L’ozone (O3) est un gaz reconnu comme un des polluants atmosphériques majeurs du XXIème siècle, de par ses propriétés très oxydantes. Dans les plus basses couches de notre atmosphère, ce polluant secondaire est produit par des réactions photochimiques impliquant des précurseurs émis par les activités humaines et la végétation. De nombreuses études expérimentales ont révélées le caractère phytotoxique de l’O3, qui dégrade sévèrement la photosynthèse, réduit le rendement des récoltes et inhibe la croissance des arbres. Afin de quantifier les effets de l’O3 sur les écosystèmes à l’échelle globale, des modèles numériques ont été développés. Dans cette thèse, nous avons principalement développé un nouveau modèle d’impact basé sur le concept dose/réponse au sein du modèle global de végétation ORCHIDEE. L’approche semi-mécaniste utilisée vise à représenter de manière simplifiée les effets du stress oxydatif causés par l’O3 sur la photosynthèse. L’étalonnage des paramètres a été réalisé en utilisant des données physiologiques issues majoritairement d’expériences de fumigation à l’air libre et en chambres à ciel ouvert menées pendant la saison de croissance de plusieurs espèces végétales. Cette étape de calibration a permis de déterminer les paramètres spécifiques à plusieurs types fonctionnels de plantes. La sensibilité du modèle à l’O3 et à son interaction avec le CO2 et le stress hydrique a ensuite été testée. A l’échelle locale, notre modèle d’impact reproduit fidèlement l’allure de la réponse de la photosynthèse observée in situ à l’échelle saisonnière, et l’élévation du CO2 compense partiellement l’impact de l’O3. En outre, le couplage entre la photosynthèse et la conductance stomatique dans ORCHIDEE permet de simuler la limitation des effets de l’O3 par les flux entrants. La fermeture stomatique réduit également la transpiration, ce qui augmente l’humidité du sol et préserve ainsi la végétation d’un stress hydrique accentué. Cependant, les effets observés sur la respiration autotrophe ne sont pas représentés et l’impact sur la surface foliaire est sous-estimé. Afin d’évaluer la performance du modèle, nous avons comparé l’impact simulé sur la productivité nette (NPP) annuelle avec l’effet estimé par les relations empiriques linéaires standards, recommandées par l’UNECE pour évaluer les risques phytotoxiques chez plusieurs types d’écosystèmes. En outre, à l’échelle globale, nous obtenons des résultats similaires aux estimations réalisées avec un autre modèle de végétation munie d’une paramétrisation d’impact différente. Enfin, nous estimons que les concentrations actuelles causent localement une chute de productivité nette totale annuelle allant jusqu’à 11.7% en moyenne dans le nord-est des Etats-Unis, et réduirait le contenu en carbone du sol de 10.9% dans cette région et de 42.5% en Indonésie si la pollution actuelle perdure pendant 50 ans. Ce travail indique que l’impact de l’O3 sur la végétation est non-négligeable dans le modèle ORCHIDEE, et doit être pris en compte dans les études globales du bilan de carbone terrestre. / Ozone (O3) is a gas recognized as a major atmospheric pollutant of the 21st century, due to its strong oxidant properties. As a secondary pollutant, O3 is produced by photochemical reactions between both anthropogenic and biogenic precursors. Numerous experimental studies have highlighted the phytotoxic effects of O3, which severely impairs photosynthesis, reduces crop yields and forest growth. Numerical models are used in order to quantify the impact of O3 at global scale. In this thesis, the major work was to develop a new parameterization based on the dose/response concept and to integrate it in the global vegetation model ORCHIDEE. We used a semi-mechanist approach to represent the effects of oxidative stress induced by O3 on photosynthesis. Parameters were obtained by comparing modelled and observed physiological variables related to free-air and open-top chamber fumigation experiments, carried out during the growing period for different plant species corresponding to several plant functional types in the model. Sensitivity tests were conducted to evaluate the influence of O3 and its interactive effects with CO2 and water-stress on the ecophysiological processes in ORCHIDEE. We reproduced the curvilinear response observed on photosynthesis at the leaf level during a growing season, and the elevation of CO2 concentration partially mitigates the O3 effect. The induced simulated stomatal closure slows down the impact on photosynthesis coupled to conductance by reducing the entering O3 fluxes. It also decreases transpiration and increases soil water content, which protects vegetation from higher water-stress. However, observed changes in autotrophic respiration are not simulated and the impact on foliar surface is underestimated. In order to evaluate the performance of our model, we compared the simulated impact on annual net primary productivity (NPP) with the empirical linear dose/response relationships recommended by UNECE to assess the risk for different types of ecosystems. Moreover, at global scale, we found results similar to those from another land surface model using a different impact relationship. Finally, we estimated that current O3 concentrations cause locally a decrease in total annual net productivity up to 11.7% on average in the north-west of USA, and could decrease the soil carbon content by 10.9% in this region and by 42.5% in Indonesia, if current O3 pollution remains the same for 50 years. This work confirms that impact of O3 on vegetation is non-negligible in the model ORCHIDEE, and must be considered in global carbon budget modelling.

O stress pode ser definido como uma reação complexa, necessária e benéfica ao organismo, porém quando permanece por um período prolongado cria-se um desequilíbrio no funcionamento global orgânico, enfraquecendo o sistema imunológico e deixando o indivíduo exposto a infecções e doenças oportunistas. Diversos tratamentos são propostos para o controle do stress dentre eles está à acupuntura, uma técnica milenar que consiste na inserção de agulhas em pontos específicos da pele. O eletroencefalograma (EEG) é um instrumento de registro gráfico das variações do potencial de membrana dos neurônios corticais, seu registro e sua interpretação é um processo rotineiro de diagnóstico neurológico e neste caso foi utilizado para verificar se existe alguma alteração no espectro de frequência do EEG imediatamente após a aplicação da acupuntura. Foram selecionados 38 sujeitos randomizados em grupo controle (n= 13), grupo acupuntura (n=13) e grupo eletroacupuntura (n=12). Antes das intervenções os sujeitos foram submetidos ao Inventário de Sintomas de Stress para adultos de Lipp (ISSL), a escala visual analógica (EVA) de stress, mensurados frequência cardíaca (FC) e pressão arterial (PA). As intervenções ocorreram durante vinte minutos e vinte minutos antes e depois das intervenções foram realizados os registros de EEG. Após o término do EEG os sujeitos novamente responderam ao EVA e foram mensurados FC e PA. Para análise dos dados foram utilizados ANOVA, correlação, BOOTSTRAP e teste t-student. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas em relação ao espectro de frequência do EEG e a EVA antes e depois das intervenções, houve uma diminuição significante da FC após as intervenções. Não houve alteração da PA durante todo o processo. A acupuntura e a eletroacupuntura não apresentaram efeitos imediatos significativos após sua realização no espectro de frequência do EEG, embora tenha apresentado uma tendência a alterações. Não houve relação do espectro do EEG e os quesitos questionário de Lipp e EVA / Stress can be defined as a complex, necessary and beneficial response by the body, but when it remains for a prolonged period creates an imbalance in the overall organ function, by weakening the immune system, leaving exposed the individual opportunistic infections and diseases. Several treatments are proposed for the control of stress among them is acupuncture, an ancient technique that involves inserting fine needles into specific points on the skin. The electroencephalogram (EEG) is a tool of graphic record of the variations of the membrane potential of cortical neurons registration and its interpretation is a routine process of neurological diagnosis and this case was used to verify if there is any change in the frequency spectrum of the EEG immediately after application of acupuncture. 38 subjects randomized into control group (n = 13), acupuncture group (n = 13) and electroacupuncture group (n = 12) were selected. Before the intervention the subjects were submitted to the Inventory of Stress Symptoms for adults Lipp (ISSL), a visual analog scale (VAS) of stress, measured heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP). The interventions occurred for twenty minutes and twenty minutes before and after interventions EEG records were performed. After the end of the EEG subjects again responded to the EVA and HR and BP were measured. For data analysis, ANOVA, correlation, BOOTSTRAP and student t test were used. No significant differences were found in relation to the frequency of the EEG spectrum and VAS before and after the interventions, there was a significant decrease in HR after the interventions. There was no change in BP during the entire process. Acupuncture and electroacupuncture showed no significant immediate effect after its completion in the EEG frequency spectrum, although it had a tendency to change. There was no relation of the EEG spectrum and the questions questionnaire Lipp and EVA

Yau Man Yin. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 44-57). / Abstract in English and Chinese. / Chapter CHAPTER 1. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Review on Stress and Coping --- p.1 / Coping --- p.2 / Research on Stress and Coping --- p.3 / Using SMIs to Study Stress and Coping --- p.5 / Occupational Stress --- p.6 / Table 1 --- p.9 / Reasons for Meta-Analysis --- p.10 / Content As a Moderator --- p.11 / Identification of Stressors as a Moderator --- p.12 / Massed Vs Distributed Session as a Moderator --- p.13 / Time Interval as Moderator --- p.15 / Outcomes --- p.16 / Chapter CHAPTER 2. --- METHOD --- p.18 / Literature Search --- p.18 / Inclusion Criteria --- p.18 / Meta-Analysis Procedures --- p.19 / Coding --- p.21 / Publication Bias --- p.21 / Chapter CHAPTER 3. --- RESULTS --- p.22 / Overall --- p.22 / Table 2 --- p.23 / Moderators --- p.24 / Table 3 --- p.24 / Table 4 --- p.26 / Table 5 --- p.26 / Table 6 --- p.27 / Table7 --- p.29 / Table 8 --- p.30 / Table 9 --- p.31 / Chapter CHAPTER 4: --- DISCUSSION --- p.32 / Workshop Content --- p.34 / Identification of Stress --- p.35 / Massed and Distributed Practice --- p.36 / Time interval --- p.37 / Implications --- p.38 / Limitations and Future Directions --- p.40 / Concluding Remarks --- p.42 / REFERENCES --- p.44

Orientador: Roberto Calderon Gonçalves / Banca: Simone Biagio Chiacchio / Banca: Raimundo de Souza Lopes / Banca: Fernando José Benesi / Banca: Débora Cristina Damasceno / Resumo: Nas espécies domésticas as pneumonias cursam com intensa resposta inflamatória e acúmulo de células fagocíticas nos pulmões, levando a danos expressivos das estruturas do trato respiratório e à função pulmonar devido ao estresse oxidativo decorrente da liberação de grandes quantidades de Espécies Reativas do Oxigênio (ERO) durante a explosão respiratória. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o status oxidativo, a resposta inflamatória e a gasometria arterial, de ovinos sadios (n=20) e com diagnóstico clínico de pneumonia (n=20). Inicialmente os animais foram submetidos ao exame clínico e divididos em dois grupos: I) G1/controle, composto pelos animais clinicamente sadios e II) G2, composto pelos animais portadores de pneumonia. O status oxidativo foi avaliado por determinação indireta da atividade enzimática da Superóxido Dismutase (SOD) e Glutationa Peroxidase (GSH-Px) e das concentrações de Glutationa total (GSH-t) e Substâncias Reativas ao Ácido Tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) no sangue periférico por método colorimétrico. A resposta inflamatória foi avaliada pelo hemograma e proteína total e fibrinogênio plasmáticos e a função pulmonar pela determinação das variáveis hemogasométricas Pressão Arterial de Oxigênio (PaO2), Pressão Arterial de Gás Carbônico (PaCO2), Hidrogeniônico (pH), Saturação de Oxigênio (SO2), Bicarbonato (HCO3¯), Dióxido de Carbono Total (TCO2) e Excesso de Bases (EB), avaliados em sangue arterial. O leucograma revelou leucocitose com neutrofilia, eosinofilia, monocitose e linfopenia nos animais doentes (p<0,05). Com relação aos parâmetros bioquímicos, os ovinos portadores de pneumonia apresentaram aumento significativo (p>0,05) da concentração de fibrinogênio e proteína plasmática total. Os animais portadores de pneumonia apresentaram diminuição estatisticamente... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In domestic species, pneumonia is accompanied by intense inflammatory response and accumulation of phagocytic cells in the lungs, causing structural damage of the respiratory tract due to oxidative stress resulting from the release of large amounts of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) during the respiratory burst. The aim of this study was to analyze the oxidative status, inflammatory response and arterial blood gases values in healthy sheep (n=20) and animals with a clinically diagnosed pneumonia (n = 20). After physical examination the animals were divided into two groups: i) G1/control, composed of clinically healthy animals and ii) G2, composed of animals with pneumonia. The oxidative status was assessed by indirect determinations of enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and concentrations of total glutathione (GSH-t) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in peripheral blood by a colorimetric method. The inflammatory response was evaluated by complete blood count and total protein and plasma fibrinogen. The lung function was evaluated by determinations of blood gas parameters in arterial blood: Oxygen Pressure (PaO2) Pressure of Carbon Dioxide (PaCO2), Pressure Hydrogen (pH), Oxygen Saturation (SO2), Bicarbonate (HCO3¯), Total Carbon Dioxide (TCO2) and Base Excess (EB). The leucogram results showed Leukocytosis with neutrophilia, eosinophilia, monocytosis and lymphopenia in sick animals (p<0,05). With regard to biochemical parameters, sheep with pneumonia showed a significant increase (p<0,05) of fibrinogen and total plasma protein concentrations. The animals from group G2 had a statistically significant reduction (p<0,05) in SOD and GSH-Px enzymatic activity and GSH-t concentration, while TBARS concentration was significantly higher (p<0,05). Arterial blood... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Stress can lead to poor health and loss of productivity among employees across occupations. Stress does not only affect individuals but also organizations by causing work absence and staff turnover. Academics in Malaysian public universities are no exception. Due to the rapid developments in tertiary education, academics in Malaysian public universities are believed to be experiencing increased job demands that potentially lead to increased stress. This study was carried out to examine: i) the direct effect of role stressors (i.e. role overload, role ambiguity and role conflict) on strain; ii) the direct effect of strain on the outcomes of strain (i.e. cynicism, professional efficacy, and organizational commitment); iii) the moderation effects of organizational support, peer support, and self-efficacy on the relationships between role stressors and strain; iv) the mediation effect of strain on the relationship between role stressors and strain; and v) the mediation effect of outcomes of strain (i.e. cynicism, professional efficacy, and organizational commitment) on the relationship between strain and intention to leave among those academics. This study used a non-experimental two-wave panel design. Eleven of the 12 study variables were measured using pre-existing scales except for self-efficacy, iii which was measured by items specially developed for this study. A longitudinal survey with a six-month time interval yielded 357 respondents (academics) at time 1 and 210 respondents at time 2. Data were analyzed using multiple regression, hierarchical regression, and structural equation modeling (SEM) to test for direct effects, moderation effects and mediation effects respectively. The findings of this study indicate that academics who experienced increased levels of role stressors were more likely to have increased levels of strain. Subsequently, the strained academics were more likely to show higher levels of cynicism and lower levels of professional efficacy and organizational commitment. The predicted moderators (i.e organizational support, peer support, and self-efficacy) had no significant influence on the relationships between role stressors and strain. Mediation analyses consisted of two parts. In the first part, I found that strain strongly mediated the relationship between role ambiguity and outcomes of strain (i.e. cynicism, professional efficacy, and organizational commitment). In the subsequent mediation analysis, I found that cynicism and organizational commitment fully mediated the relationship between strain and intention to leave, but not professional efficacy.

The maladaptive effects of work-related strain constitute an ongoing and growing problem for many workers in the modern workplace. Contemporary understanding of the physiology of brain arousal processes suggests a consistent balance between brain arousal and recovery over the 24-hour work/rest cycle is crucial for maintaining an adaptative response to work strain. Broadly, intense brain arousal tends to occur at work, whilst its recovery occurs in non-work time, usually at home. This thesis describes the development and validation of a new self-report measure of work-related strain, which incorporates a new and unique measurement of recovery from work strain between successive work periods. This instrument has facilitated several studies of recovery from work-related stress/fatigue, which are reported in the form of papers published, in press or in review with peer-reviewed journals. In particular, it is evident that the type and frequency of non-work time behaviour may be significant in determining the level of recovery from acute work strain. This, in turn, mediates the quality of sleep subsequently achieved, and these combine synergistically to determine overall level of recovery that is achieved between work periods. Consistent with the known physiology of brain arousal and recovery, which is described, non-work time behaviours, which mediate adequate recovery from work strain consistently, may represent the difference between long-term adaptative and maladaptive outcomes of work strain exposure. This suggests an area for work-stress intervention hitherto underestimated in fatigue/stress research. It is argued to be of significance for workers in high stress occupations, since non-work time behaviour is potentially more completely within their discretionary power, than the stress/fatigue levels to which they may be regularly exposed through the inherent nature of their work.

Thesis (M.A.)--Grace Theological Seminary, 1987. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 62-65).

<p>Arbetsrelaterad stress som leder till psykisk ohälsa och utmattningssyndrom är</p><p>ett samhällsproblem i dag. Syftet med studien var att finna faktorer som har</p><p>bidragit till återgången i arbete för fem kvinnor som drabbats av</p><p>utmattningssymtom. Kriterierna för urvalet var att kvinnorna hade haft</p><p>självskattade utmattningssymtom, var anställda inom Vilhelmina Kommun,</p><p>och hade kommit tillbaka till arbetet. Kvinnorna intervjuades med</p><p>utgångspunkt från områdena sociala-, privata- och organisatoriska</p><p>framgångsfaktorer. Det framgick att inom området för sociala faktorer var det</p><p>olika former av samtal som hade haft stor betydelse för tillbakagången. Inom</p><p>området för privata faktorer gällde det hjälpen till beteende- och</p><p>livsstilsförändringar, och i området för organisatoriska faktorer framgick att det</p><p>var betydelsefullt med en god kontakt med arbetsledare och arbetskamrater</p><p>samt möjlighet till arbete utifrån de egna förutsättningarna. Slutsatsen är att</p><p>satsningar inom dessa områden kan hjälpa individer med utmattningssymtom</p><p>tillbaka till arbete samt förebygga att friska anställda drabbas av tillståndet.</p>

<p>Syftet med uppsatsen var att undersöka hälso-, psykologiska och sociala förändringar i samband med bankrån och om det fanns kvarstående stressymtom efter rånet. Vidare undersöktes vilket krisstöd som erbjöds samt vad som hade betydelse för återhämtningen efter rånet. Fyra kvinnor intervjuades och materialet analyserades med tematisk analys. Resultatet visade att sju temaområden kunde urskiljas i den akuta stressfasen, där fem av dessa temaområden helt kunde kategoriseras som psykologiska förändringar. I ett tema kunde svaga hälsoförändringar skönjas och vissa sociala effekter framkom i ett tema. Under kvarstående besvär kunde fyra teman urskiljas och alla dessa kunde kategoriseras in under psykologiska förändringar. Här framkom inga kvarstående hälsoförändringar eller sociala effekter. Två teman kunde urskiljas i krisstöd och återhämtning. Ett tema beskrev omhändertagandet vid rånet och ett tema beskrev samtalets och stödets betydelse för återhämtning.</p>

<p>I studien undersöks hur kvinnor som varit sjukskrivna för utmattningssyndrom upplevt den behandling de fått. Studien är en kvalitativ undersökning som har baserats på fyra semistrukturerade intervjuer. Dessa är gjorda i en mellanstor svensk kommun där undersökningsgruppen bestod av fyra kvinnor. Kvinnorna valdes ut med hjälp av kontakter. Intervjufrågorna har inte använts tidigare utan har konstruerats utifrån studiens syfte. Till hjälp med dokumentationen användes en bandspelare. Tryckt litteratur, internetsidor, vetenskapliga studier samt de intervjuade kvinnorna har använts som källor. Utifrån intervjuerna har kategorier bildats som sedan redovisats i resultatet. Resultatet visade vilken form av behandling dessa kvinnor blivit erbjudna och upplevelsen av behandlingsformen. Vidare visar resultatet vad informanterna saknat i behandlingen och vilka önskemål om förbättring som fanns för att minska risken för återfall. Majoriteten av kvinnorna blev erbjudna behandling i form av samtal med kurator eller psykolog. Kvinnorna var nöjda med samtalsterapi som behandlingsform. Samtliga blev erbjudna mediciner och flertalet upplevde en positiv effekt av dessa. Kvinnorna talade om ett behov av att träffa andra individer i liknande situation för att finna stöd och ha möjlighet att byta erfarenheter. Resultatet visade att samtliga kvinnor hade önskemål om gruppträffar med aktiviteter som en del av behandlingen. Vidare påpekades avsaknaden av uppföljning efter avslutad behandling. Slutsatsen är att det finns behov av alternativ till den som behandling som sjukvården erbjuder, där en hälsopedagog kan fylla en viktig roll.</p> / <p>The study examines how women who were on sick leave for experience of burnout and the treatment they received. The study was based on four semi-structured interviews. These are made of a medium-sized Swedish municipality in which the study group consisted of four women. The women were selected through contacts. Interview questions were not used in the past, they have been constructed out of the study purpose. To help with the documentation tape recorder has been used. Printed books, Internet sites, scientific studies and the interviewed women were used as sources. The interviews showed categories which have been retorted in the result. The results showed what kind of treatment these women have been offered and how they experienced the treatment. Furthermore, the results show what the informants lacked in the treatment and desire for improvement, which was to reduce the risk of relapse. The majority of the women were offered treatment in the form of conversations with a counselor or psychologist and those women were satisfied with counseling as therapy. All were offered drugs and the majority experienced a positive effect of these. The women spoke of a need to meet other individuals in similar situations to find support and have the opportunity to share experiences. The results showed that all women had requests for meetings with group activities as a part of the treatment. It was further stated the lack of follow-up after completion of treatment. The conclusion is that there is a need for alternatives to the offered treatment service, where a health educator can play an important role.</p>