. regelmäßig durch die monolokalen Familienmitglieder re-integriert werden. Die Behauptung und Stabilisierung der lokalen Ordnungen wird über fünf Formen physischer und symbolischer Schließung als Teil familialer Identitätspolitiken abgesichert: (1) kommunikativ, (2) räumlich, (3) personell, (4) materiell und (5) habituell. Zwischen materieller und habitueller Schließung zu verorten, wurde das Olfaktorische als Medium der Vergemeinschaftung identifiziert. Das empirische Material eröffnet zudem einen Blick auf die Normalisierungsstrategien der untersuchten Eltern und Kinder im Umgang mit extern herangetragenen Markierungen von Andersartigkeit, Abweichungsvermutungen und der Normalisierungsmacht des bürgerlichen Kernfamilienmodells. Der Studie liegt ein qualitatives multi-method Design zugrunde. Der Materialkorpus speist sich aus problemzentriert-narrativen Interviews, Gruppendiskussionen, ego-zentrierten Netzwerkkarten sowie fotografischen Alltagsdokumentationen der aktiv multilokal lebenden Kinder aus insgesamt fünf Familienensembles. Die Materialien wurden auf Grundlage der dokumentarischen Methode der Text- und Bildinterpretation analysiert. / According to modernization theory social relationships in second modernity are no longer a given quantity but are subject to negotiation processes. Guiding social knowledge is eroding and the nuclear family model is increasingly confronted with sociocultural legitimate alternatives. There are numerous transformations of the family observable – among these increasing numbers of families after separation and divorce, and in consequence the dissolution of the monolocal household family in favour of multi-local family arrangements. These dynamics raise the question of Doing and Displaying Family practices, addressed within the framework of a practice turn within family sociology. Main aim of this paper is (1) to discuss existing empirical findings and theoretical/conceptual considerations of relevant research fields, and (2) by employing a praxeological approach, to focus on identity politics as a means to establish and stabilize family identity and belonging within shared residence arrangements where children regularly shuttle between their separated parent’s households. Data suggest that passive multi-locally living parents and their partners oscillate between referring to the other household on behalf of the active multi-locally living children to create a cross-spatial sense of commonness and belonging and at the same time applying territorialisation practices to promote a place-bound social order and family identity. This includes processes of communicative, spatial, personal, material, and habitual closure. Moreover, in a way between material and habitual closure, the olfactory was identified as a medium of identification and distinction. However, children face the challenge to merge both residential places and family nuclei into a coherent whole and simultaneously need to distinguish between different family sociotopes. Moreover, the empirical material provides insights into the normalization strategies of parents and children in dealing with externally applied difference markers, deviance attributions and the normalization power of the nuclear family model. The basis of the empirical research is a multiple methods comprising qualitative research design. Narrative interviews, group discussions and visual methods were employed. Data are analysed by means of the documentary method for text and picture interpretation within a qualitative reconstructive approach.

Healthcare professionals such as speech and language therapists are expected to change their practice throughout their career. However, from a practice perspective, there is a lack of knowledge around what practice change is, what it really takes, and why there are different trajectories. Consequently, therapists, managers and commissioners lack empirical evidence on which to base decisions about enabling practice change. In addition, intervention researchers lack basic sociological research around implementation that could inform their research designs, reporting and impact. This case-based sociological inquiry, underpinned by critical realist assumptions, was designed to address this knowledge gap. It includes a two-stage qualitative synthesis of 53 (then 16) studies where speech and language therapists explained the work of their practice in depth, and a primary qualitative study focused on one professional jurisdiction, children with speech sound difficulties (SSD). Forty two speech and language therapists from three NHS areas and independent practice in Scotland participated in individual interviews or self-organised pairs or focus groups to discuss in depth how and why they had changed their practice with these children. A variety of comparative methods were used to detail, understand and explain this particular aspect of the social world. The resulting theory of SSD practice change comprises six configured cases of practice change (Transforming; Redistributing; Venturing; Personalising; Delegating; Refining) emerging from an evolving and modifiable practice context. The work that had happened across four key aspects of this context (Intervention; Candidacy; Caseload; Service) explained what made each case possible, and how practice had come to be one way rather than another. Among its practical applications, the theory could help services plan more realistic practice change. In addition, the inductively developed layered model of SSD intervention change has the potential to contribute to speech and language therapy education as well as methodological discussions around complex interventions.

The major goal of the Bachelor of Adult Education degree is to equip officers with the prerequisite skills, knowledge and attitudes to design and deliver programmed instruction to different categories of learners as well as to equip them with skills to conduct research in the field of adult education practice. The present study undertakes to investigate the reasons for lack of patronage for the adult education degree at Zimbabwe Staff College (ZSC) by exploring the quality of the adult education degree programme in terms of its effectiveness, relevance, value and its ability to enhance the quality of life. An adult education degree programme should reflect the sociocultural realities and experiences of adult learners. Participatory approaches should inform the development and implementation of curriculum. The aim of the study is to inform decisionmaking aimed at programme improvement. Effectiveness entails adequacy and appropriateness of teaching methods and support services. Relevance is ensured by considering the policy framework, curriculum provision, learners‟ needs and non–participation in the programme. Value constitutes the ability to improve the economic, professional, social and political aspects of life. Using the qualitative case study design, seven students and two administrators were selected using purposeful sampling, which is informed by the non-probability theory of sampling, to participate in individual and focus group interviews, which were subsequently conducted and generated data for analysis. Available relevant documents were analysed. The major finding revealed that a lack of recognition of the adult education programme by superiors at ZSC was the major obstacle to participation. Lack of recognition was found to be attributable to the absence of any national lifelong learning policy, ZSC policy framework, institutional structural conditions, and non–participatory curriculum development process and also to other associated barriers. The non-existence of the national and local policies on adult education was found to be negatively affecting not only participation but also the quality of the content provision because a lifelong learning policy framework is supposed to be informing design and practice. Recommendations focus on revision of the policy framework and the way the policies are implemented at national and local levels. A review of the implementation of policy is imperative if the restrictions responsible for the invisibility of adult education in the country and adult education programmes at ZCS are to be removed. / Curriculum and Instructional Studies / D. Ed. (Curriculum Studies)

Despite traffic congestion, air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, as well as the connection to road crashes and physical inactivity, the car remains the prevalent mode of transport in North America. This over-reliance on cars relative to public and active transport modes is even more evident during peak hours. However, evidence suggests that the habit of car use is likely to be disrupted in important life-changing situations such as the birth of a child, or the relocation of a workplace. In such circumstances, attentiveness to alternative solutions and transport modes will increase, hence, a higher probability of a conscious (re)consideration of current travel behavior and a change is expected. From a policy planning perspective, these moments are highly valuable as they open up a “window of opportunity” for introducing and encouraging the use of sustainable transportation alternatives and for promoting health and environmental concerns. Whether it is voluntary or involuntary, uprooting and moving an activity to another location is a complex event from a socio-psychological perspective. It exposes people to a novel situation regarding geographical accessibility to home, work, amenities, transport services, parking, bike lanes, as well as other contextual characteristics including diversity of population and security, all of which can trigger the need for mobility rearrangement. Furthermore, relocation can stimulate travel behaviour change by influencing individual’s attitudes, values, and habits. In fact, modal choice is a very complex decision process determined by a wide range of spatial, economic, social, and psychological factors. In this context, a deeper understanding of individual’s daily travel behaviour and modal choices is necessary in order to take adequate policy measures to guide mobility towards more sustainable behaviors. In this context, this dissertation targets the travel behaviour of more than 10,000 employees of the McGill University Health Center (MUHC), Montreal, who experienced a significant life-changing event when five different work locations within the downtown core were merged into one peri-central location, the Glen Site, in 2015. One of the largest employment relocations in North American history, the super-hospital situated near the Vendome intermodal station is a strategic opportunity to advance basic knowledge on sustainable travel demand management. The underlying principle is to derive benefit from the disruption of habits and identifying the barriers of using low-carbon transport modes and to offer green transport opportunities in situations where there is increased attentiveness to alternative modes. Accordingly, this dissertation will answer the following research question: In an attempt to guide mobility towards a more sustainable future, how do the travel-related impacts of involuntary workplace relocation help improve our understanding of the choice of household’s daily mobility in metropolitan territory? To answer this question, the following objectives will be pursued through the production of three journal papers built on one another: 1. To develop a comprehensive presentation of modal choice determinants, and in particular factors affecting commuting behaviour during the process of workplace relocation as well as effective measures that incentivize sustainable commuting. 2. To examine the extent to which commute mode choice and satisfaction are interdependent by looking at socio-demographic characteristics, residential location and car ownership in the context of a major involuntary workplace relocation. 3. To expand our understanding of the complex causalities and rationales underlying travel-related choices and changes as well as their links to travel attitudes, dissonance and satisfaction. 4. To understand how individuals rank and prioritize their travel-related attitudes and values within the various domains of life in order to maximize their life satisfaction when experiencing a context change. Using both quantitative (n=1977, ~26% response rate) and qualitative (n=19) methods, we collected and analyzed data on before- and after-the-move decisions made by the employees regarding: 1) their travel patterns, 2) barriers of using low-carbon transport modes, and 3) the underlying rationales for change (or not). Whereas research in this field is dominated by quantitative analyses, few studies have applied mixed method approaches where a qualitative approach provides a deeper insight into the complex causal relationships between subjective psychological concepts that quantitative methods are often unable to address thoroughly. The overarching finding indicated that, while the existence of a regional train (in addition to metro and bus) at a major workplace has a positive impact on reducing private automobile use (15 percent increase in public transit use and 10 percent increase in travel satisfaction), the simple existence of alternatives is insufficient and further efforts are needed to encourage the use of low-carbon transport modes for daily commute. These efforts are most effective and functional if they are made at different stages during the process of the relocation, i.e., before, during, and after the relocation. The quantitative part also provided valuable insights into the importance of considering commuter’s travel-related characteristics (including home location, car ownership, and other socio-economic status) when planning for major workplace relocations. Furthermore, results from our in-depth interviews shed light on the concept of weighted decision-making by discussing how individuals maximize their (travel and life) satisfaction by attributing different value and attitudinal weights to their choice alternatives. The perspective of weighted decision-making helped improve understanding of that satisfaction in various travel-related domains are interdependent and each can affect or be affected by overall life satisfaction. Among the respondents, the majority of the relatively low-income households (e.g., service jobs) lived in areas with low accessibility to adequate public transit, whereas many high-income employees (e.g., doctors and specialists) lived in affluent transit-oriented residential neighbourhoods allowing them to commute by low-carbon transport modes compared to the former group who felt forced to commute by car or endure frustrating commutes with multiple transfers between lines. Moreover, the construction of motorway interchanges and the corresponding heavy congestion around the Glen site has resulted in commute dissatisfaction for drivers, bus users, bicyclists and even pedestrian commuters. This dissertation calls for the contribution of key urban-transportation planners to tackle commute challenges in an attempt to increase subjective well-being, work satisfaction, and quality of life and guide mobility towards a more sustainable future. / Les embouteillages, le prix élevé des carburants, la pollution atmosphérique et la contribution importante des voitures individuelles aux émissions de gaz à effet de serre, aux accidents de la route et à l’inactivité physique ne semblent pas troubler la grande majorité des propriétaires de voitures des sociétés occidentales, car la voiture reste le mode de transport le plus utilisé. Cette importante dépendance à l’égard de la voiture par rapport aux modes de transport publics et actifs est encore plus évidente aux heures de pointe, lorsque les trajets domicile-travail impliquent une lourde charge sur les réseaux routiers et aux infrastructures. Or, la recherche a montré que l’habitude de l’utilisation d’une voiture individuelle est susceptible d’être perturbée lors de situations significatives qui changent le cours de la vie, comme la naissance d’un enfant ou le déplacement d’un lieu de travail, type de situations qui est l’objet de cette thèse. Dans de telles circonstances, l’attention portée aux solutions et aux modes de transport alternatifs augmente, d’où une plus grande probabilité de (re)considérer les comportements de déplacement actuels et d’éventuellement les changer. Du point de vue de la planification des politiques, ces moments sont très précieux, car ils ouvrent une « fenêtre d’opportunité » pour introduire et encourager l’utilisation de solutions de transport durables et pour promouvoir les préoccupations en matière de santé et d’environnement. Qu’ils soient volontaires ou involontaires, le déracinement et le déplacement d’une activité vers un autre lieu sont des événements complexes d’un point de vue socio-psychologique. Cela expose les gens à une situation nouvelle en ce qui concerne l’accessibilité géographique au domicile, au travail, aux équipements urbains, aux services de transport, au stationnement, aux pistes cyclables ainsi qu’à d’autres dimensions contextuelles, notamment la diversité de la population et la sécurité, ce qui peut alors déclencher le besoin de réaménager la mobilité. En outre, un déménagement peut stimuler le changement de comportement en matière de déplacement en influençant les attitudes, les valeurs et les habitudes des individus. En fait, le choix modal est un processus de décision très complexe déterminé par un large éventail de facteurs spatiaux, économiques, sociaux et psychologiques. Dans ce contexte, il est pertinent de mieux comprendre le comportement quotidien des individus en matière de déplacements et leurs choix modaux afin de prendre des mesures politiques adéquates pour orienter la mobilité vers des comportements plus durables. Dans ce contexte, ce projet de recherche de doctorat s’intéresse aux comportements de déplacement de plus de 10 000 employés du Centre universitaire de santé McGill (CUSM), à Montréal, qui ont vécu en 2015 un événement important qui a changé leur vie lorsque quatre lieux de travail différents du centre-ville ont été fusionnés en un seul lieu péricentral au site Glen. Ce super-hôpital, situé près de la gare intermodale Vendôme, est l’une des plus importantes délocalisations d’emplois de l’histoire en Amérique du Nord. Il constitue une opportunité stratégique de faire progresser les connaissances fondamentales sur la gestion durable de la demande de transport. L’idée principale est de tirer profit de la rupture des habitudes et de l’identification des obstacles à l’utilisation de modes de transport à faible émission de carbone pour offrir des possibilités de transport écologique dans des situations où l’on est de plus en plus attentif aux modes alternatifs. En conséquence, l’objectif principal de cette thèse est de contribuer à la compréhension de la logique, de l’arbitrage et du choix de la mobilité des ménages sur le territoire métropolitain, en répondant à la question de recherche suivante : dans le but d’orienter la mobilité vers une perspective plus durable, comment un déménagement (involontaire) du lieu de travail contribue-t-il à améliorer notre compréhension des (changements de) comportements de déplacement des individus ? Pour répondre à cette question, les objectifs suivants sont visés grâce à la réalisation de trois articles scientifiques construits successivement : 1. Développer une présentation approfondie des déterminants du choix modal, et en particulier des facteurs affectant le comportement de déplacement pendant le processus de délocalisation du lieu de travail ainsi que des mesures efficaces qui incitent à des déplacements durables. 2. Examiner dans quelle mesure le choix du mode de transport et la satisfaction sont interdépendants en examinant les caractéristiques sociodémographiques, le lieu de résidence et la possession d’une voiture dans le contexte d’une relocalisation involontaire du lieu d’emploi. 3. Élargir notre compréhension de causalité complexes qui sous-tendent les choix et les changements liés aux déplacements, ainsi que leurs liens avec les attitudes, la dissonance et la satisfaction en matière de déplacements. 4. Comprendre comment les individus classent et hiérarchisent leurs attitudes et valeurs liées aux déplacements dans les divers domaines de la vie, afin de maximiser leur satisfaction dans la vie lorsqu'ils confrontés à un changement de contexte. En utilisant des méthodes quantitatives (n=1977, taux de réponse d’environ 26 %) et qualitatives (n=19), nous avons recueilli et analysé des données sur les décisions prises par les employés avant et après la relocalisation : 1) leurs habitudes de déplacement, 2) les obstacles à l’utilisation de modes de transport à faible émission de carbone et 3) les raisons sous-jacentes de tout changement (ou non). Alors que la recherche dans ce domaine est dominée par les analyses quantitatives, peu d’études ont appliqué des approches de méthodes mixtes où une enquête qualitative permet de mieux comprendre les relations causales complexes entre des concepts psychologiques subjectifs que les méthodes quantitatives souvent incapables d’aborder de manière approfondie. Le résultat principal montre que, si l’existence d’un train de banlieue (en plus du métro et du bus) vers le lieu de travail important a un impact positif sur la réduction de l’utilisation de l’automobile individuelle (augmentation de 15 % de l’utilisation des transports publics et de 10 % de la satisfaction des navettes quotidiennes), la simple existence d’une alternative à la voiture est insuffisante et des efforts supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour encourager l’utilisation de modes de transport à faible émission de carbone pour les trajets quotidiens. Ces efforts sont d’autant plus efficaces et effectifs lorsqu’ils sont déployés à différents stades du processus de relocalisation, c’est-à-dire avant, pendant et après la relocalisation. La perspective quantitative a également fourni des indications pertinentes sur l’importance de prendre en compte les caractéristiques des déplacements des navetteurs (notamment le lieu de résidence, la possession d’une voiture et d’autres statuts socio-économiques) lors de la planification de relocalisations à grande échelle de lieux d’emplois. En outre, les résultats de nos entretiens approfondis de la perspective qualitative ont mis en lumière le concept de prise de décision pondérée en examinant comment les individus maximisent leurs satisfactions (de mobilité et de la vie) en attribuant différentes valeurs et pondérations attitudinales à leurs choix. La perspective de la prise de décision pondérée a permis de mieux comprendre comment la satisfaction dans divers domaines liés aux navettes est interdépendante et que chacun des domaines peut affecter ou être affecté par la satisfaction globale de la vie. Parmi les répondants, la majorité des ménages à faible revenu relatif (par exemple, les emplois de services) vivaient dans des zones peu accessibles aux transports en commun, tandis que de nombreux employés à revenu élevé (par exemple, les médecins et les spécialistes) vivaient dans des quartiers résidentiels favorisés et orientés vers les transports en commun, ce qui leur permettait de se déplacer par des modes de transport à faible émission de carbone, alors que le premier groupe se considérait obligé de se déplacer en voiture ou d’endurer des déplacements frustrants avec des correspondances multiples. En outre, la construction d’échangeurs autoroutiers et la forte congestion autour du site de Glen ont entraîné une insatisfaction des conducteurs, des utilisateurs de bus, des cyclistes et même des piétons. Cet enjeu a eu une influence négative sur la satisfaction au travail et la qualité de vie des employés. Ce projet de doctorat souligne ainsi le rôle clé des principaux planificateurs des transports urbains pour relever les défis liés aux déplacements afin d’accroître le bien-être subjectif et d’orienter la mobilité vers un avenir plus durable.

Modernisierungstheoretischen Annahmen zufolge sind soziale Beziehungen in Gesellschaften der zweiten Moderne keine gegebenen Größen mehr, sondern Gegenstand von Aushandlungsprozessen, handlungsleitende gesellschaftliche Wissensvorräte erodieren und das bürgerliche Kernfamilienmodell sieht sich zunehmend soziokulturell legitimierten Alternativen gegenüber. Zahlreiche Wandlungstendenzen von Familie lassen sich ablesen, unter diesen die Zunahme von Fortsetzungsfamilien nach Trennung und Scheidung und im Zuge dessen die Aufweichung der monolokalen Haushaltsbindung von Familie. Diese Dynamiken werfen die Frage nach der Ausgestaltung der Herstellungsleistungen von Familie auf, die mit Doing und Displaying Family im Rahmen einer praxistheoretischen Wende innerhalb der Familiensoziologie bereits angeschnitten sind. Hier setzt das Forschungsinteresse der vorliegenden Arbeit an: (1) Bereits vorliegende empirische Erkenntnisse und theoretisch-konzeptuelle Überlegungen maßgeblicher Forschungsfelder werden zusammengeführt und diskutiert. (2) Aus praxeologisch-wissenssoziologischer Perspektive richtet die Empirie der vorliegenden Studie ihre Aufmerksamkeit auf die Rekonstruktion familialer Identitätspolitiken und der Herstellung von Gemeinschaft im sogenannten paritätischen Wechselmodell, in dem Kinder regelmäßig und zu gleichen Teilen an den Orten der getrenntlebenden Eltern wohnen. Mit den Befunden kann gezeigt werden, dass eine von Eltern und Kindern geteilte Differenzthese zentraler Ankerpunkt für die Identitätskonstruktionen der untersuchten Familien bildet. Zwei Familienkerne stehen sich nach der Relokalisierung eines Elternpaares im Zuge der Auflösung ihrer Zweierbeziehung als zwei Familienwirklichkeiten mit je unterschiedlichen Behauptungen sozialer Ordnung gegenüber. In diese müssen sich die Kinder aktiv einpassen bzw. regelmäßig durch die monolokalen Familienmitglieder re-integriert werden. Die Behauptung und Stabilisierung der lokalen Ordnungen wird über fünf Formen physischer und symbolischer Schließung als Teil familialer Identitätspolitiken abgesichert: (1) kommunikativ, (2) räumlich, (3) personell, (4) materiell und (5) habituell. Zwischen materieller und habitueller Schließung zu verorten, wurde das Olfaktorische als Medium der Vergemeinschaftung identifiziert. Das empirische Material eröffnet zudem einen Blick auf die Normalisierungsstrategien der untersuchten Eltern und Kinder im Umgang mit extern herangetragenen Markierungen von Andersartigkeit, Abweichungsvermutungen und der Normalisierungsmacht des bürgerlichen Kernfamilienmodells. Der Studie liegt ein qualitatives multi-method Design zugrunde. Der Materialkorpus speist sich aus problemzentriert-narrativen Interviews, Gruppendiskussionen, ego-zentrierten Netzwerkkarten sowie fotografischen Alltagsdokumentationen der aktiv multilokal lebenden Kinder aus insgesamt fünf Familienensembles. Die Materialien wurden auf Grundlage der dokumentarischen Methode der Text- und Bildinterpretation analysiert. / According to modernization theory social relationships in second modernity are no longer a given quantity but are subject to negotiation processes. Guiding social knowledge is eroding and the nuclear family model is increasingly confronted with sociocultural legitimate alternatives. There are numerous transformations of the family observable – among these increasing numbers of families after separation and divorce, and in consequence the dissolution of the monolocal household family in favour of multi-local family arrangements. These dynamics raise the question of Doing and Displaying Family practices, addressed within the framework of a practice turn within family sociology. Main aim of this paper is (1) to discuss existing empirical findings and theoretical/conceptual considerations of relevant research fields, and (2) by employing a praxeological approach, to focus on identity politics as a means to establish and stabilize family identity and belonging within shared residence arrangements where children regularly shuttle between their separated parent’s households. Data suggest that passive multi-locally living parents and their partners oscillate between referring to the other household on behalf of the active multi-locally living children to create a cross-spatial sense of commonness and belonging and at the same time applying territorialisation practices to promote a place-bound social order and family identity. This includes processes of communicative, spatial, personal, material, and habitual closure. Moreover, in a way between material and habitual closure, the olfactory was identified as a medium of identification and distinction. However, children face the challenge to merge both residential places and family nuclei into a coherent whole and simultaneously need to distinguish between different family sociotopes. Moreover, the empirical material provides insights into the normalization strategies of parents and children in dealing with externally applied difference markers, deviance attributions and the normalization power of the nuclear family model. The basis of the empirical research is a multiple methods comprising qualitative research design. Narrative interviews, group discussions and visual methods were employed. Data are analysed by means of the documentary method for text and picture interpretation within a qualitative reconstructive approach.

Introduction : Les maladies chroniques non transmissibles (MCNT) tuent chaque année près de 41 millions de personnes au monde, ce qui représente 71% du taux de mortalité mondiale. Le taux d’accroissement de ces maladies est plus élevé en Afrique Sub-Saharienne (ASS) comparativement au reste des pays du monde. Le Cameroun n’est pas en reste avec 35% du taux de mortalité attribuable aux MCNT dont l’hypertension artérielle (HTA) et le diabète de type 2 (DT2) qui sont en tête de liste, avec une prévalence de 32,1% et de 5,8% respectivement. L'HTA et le DT2 sont des maladies chroniques, coûteuses pour les patients et leurs familles qui supportent généralement seuls les coûts de traitement au Cameroun, compte tenu de l'insuffisance ou l’absence d'un système d'assurance maladie. De plus, ce qui est scientifiquement bien défini n’est pas toujours socialement/culturellement acceptable ou ne donne pas lieu à des changements de comportements attendus. Il en résulte une prépondérance de la non-observance des plans thérapeutiques par les patients. Il est donc urgent de mettre en œuvre des interventions à faible coût/efficacité axées sur les patients, qui leur permettent de mieux contrôler et de gérer leur maladie. Les interventions basées sur l’autonomisation des patients et de leurs familles, en plus d’améliorer la qualité des soins de santé, seraient utiles pour assurer l’observance des patients. Elles favoriseraient un meilleur contrôle de leurs paramètres biochimiques et physiques ainsi qu’une amélioration de leur mode de vie, notamment quand il s’agit des MCNT comme l’HTA et le DT2. L’objectif de la présente recherche est d’explorer les obstacles et facilitateurs de l’autonomisation des patients atteints de DT2 ou HTA au niveau individuel, organisationnel et systémique selon le point de vue et l’expérience de différents acteurs du système de soins camerounais. Méthodologie : Pour réaliser cette recherche, nous avons utilisé différentes méthodes de collecte et d’analyse des données. Nous avons d’abord réalisé́ une revue systématique avec méta-analyse pour identifier les interventions basées sur l’autonomisation des patients et leur efficacité dans le contrôle du DT2 en ASS. Nous avons utilisé les données issues de la revue systématique et d’autres écrits scientifiques pour développer un cadre conceptuel intégré multiniveau, adapté à notre contexte d’étude, le Cameroun. Nous avons ensuite eu recours à une étude qualitative multiniveau. Cette étude réalisée sur le terrain était une étude de cas unique à trois niveaux d’analyse imbriquée (macro, méso, micro). Pour explorer les barrières et les facilitateurs à l’autonomisation des patients, des entrevues semi-structurées ont été réalisées avec les patients (n = 23 participants) et leurs familles (n = 17 participants), les professionnels de la santé (six infirmiers/infirmières, deux médecins généralistes, et quatre médecins spécialistes) et les décideurs politiques (deux décideurs institutionnels et six décideurs centraux). Un groupe de discussion a été réalisé avec les patients préalablement interviewés (six participants). Des observations non participantes des consultations (n = 29) dans les bureaux des médecins spécialistes et des dispensations des services et soins de santé (n = 7) dans les salles d’hospitalisation ont été faites. Puis, des documents en rapport avec la prise en charge des patients diabétiques et hypertendus (n = 9) ont été analysés. Nous avons analysé ces données qualitatives à l'aide d'analyses thématiques et lexicométriques. Résultats: La revue systématique avec méta-analyse nous a permis de mettre en exergue l’efficacité des interventions basées sur l’autonomisation des patients en Afrique subsaharienne dans le contrôle du DT2 via l’amélioration de la glycémie et de la pression artérielle. Cette étude soutient les conclusions selon lesquelles les interventions à long terme et les interventions liées aux habitudes de vie seraient les plus efficaces dans l'amélioration du contrôle de la glycémie et de la pression artérielle. Cette efficacité était surtout liée à la fréquence des rencontres, au soutien à l’éducation des patients et à la participation active d’une équipe multidisciplinaire. L’étude multiniveau réalisée à l’hôpital de district de santé de Byiem-Assi (HDSB) au Cameroun a révélé que les facteurs exerçant une influence sur l'autonomisation des patients dans le contrôle de la maladie, identifiés par les différents participants à l’étude étaient similaires dans le même groupe de participants, et variaient beaucoup d’un groupe de participants à l’autre (ex : patients versus professionnels de la santé). Les participants identifiaient majoritairement les facteurs aux niveaux individuels et organisationnels, comparés à ceux du niveau central ou national, très peu ou pas connus des patients et leurs familles. Parallèlement, les décideurs politiques semblaient méconnaitre plusieurs facteurs au niveau individuel qui influencent l’autonomisation des patients. Les facteurs présents au niveau central, bien que peu nombreux et moins connus par les patients et leurs familles ainsi que certains professionnels de la santé, étaient généralement à l’origine des facteurs d’ordre individuel et organisationnel. Les facteurs identifiés par les patients étaient principalement liés à l'autogestion de la maladie. Il s’agissait des facteurs directement liés à la gestion de la maladie, identifiés au niveau individuel, en rapport avec les habitudes de vie des patients et sur lesquels ils pouvaient exercer un certain contrôle. Les facteurs au niveau organisationnel / hospitalier étaient plus ciblés par les membres de la famille, à l’exemple de long temps d’attente, indirectement liés à la gestion de la maladie par les patients et sur lesquels ils n’avaient aucun contrôle. L’implication des patients et leurs familles dans le processus de prise de décision et les supports à l’autogestion de la maladie aidaient ces derniers à mieux s’approprier leur rôle dans le contrôle de la maladie et à être responsables de leurs actions, et ultimement à développer un fort sentiment de cohérence. Cette étude met en exergue le rôle important que jouent les membres de la famille dans le développement de l’autonomisation des patients pour un meilleur contrôle de l’HTA et du DT2. Les facteurs identifiés par les professionnels de la santé étaient principalement liés à la prestation des services et soins de santé au niveau organisationnel et à l'autogestion de la maladie au niveau individuel. Les décideurs politiques étaient principalement axés sur les politiques / programmes élaborés au niveau central du ministère de la Santé et sur la prestation de services et soins de santé au niveau organisationnel. L’implication des professionnels de la santé dans le processus de prise de décision pour la prestation des services et soins de santé contribuait à promouvoir leur sentiment d'appropriation et de responsabilité sur ce qu'ils faisaient pour aider leurs patients à développer leurs capacités d'autogestion pour mieux contrôler leur maladie. Conclusion : A notre connaissance, cette étude est une première au Cameroun et dans l’ensemble des pays de l’ASS. Elle intègre les différents niveaux du système de soins avec la participation de différents acteurs pour l’exploration des facteurs qui contribuent ou pas à l’autonomisation des patients. Bien que les interventions axées sur la modification des facteurs au niveau individuel soient essentielles, il est nécessaire de développer aussi des interventions ciblant les obstacles organisationnels et politiques au développement de l’autonomisation des patients. Les interventions ciblant simultanément ces facteurs à plusieurs niveaux peuvent être plus efficaces que les interventions à un seul niveau. Le cadre conceptuel intégré que nous avons développé est une véritable contribution pour l’avancement de la science et pour le développement et la mise en œuvre des interventions futures de lutte contre les MCNT telles que l’HTA et le DT2. Dans l'ensemble, les résultats de cette thèse seront importants pour les cliniciens, les chercheurs, les patients et les décideurs politiques directement ou indirectement impliqués dans la prévention et le contrôle de l’HTA et du DT2 au Cameroun ainsi que dans des contextes similaires aux pays à revenu faible ou intermédiaire. / Background: Chronic noncommunicable diseases (CNCDs) kill nearly 41 million people worldwide each year, accounting for 71% of the global mortality rate. The rate of growth of these diseases is higher in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) compared to the rest of the world. In Cameroon, 35% of the mortality rate is attributable to CNCDs; hypertension (HTN) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) on the top of the list with the prevalence of 32.1% and 5.8%, respectively. HTN and T2D are long-term management diseases, financially draining for patients and their families generally bearing treatment costs in Cameroon, given the inadequate or non-existence of a health insurance system. Furthermore, what is scientifically known is not always socially or culturally acceptable or results in expected behavioural changes. This has resulted in a preponderance of patients’ being non-adherent to therapeutic plans. Thus, there is an urgent need to implement cost-effective patient-based interventions that empower patients to control and manage their own disease. Interventions based on patient empowerment have shown that, in addition to improving the quality of health care are necessary for patient adherence, allowing them to better control their biochemical and physical parameters as well as their lifestyle, especially when it comes to CNCDs such as HTN and T2D that patients are likely to deal with for the rest of their lives. The objective of this research is to explore the potential barriers and facilitators to patient empowerment at the individual, organizational, and systemic levels from the perspective and experience of different actors in the Cameroonian health care system. Method: For this thesis, we used different methods of data collection and analysis. We first conducted́ a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify patient empowerment-based interventions and their effectiveness in controlling T2D in sub-Saharan Africa. We did the literature review to develop an integrated multi-level conceptual framework adapted to our study context in Cameroon. The qualitative study that followed was a single case study with entailing three levels of embedded analysis within the primary healthcare district hospital (PHCDH) in Cameroon (macro, meso, micro). To explore barriers and facilitators to the development of patient empowerment, semi-structured interviews were conducted with patients (n = 23 participants) and their families (n = 17 participants), health professionals (six nurses, two general practitioners, four specialists) and policy makers (two institutional decision makers, six central decision makers). A focus group was conducted with patients (six participants), non-participant observations of consultations (n = 29) and health care delivery (n = 7), and document reviews related to the management of diabetic and hypertensive patients (n = 9). We analyzed these qualitative data using thematic and lexicometric analysis. Results: The systematic review and meta-analysis supports the findings that interventions based on patient empowerment may improve glycemia (HbA1c) and blood pressure of patients with T2D in SSA. The long-term and lifestyle interventions appeared to be the most effective interventions for glycemic control. Effectiveness that was mainly related to the frequency of meetings, the support for patient education and the active participation of a multidisciplinary team. The multilevel study conducted at the PHCDH in Cameroon revealed that factors influencing the development of patient empowerment in disease control identified by the different participants were similar within the same group and different between groups. There was a preponderance of factors identified at the individual and organizational levels, compared to factors identified at the central level. While patients and families knew very little about the central level factors, at the same time, policy makers seemed to be unaware of several factors at the individual level that influence the development of patient empowerment. The factors present at the central level were generally trigger those identified at the individual and organizational levels. Factors identified by patients were mainly associated with disease self-management. Present at the individual healthcare system level, they were related to patients' lifestyles, over which they could exercise some control. Factors at the organizational/hospital level were more targeted by family members, such as long waiting times, which were indirectly related to the patients' management of the disease and over which they had no control. Involving patients and their families in the decision-making process and providing them with supports for self-management of the disease helped them to have a sense of ownership and responsibility over what they are doing which leads to a sense of empowerment. This study further emphasizes the important role that family members called "caregivers" play in the development of patient empowerment in the disease-control process. Factors identified by health professionals were mainly related to the delivery of health care and services at the organizational level and to self-management of the disease at the individual level. Policy makers were mainly focused on policies/programs developed at the central level of the ministry of health and on the delivery of health care and services at the organizational level. Involving health care professionals in the decision-making process for the delivery of health care services tended to increase their sense of ownership and responsibility over what they were doing to help their patients develop self-management skills to better control their disease. Conclusion: To our knowledge, no prior study to this exists in Cameroon and in SSA countries that integrates the different levels of the health care system with different participants to explore the factors that contribute or not to the development of patient empowerment. While interventions focused on changing patient-level factors are essential, there is a need for more interventions addressing organizational and political barriers to the development of patient empowerment. Interventions simultaneously targeting these multilevel factors may be more effective than single-level interventions. The integrated conceptual framework we have developed is a real contribution to the advancement of science and to the development and implementation of future interventions for CNCDs such as HTN and T2D. Overall, the results of this thesis will be important for clinicians, researchers, patients, and policy makers directly or indirectly involved in the prevention and control of HTN and T2D in Cameroon as well as in similar settings in low- and middle-income countries.

Marine fish stocks are under serious threat of depletion due to increasing numbers of resource users with competing interests, resulting in degradation and the decline of fish catch. Using qualitative and quantitative techniques such as in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, household surveys and remote sensing and GIS, this study addresses: (1) the complex and inter-related nature of resource dependency, (2) the role of assets in determining survival strategies of households in artisanal fishing communities in Ponnani, India, (3) how asset degradation impacts resource-dependent households, (4) how households develop survival strategies, and (5) considers access to social, political, physical, human and financial assets. Information is organized using the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework (SLF) with modifications to suite the local complexities. Results show that households - engaged in diverse activities, including fishing, fish processing/marketing/culture and daily labour - evolved property rights of natural resources over generations. The Pathemari cargo business’s limited knowledge of fisheries compared to artisanal fishers, and the government led modernization resulted in resource degradation. Therefore, artisanal fishers living in coastal wards threatened by intense erosion, abandoned traditional occupations in pursuit of livelihood security. Results from image analysis and derived thematic maps indicate increased erosion of 0.35 sq km shoreline coinciding with government development initiatives. To improve livelihood options, the results indicate that 50% surveyed accessed political assets such as fishers’ cooperatives and only 20% accessed financial assets such as government sponsored schemes and loans. In-depth interviews and focus group discussions revealed many limiting factors of access, specifically marginalization and lack of financial assets: only 6% surveyed could raise enough money to migrate. With changes in technology, from harvesting to processing, gender roles are being radically altered. Women are losing jobs and income. Politically, the study revealed that local participation helped governing bodies prioritize on housing, roads, water and sanitation. Analysis of the information through the modified SLF suggests three strategies to enhance the asset base of coastal poor: strengthening grassroots organizations; transforming state relations; and developing new alternatives to conventional coastal development practice. Finally, the study suggests resource management policies to improve the households’ livelihood options and well-being.

Abstracts in English, Afrikaans and Xhosa / Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) play an important and growing role within the global economy and towards public good. Given the escalating economic and social significance of NGOs, the practical importance of being able to demonstrate their accountability in a robust and comprehensive manner is increasingly being recognised. Perhaps surprisingly, the ability to demonstrate their non-financial accountability is also becoming increasingly important. However, various institutional logics have shaped the face of NGOs’ work, as well as their reporting and their accountability mechanisms. This study therefore examined annual reports of sampled NGOs within Namibia and analysed various institutional accountability logics that shape accountability and reporting in the sector. Extending the literature on accountability logics of NGOs to include local regulations logics, financial and non-financial logic and integrated reporting logic, the study adopted a qualitative illustrative case study of the HIV and AIDS sector in Namibia. To this end, it used 13 purposively selected NGOs, subjecting their documents to analysis and through the conducting of interviews to build both theory and practice. The data were then analysed using content analysis to theme the findings towards the novel contribution it was intended to make. The findings of the study are analysed and interpreted through the lens of the institutional logics theory. The findings indicated that, currently, NGOs do not disclose decision-useful information suitable for all major groups of stakeholders. It is clear from the study that funder and local context regulation logics are the dominant logics in shaping the accountability mechanisms of NGOs in Namibia. The results have an implication for understanding the reporting systems of NGOs, particularly in developing countries such as Namibia. It is argued that extended accountability logics, such as local accountability, financial and non-financial and integrated reporting, are emerging in the NGO sector. / Nie-regeringsorganisasies (NROs) speel 'n belangrike en groeiende rol in die globale ekonomie en in openbare belang. Gegewe die toenemende ekonomiese en sosiale rol van NROs, word hul praktiese belang en aanspreeklikheid meer prominent. Hul vermoë om nie-finansiële aanspreeklikheid te demonstreer, word ook toenemend belangrik. Institusionele logika het die werking, verslagdoening en aanspreeklikheidsmeganismes van NROs gevorm. Hierdie studie het die jaarverslae van NRO's in Namibië ondersoek en die institusionele logika wat aanspreeklikheid en verslagdoening in die sektor vorm, ontleed. 'n Kwalitatiewe illustrerende gevallestudie van die HIV en Vigs-sektor in Namibië bestaande uit 13 geselekteerde NROs is ingesluit om plaaslike regulasie-, finansiële- en nie-finansiële logika met verslagdoeningslogika in NROs te integreer. ‘n Ontleding en interpretasie, deur gebruikmaking van institusionele logika-teorie, het bevind dat NROs tans nie beslissingsinligting bekendmaak wat vir alle hoofgroep belanghebbers geskik is nie. Dit is duidelik uit die studie dat befondsings- en plaaslike konteksregulasie-logika die dominante invloede is wat die aanspreeklikheidsmeganismes van NROs in Namibië gevorm het. Die resultate het 'n invloed op die verstaan van verslagdoeningstelsels van NROs, veral in ontwikkelende lande soos Namibië. Die studie bevind dat uitgebreide aanspreekliksheidslogika, wat plaaslike aanspreeklikheid, finansiële en nie-finansiële asook geïntegreerde verslagdoening insluit, in die NRO-sektor na vore kom. / Zwiimiswa zwine zwa sa vhe zwa muvhuso (dzi NGO) dzi shuma mushumo wa ndeme na wa nyaluwo kha ikonomi ya ḽifhasi kha vhuḓi ha tshitshavha. Ho ṋetshedzwa u gonya ha ikonomi na ndeme ya matshilisano ya dzi NGO, ndeme ya nyito ya u kona u sumbedza vhuḓifhinduleli hadzo nga nḓila yo khwaṱhaho yo fhelelaho i khou engedzea na u dzhielwa nṱha. Ṱhaṅwe tshine tsha mangadza, vhukoni ha u sumbedza vhuḓifhinduleli hadzo hu si ha masheleni na hone ho engedza ndeme. Naho zwo ralo, zwiitisi zwo fhambanaho zwa zwiimiswa zwo fhaṱa mbonalo ya mushumo wa dzi NGO, na nḓila dzadzo dzou vhiga na vhuḓifhinduleli hadzo. Ṱhoḓisiso heyi nga zwenezwo yo ṱola mivhigo ya ṅwaha nga ṅwaha ya tsumbo dza dzi NGO kha ḽa Namibia na u saukanya zwiitisi zwo fhambanaho zwa vhuḓifhinduleli ha zwiimiswa zwine zwa fhaṱa vhuḓifhinduleli na kuvhigele kha sekithara. U engedza maṅwalwa nga ha zwiitisi zwa vhuḓifhinduleli ha dzi NGO u katela zwiitisi zwa ndaulo dzapo, zwiitisi zwa masheleni na zwi si zwa masheleni na tshiitisi tsha u vhiga ho ṱanganelaho, ṱhoḓisiso yo shumisa ngudo ya tsumbo ya khwaḽithethivi ya sekhithara ya HIV na AIDS kha ḽa Namibia. U swika zwino, yo shumisa dzi NGO dza 13 dzo nangwaho ho sedzwa vhukoni, u ṱana maṅwalo avho kha u saukanya na kha u ita inthaviwu u fhaṱa vhuvhili hazwo thyeori na nyito. Data yo ḓo saukanya nga murahu hu tshi khou shumiswa u saukanya zwi re ngomu kha u wana thero zwi tshi ḓa kha u bveledza phambano ine ya fanela u bveledzwa. Mawanwa a ngudo a saukanya na u ṱalutshedzwa nga kha kuvhonele kwa vhushaka ha tshiimiswa, maitele a matshilisano na zwine ha tendwa khazwo. Mawanwa o sumbedzisa zwauri, zwazwino, dzi NGO a dzi bviseli khagala mafhungo a tsheo a ndeme o teaho zwigwada zwoṱhe zwihulwane zwa vhadzhiamukovhe. Zwi tou vha khagala u bva kha ngudo uri vhalambedzi na zwiitisi zwa ndaulo ya nyimele yapo ndi zwiitisi zwihulwane kha u fhaṱa kuitele kwa vhuḓifhinduleli kha dzi NGO kha ḽa Namibia. Mvelelo dzo baḓekanywa na u pfesesa sisiṱeme dza kuvhigele kwa dzi NGO kha ḽa Namibia, nga maanḓa kha mashango ane a kha ḓi bvelela a nga ho sa Namibia. Ho rerwa nga ha u pfi zwiitisi nyengedzedzwa zwa vhuḓifhinduleli, zwi ngaho sa vhuḓifhinduleli hapo, u vhiga ho ṱanganelaho hu si ha masheleni na ha masheleni, hu bveledzwa kha sekhithara ya NGO. / Financial Accounting / D. Phil. (Accounting Science: Financial Accounting)