Den här studien handlar om den växande gruppen utövare (s.k. sessionsgivare) inom komplementärmedicin och nyandlighet. Studiens syfte är att undersöka huruvida de uppfattar sig som varande i en yrkesroll, hur de förhåller sig till denna samt deras förhållningssätt gentemot klienter, i och utanför sin praktik. Ansatsen är explorativ och syftar främst till att förstå intervjupersonernas erfarenheter och upplevelser. För att möta syftet ställs tre frågor: (1) Hur förhåller sig intervjupersonerna till sin professionella respektive privata roll och vilka rollkonflikter kan uppstå? (2) Hur beskrivs emotionella aspekter av arbetet och hur hanteras emotioner som uppstår i mötet med klienter? och (3) Vilka utmaningar och strategier beskrivs gällande gränser och gränssättning gentemot klienter? Metoden är kvalitativ och intervjuer har genomförts med fem personer som möter kriterierna för studiens syfte. I analysen används socialpsykologiska teorier om social interaktion, roller och emotioner.  Resultatet visar på variation i synen på roller, från att arbetet är ett slags kall till att det ses främst som en yrkesroll. Det framgår att intervjupersonerna eftersträvar öppenhet och autenticitet i mötet med klienter och önskar minimera diskrepansen mellan det de visar upp i sin roll som sessionsgivare och hur de är privat. Resultatet visar vidare att rollkonflikter och rollförvirring kan uppstå när intervjupersonerna möter klienter utanför sin praktik och att de i vissa fall upplever utmaningar i att upprätthålla personliga gränser. En slutsats från analysen är att intervjupersonerna ägnar sig åt emotionell hantering och härbärgering i sitt arbete och påverkas av känslo- och uttrycksregler samt att de har utarbetat individuella strategier för att hantera detta. / This study is about the growing group of practitioners (so-called session givers) in complementary medicine and contemporary spirituality. The aim of the study is to explore whether such session givers perceive themselves as being in a working role, how they relate to this role, and their attitude towards clients, inside and outside their practice. The approach of the study is explorative and aims primarily at understanding the interviewees' experiences. To achieve this aim three questions are asked: (1) How do the interviewees relate to their professional and private roles respectively, and what role conflicts can occur between the two? (2) How are emotional aspects of the work described and how are emotions that arise during meetings with clients handled? and (3) What challenges and strategies do the interviewees describe regarding boundaries and setting limits towards clients? The method is qualitative and interviews have been conducted with five session givers. In the analysis social psychological theories of social interaction, roles and emotions are used.  The result shows variations in the view of roles, from work being a kind of calling to seeing it as a professional role. It also shows that the interviewees seek openness and authenticity in the meeting with clients and wish to minimize the discrepancy between what they display in their role as session givers and how they act in private. The result further shows that role conflicts and role confusion can occur when interviewees meet clients outside of their practice and that they, in some cases, experience challenges in maintaining personal boundaries. A conclusion from the analysis is that the interviewees are performing emotion work and are influenced by feeling rules and rules of expression and that they have developed individual strategies to deal with this.

The following article attempts to address the problem, from the point of view of the labour law, which arises on the interpretation of standards on the basis of an analysis of sources, both internal sources such as international. Whereupon, the author advocates maintain the essence of the protective principle of labour law which will lead to combining rules from different sources to protect both the worker as the structure institutional and legal of the domestic law of each country. / El presente artículo intenta abordar la problemática, desde el punto de vista del derecho laboral, que se presenta en torno a la interpretación de normas laborales partiendo de un análisis de fuentes, ya sea tanto fuente interna como internacional. Con lo cual, el autor aboga por mantener la esencia del principio protector del derecho laboral lo cual llevará a conjugar normas de las diferentes fuentes para proteger tanto al trabajador como a la estructura institucional y legal del derecho interno de cada país.

The analysis of tort law is one of the most well-developed applications of economic methodology in the study of law. in this essay, we provide an overview of the economic approach to tort law, analyzing the effects of liability rules on care incentives. We catalogue a variety of possible tort regimes, systematically breaking down possible assignments of liability in terms of primary and secondary rules, and describe how their permutations distribute the costs of accidents (and the concomitant incentives to exercise precautionary care). We further consider what factual circumstances may render one tort regime preferable to another from the perspective of policymakers. / El análisis de la responsabilidad civil extracontractual ha sido unade las aplicaciones más y mejor desarrolladas aplicaciones de la metodología económica en el estudio del Derecho. e n el presente ensayo, ofrecemos un vistazo general de la aproximación económica a la responsabilidad civil extracontractual, analizando los efectos de las reglas de responsabilidad en los incentivos de precaución. Catalogamos una variedad de regímenes de responsabilidad, desglosando sistemáticamente las posibles asignaciones de responsabilidad en términos de reglas primarias y secundarias; asi como describimos como sus transformaciones distribuyen los costos de los accidentes (y los incentivos concomitantes para tomar las medidas precautorias). Consideramos luego que circunstancias empíricas o facticas pueden determinar que un régimen de responsabilidad extracontractual sea preferido sobre otro desde la perspectiva del legislador.

Submitted by Franciele Moreira (francielemoreyra@gmail.com) on 2018-10-08T13:45:31Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Keila Aparecida Marques - 2018.pdf: 5741821 bytes, checksum: 5cc0e271dccfe2b714ae72564f0a47d5 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Rejected by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com), reason: Faltou um espaço na citação: MARQUES, Keila Aparecida. Meta organizacional e seus efeitos no comportamento de produzir do individuo. 2018. 150(faltou um espaço)f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Gestão Organizacional) - Universidade Federal de Goiás, Catalão, 2018. on 2018-10-09T10:48:42Z (GMT) / Submitted by Franciele Moreira (francielemoreyra@gmail.com) on 2018-10-09T12:33:30Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Keila Aparecida Marques - 2018.pdf: 5741821 bytes, checksum: 5cc0e271dccfe2b714ae72564f0a47d5 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-10-09T12:50:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Keila Aparecida Marques - 2018.pdf: 5741821 bytes, checksum: 5cc0e271dccfe2b714ae72564f0a47d5 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-09T12:50:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Keila Aparecida Marques - 2018.pdf: 5741821 bytes, checksum: 5cc0e271dccfe2b714ae72564f0a47d5 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-27 / Behavior Analysis is one of the scientific fields that has dealt broadly with the concepts based on the behavior of the individual, and which has been the fruit of studies that can make possible the understanding of the behavior of workers' production in organizational environments. Three articles were produced to investigate the effect of the independent variables, goals as rules with characteristics of establishing operations and goals as rules with characteristics specifying discriminative stimuli. The objective of study 1 is to analyze the effect of goal setting on production behavior and whether its specifying characteristics have distinction. While study 2 seeks to verify if the goal setting parameters is able to raise the brace production behavior, and aims to verify the effect of establishing the goal based on the individual, while the other parameter is based on the group. Finally, article 3 seeks to respond to the limitations of the two previous articles regarding the complexity of the task, since the participant is allowed to choose the order of confection between the four techniques of bracelets available, having as instruction that the participant have to make at least one bracelet of each technique taught. The purpose of the third article is to answer if the participants chose to make the bracelets considered easier or more difficult. The research was carried out with 20 university students who were divided in 4 groups with 5 participants each, combined with the independent variables. For the accomplishment of the experiment, the participants were submitted to two stages. Being the first stage destined to the training of the four techniques of bracelets. The second step, after all participants had already learned how to make the four bracelet techniques, was used to apply the independent variables pertinent to this study. / A Análise do Comportamento é um dos campos científicos que tem lidado de forma ampla com os conceitos pautados no comportamento do indivíduo, e que tem sido frutos de estudos que podem viabilizar a compreensão do comportamento de produzir dos trabalhadores em ambientes organizacionais. Para a realização da pesquisa foram produzidos três artigos que têm como objetivo investigar o efeito das variáveis independentes, metas como sendo regras com características de operações estabelecedoras e metas como sendo regras com características especificadoras de estímulos discriminativos. O objetivo do estudo 1 é analisar o efeito do estabelecimento da meta no comportamento de produção e se suas características especificadoras têm distinção. Enquanto que o estudo 2 busca verificar se os parâmetros de estabelecimento da meta é capaz de elevar o comportamento de produção de pulseiras, e tem como objetivo verificar o efeito do estabelecimento da meta fundamentada no próprio individuo, enquanto que o outro parâmetro tem como base o grupo. Por último, o artigo 3 busca responder as limitações dos dois artigos anteriores, no que tange a complexidade da realização da tarefa, pois, é permitido ao participante escolher a ordem de confecção entre as quatro técnicas de pulseiras disponíveis, tendo como instrução que o participante têm que confeccionar pelo menos uma pulseira de cada técnica ensinada. O objetivo do terceiro artigo é responder se os participantes optaram em confeccionar as pulseiras consideradas mais fáceis ou mais difíceis. A pesquisa foi realizada com 20 estudantes universitários que foram divididos em 4 grupos com 5 participantes cada, combinados com as variáveis independentes. Para a realização do experimento, os participantes foram submetidos a duas etapas. Sendo a primeira etapa destinada ao treinamento das quatro técnicas de pulseiras. A segunda etapa, após todos os participantes já terem aprendido a confeccionarem as quatro técnicas de pulseiras, foi destinada a aplicação das variáveis independentes pertinentes a este estudo.

O presente estudo examina os limites à requalificação dos negócios jurídicos no Brasil, seja pelas autoridades fiscais seja pelo legislador tributário (infraconstitucional) com a criação de regras específicas e gerais para o controle da elusão fiscal. Para tanto, considera-se a elusão fiscal como figura autônoma, buscando-se identificar os critérios para a delimitação desta zona cinzenta existente entre a conduta contra legem (evasão) e aquela que não contraria, quer direta quer indiretamente, o ordenamento (elisão), e que corresponde à prática de atos aparentemente lícitos mas que ferem indiretamente o ordenamento. A identificação de tais critérios coloca em relevo a importância da causa dos negócios jurídicos e a noção de ilicitude atípica que qualifica os atos e negócios aparentemente lícitos porém desprovidos de causa, engendrados exclusivamente com vistas à economia de tributos. Analisa-se então como o ordenamento positivo brasileiro trata esta categoria de atos e negócios, buscando delimitar o que a administração fiscal está autorizada a fazer no combate à elusão fiscal. Em seguida, passa-se ao exame do controle da elusão fiscal realizado pela via legislativa, analisando-se os limites ao estabelecimento de regras específicas de prevenção ou de correção da elusão baseadas em ficções e presunções, as regras antielusivas constantes de convenções internacionais firmadas pelo Brasil, bem como a experiência estrangeira no estabelecimento de regras gerais antielusivas. Ao final, abordamos o conteúdo da regra geral antielusiva brasileira. / This research examines the limits applicable to the reclassification of activities by the Brazilian tax authorities or the Brazilian tax legislator (i.e., ordinary law) by means of specific and general anti-avoidance rules. For this purpose, we consider tax avoidance as an autonomous concept, which consists of those transactions that appear legitimate but are indirectly against rules, and we attempt to identify the criteria for delimitation of the gray area between an activity that represents a direct violation of Law tax evasion and one which does not infringe the law, either directly or indirectly valid tax planning. The identification of such criteria emphasizes the importance of the purpose behind a legal transaction and the idea of an illegality which is not expressly defined by law applicable to those acts and transactions that, despite appearing legitimate, have no substance and are exclusively structured for the purpose of saving taxes. We then analyze how Brazilian legislation treats such activities and transactions in order to identify the limits to which tax avoidance schemes can be regulated by Brazils tax authorities. Next, we examine how Brazilian tax legislation deals with tax avoidance, and analyze the limits on the establishment of specific anti-avoidance rules based upon fictions and presumptions, of anti-avoidance rules found in double tax treaties concluded by Brazil, and general anti-avoidance rules based upon other countries practices. Finally, we address the substance of the general anti-avoidance rule under the Brazilian tax system.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:37:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo da Silva Freitas.pdf: 462625 bytes, checksum: 0a15a8db6ef05a12c27f5668822ef98c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-12 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / Cellular automata have been studied as computer models in many different forms. Several of its properties have been widely explored, among which reversibility stands out. This property is able to provide a cellular automaton the possibility of having their temporal evolution regenerated backward in time, regardless of its initial configuration, through an inverse cellular automaton. Reversibility is such a well characterized concept that many fundamental results associated with it have been obtained, such as the development of algorithms to enumerate all reversible one-dimensional cellular automata and the undecidability of this property for cellular automata in dimensions larger than 1. The driving force for the present research is to introduce a new concept involving the reversibility ability of a cellular automaton, the concept of partial reversibility, which is analysed herein according to the pre-images of all initial configurations of a rule, up to a certain length. This new concept may be useful for evolutionary searches for reversible cellular automata, to allow the use of cellular automata in tasks related somehow to the reversibility degree of a rule, or in applications where reversible rules are demonstrably employed, such as in cryptography. To that end, some parameters presumably related to reversibility are studied and compared, and empirical measures (lexicographical and numerical) are addressed. The results involving these empirical measures, showed that is possible to refer to a more partially reversible rule than another, besides revealing properties, apparently unknown so far, involving the pre-images of elementary rules. / Os autômatos celulares têm sido estudados como modelos computacionais de diversas formas. Diversas de suas propriedades têm sido amplamente exploradas, entre elas destacando-se a reversibilidade. Esta propriedade é capaz de fornecer a um autômato celular a possibilidade de ter sua evolução temporal refeita para trás no tempo, independentemente de sua configuração inicial, através de um autômato celular inverso. A reversibilidade é um conceito tão bem caracterizado que muitos resultados fundamentais associados a ela têm sido obtidos, tais como o desenvolvimento de algoritmos para enumerar todos os autômatos celulares unidimensionais reversíveis e a indecidibilidade desta propriedade para autômatos celulares com dimensão maior que 1. A ideia principal deste trabalho é introduzir um novo conceito envolvendo a capacidade de reversibilidade de um autômato celular, o conceito de reversibilidade parcial, que é analisado com base nas pré- imagens de todas configurações iniciais de uma regra, até um determinado tamanho de reticulado. Este novo conceito pode ser útil em buscas evolutivas de autômatos celulares reversíveis, a fim de permitir a utilização de autômatos celulares em tarefas associadas de alguma forma ao grau de reversibilidade de uma regra, ou ainda, em aplicações onde as regras reversíveis são comprovadamente empregadas, tal como em criptografia. Para tanto, alguns parâmetros supostamente relacionados à reversibilidade são estudados e comparados, e medidas empíricas (lexicográficas e numéricas) são abordadas. Os resultados obtidos envolvendo essas medidas empíricas mostraram que é possível referir-se a uma regra mais parcialmente reversível do que outra, além de revelar propriedades, até então desconhecidas, envolvendo as pré-imagens das regras elementares.

E-business provides important opportunities of trade for businesses, and the supporting business system must handle this environment efficiently. One current trend in business systems is to move business logic, such as business processes and business rules, out from the application logic and into separate support systems. The reason to make this separation is to increase the agility of the business, to make the system able to change more rapidly when the business situation changes. This report focus on business rules enforced in business rule engines. Specific interest is on how such rule engines meet the requirements of the e-business domain. The report presents an overview of business rule engines. Five general categories of characteristics are proposed. The proposed characteristics are then used in a comparison of three business rule engines.

Dans le contrat de transport maritime international de marchandises, le connaissement est le document contractuel clef et la différence avec le contrat d'affrètement est la charte-partie, dans les rapports entre l'affréteur et le fréteur. Le connaissement qui est émis en exécution d'un contrat d'affrètement régit les rapports entre le chargeur et le transporteur, d'une part et entre le transporteur et le destinataire, d'autre part et transmis à un tiers porteur de bonne foi. Interpréter les différentes étendues d'application des systèmes des Conventions Internationales en particulier la dernière Convention existante dans la normative internationale uniforme : la Convention UNCITRAL de Nations Unies ( les Règles de Rotterdam de 2008), ainsi que les autres déjà connues : la Convention de Bruxelles de 1924, les Règles de La Haye/ Visby (Le Protocole de Bruxelles, 1968 et le protocole monétaire (RHV), des Règles de Hambourg (RHAM) 1978 Convention des Nations Unies vis-à-vis des droits étudiés (le panaméen, le français et l'anglais) et les principes présentés dans les systèmes juridiques qui font partie de notre analyse; des aspects concernant au concept, à la nature et les fonctions du connaissement face à la charte-partie et des autres contrats de droit maritime international, dont la finalité est d'un titre valeur. D'abord, seront analysés la genèse et l'évolution du contrat de transport maritime international de marchandises en régime de connaissement. L'uniformité des instruments juridiques internationaux et les différentes étendues d'application des Règles de La Haye, de La Haye-Visby, des Règles de Hambourg et des Règles de Rotterdam sur le droit uniforme en régime de connaissement. Les obligations soumises aux Conventions internationales. En second lieu, le développement sera sur le contrat d'affrètement. La charte-partie et leurs différents modalités dans le transport de marchandises par mer établies dans le droit français, droit panaméen et droit anglais. / In the contract of international maritime transport of goods, the bill of lading is the key contractual document and the difference with the charter contract is the charter-party, in the relations between the charterer and the charterer. The bill of lading issued in execution of a charter agreement governs the relationship between the shipper and the carrier, on the one hand, and between the carrier and the consignee, on the other hand, and transmitted to a bona fide third party carrier. Interpret the different areas of application of the systems of the International Conventions, in particular the last existing Convention in form international standard: the UNCITRAL Convention of the United Nations (the Rotterdam Rules of 2008), as well as the others known: the Brussels Convention of 1924, the Hague / Visby Rules (The Brussels Protocol, 1968 and the Monetary Protocol (RHV)), Hamburg Rules (RHAM) 1978 United Nations Convention on the Rights of Education (Panamanian, French and English) and the principles present in the legal systems that are part of our analysis; aspects relating to the concept, nature and functions of the bill of lading in of the charter party and other contracts of international maritime law, the purpose of which is of a value title. First, the genesis and evolution of the contract for the international maritime transport of goods under bill of lading will be analyzed. The uniformity of the international legal instruments and the different areas of application of the Hague Rules, The Hague-Visby Rules, the Hamburg Rules and the Rotterdam Rules on the Uniform Bill of Lading Law. Obligations subject to international conventions. Second, the development will be on the charter contract. The charter-party and their different modalities in the carriage of goods by sea established in French law, Panamanian law and English law.

Le développement de technologies comme les systèmes de positionnement par satellites (GNSS), les communications sans fil, les systèmes de radio-identification (RFID) et des capteurs a augmenté la disponibilité de données spatio-temporelles décrivant des trajectoires d’objets mobiles. Des bases de données relationnelles peuvent être utilisées pour stocker et questionner les données capturées. Des applications récentes montrent l’intérêt d’une approche intégrant des trajectoires « sémantiques » pour intégrer des connaissances sur les comportements d’objets mobiles. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons une approche basée sur des ontologies. Nous présentons une ontologie pour les trajectoires. Nous appliquons notre approche à l’étude des trajectoires de mammifères marins. Pour permettre l’exploitation de nos connaissances sur les trajectoires, nous considérons l’objet mobile, des relations temporelles et spatiales dans notre ontologie. Nous avons évalué la complexité du mécanisme d’inférence et nous proposons des optimisations, comme l’utilisation d’un voisinage temporel et spatial. Nous proposons également une optimisation liée à notre application. Finalement, nous évaluons notre contribution et les résultats montrent l’impact positif de la réduction de la complexité du mécanisme d’inférence. Ces améliorations réduisent de moitié le temps de calcul et permettent de manipuler des données de plus grande dimension. / Spatio-temporal data describing trajectories of moving objects has increased as a consequence of the larger availability of such data due to current sensors techniques. These devices use different technologies like global navigation satellite system (GNSS), wireless communication, radio-frequency identification (RFID), and sensors techniques. Although capturing technologies differ, the captured data has common spatial and temporal features. Thus, relational database management systems (RDBMS) can be used to store and query the captured data. RDBMS define spatial data types and spatial operations. Recent applications show that the solutions based on traditional data models are not sufficient to consider complex use cases that require advanced data models. A complex use case refers not only to data, but also to the domain expert knowledge and others. An inference mechanism enriches semantic trajectories with this knowledge. Temporal and spatial reasoning are fundamental for the inference mechanism on semantic trajectories. Several research fields are currently focusing on semantic trajectories to discover more information about mobile object behavior. In this thesis, we propose a modeling approach based on ontologies. We introduce a high-level trajectory ontology. The temporal and spatial parts form an implicit background of the trajectory model. So, we choose temporal and spatial models to be integrated with our trajectory model. We apply our modeling approach to a particular domain application : marine mammal trajectories. Therefore, we model this application and integrate it with our ontology. We implement our approach using RDF. Technically, we use Oracle Semantic Data Technologies. To accomplish reasoning over trajectories, we consider mobile objects, temporal and spatial knowledge in our ontology. Our approach demonstrates how temporal and spatial relationships that are common in natural language expressions (i.e., relations between time intervals like ”before”, ”after”, etc.) are represented in the ontology as user-defined rules. To annotate data with this kind of rules, we need an inference mechanism over trajectory ontology. Experiments over our model using the temporal and spatial reasoning address an inference computation complexity. This complexity is indicated in term of time computations and space storage. In order to reduce the inference complexity, we propose optimizations, such as domain constraints, temporal and spatial neighbor refinements. Moreover, controlling the repetition of the inference computation is also proposed. Even more, we define a refinement specifically for the application domain. Finally, we evaluate our contribution. Results show their positive impact on reducing the complexity of the inference mechanism. These refinements reduce half of the time computation and allow considering bigger size of the data.

In the currently highly competitive environment, the information systems of the businesses should not only effectively support the existing business processes, but also have to be dynamically adaptable to the changes in the environment. There are increasing efforts at separation of the application and the business logic in the information system. One of the appropriate instruments for this separation is the business rule approach. Business rules are simple, understandable rules. They can be used for the knowledge externalization and sharing also as for the active control and decisions within the business processes. Although the business rule approach is used for almost 20 years, the various specifications and practical applications of business rules are still a goal of the active research. The disadvantage of the business rule approach is great demands on obtaining of the rules. There has to be a domain expert, who is able to manually write them. One of the problems addressed by the current research is the possibility of (semi)automatic acquisition of business rules from the different resources - unstructured documents, historical data etc. This dissertation thesis addresses the problem of acquisition (learning) of business rules from the historical data of the company. The main objective of this thesis is to design and validate a method for (semi)automatic learning of business rules using the data mining of association rules. Association rule are a known data mining method for discovering of interesting relations hidden in the data. Association rules are comprehensible and explainable. The comprehensibility of association rules is suitable for the use of them for learning of business rules. For this purpose the user can use not only simple rules discovered using the algorithm Apriori or FP-Growth, but also more complex association rules discovered using the GUHA method. Within this thesis is used the procedure 4ft-Miner implemented in the data mining system LISp Miner. The first part of this thesis contains the description of the relevant topics from the research of business rules and association rules. Business rules is not a name of one specification of standard but rather a label of the approach to modelling of business logic. As part of the work there is defined a process of selection of the most appropriate specification of business rules for the selected practical use. Consequently, the author proposed three models of involving of data mining of association rules into business rule sets. These models contain also the definition of a model for the transformation of GUHA association rules in the business rules for the system JBoss Drools. For the possibility of learning of business rules using the data mining results from more than one data set, the author proposed a knowledge base. The knowledge base is suitable for the interconnection of business rules and data mining of association rules. From the perspective of business rules the knowledge base is a term dictionary. From the perspective of data mining the knowledge base contains some background knowledge for data preprocessing and preparation of classification models. The proposed models have been validated using practical implementations in the systems EasyMiner (in conjunction with JBoss Drools) and Erian. The thesis contains also a description of two model use cases based on real data from the field of marketing and the field of health insurance.