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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
661

Vliv lokálního topení na kvalitu ovzduší ve vnitřním a venkovním prostředí malého sídla / The effect of local heating on indoor and outdoor air quality in a rural settlement

Kozáková, Jana January 2011 (has links)
Increased concentrations of particulate matter do not occur in urban areas only, they occur in winter time episodes of high concentrations in small settlements, as well. It is probably caused by usage of solid fuels in domestic heating. The indoor air quality is closely influenced by the outdoor air pollution. Concentrations of size-separated PM were measured by a cascade impactor (PCIS) during two winter and one summer seasons in the years 2009 and 2010 in a village Svrčovec situated near the town Klatovy. Continuous concentrations of PM2.5 were measured in parallel by using a commercial photometer DustTrak. Following meteorological parameters were monitoring - temperature, relative humidity, wind velocity, wind direction, precipitation and sun radiation. The presence of persons and their activities in the house were noted. The average PM10 concentrations in Svrčovec were higher than average PM10 concentration in Klatovy. The summer average PM10 concentrations in Svrčovec were lower than the concentrations in the town (15.5 μg/m3, 17.4 μg/m3) and the winter PM10 concentrations in Svrčovec were significantly higher (31.1 μg/m3, 24.3 μg/m3). The average indoor concentrations (PM10 and PM2.5) were lower in the summer (9.6 μg/m3, 8.3 μg/m3) than in the winter season (24.0 μg/m3, 20.7...
662

Vertical profiling of aerosol optical properties with multiwavelength aerosol lidar during the Saharan Mineral Dust Experiments

Tesche, Matthias 06 June 2011 (has links)
Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Auswertung und den Ergebnissen von Mehrwellenlängen–Polarisations–Ramanlidarmessungen, die im Rahmen des Saharastaubschließungsexperiments Saharan Mineral Dust Experiment (SAMUM) durchgeführt wurden. Das SAMUM–Projekt erstreckte sich über zwei Intensivmesszeiträume im Mai und Juni 2006 in Marokko (SAMUM–1) und im Januar und Februar 2008 auf den Kapverdischen Inseln (SAMUM–2). Desweiteren werden zusätzliche Lidarmessungen besprochen, die im Mai und Juni 2008 auf den Kapverdischen Inseln durchgeführt wurden. Die geometrischen und optischen Eigenschaften der während dieser Experimente mit mehreren hochmodernen Lidargeräten beobachteten Mineralstaub- und Biomassenverbrennungsaerosolschichten werden anhand von Fallstudien und mehrwöchigen, höhenaufgelösten Mittelwerten beschrieben. Zudem werden Kalibrierungen und Korrekturen vorgestellt, die zur Qualitätssicherung der gewonnenen Messdaten durchgeführt wurden. Ein im Rahmen der Arbeit entwickeltes, auf quantitativen Messungen des linearen Partikeldepolarisationsverhältnisses basierendes Verfahren zur höhenaufgelösten Trennung der Anteile von Mineralstaub und Biomassenverbrennungsaerosol an den während SAMUM–2 gemessenen Rücktreu- und Extinktionsprofilen wird vorgestellt und angewandt. Die Auswertung der Mehrwellenlängenlidarmessungen der SAMUM–Kampagnen ermöglichte eine spektral aufgelöste Charakterisierung der optischen Eigenschaften von Saharastaubpartikeln. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit wurde auf die Bestimmung der intensiven Parameter Extinktions–zu–Rückstreuverhältnis (Lidarverhältnis), lineares Partikeldepolarisationsverhältnis sowie Ångströmexponent der Rückstreu- und Extinktionskoeffizienten gelegt. Die im Rahmen von SAMUM bei den Wellenlängen 355, 532 und 1064 nm durchgeführten Lidarmessungen ergaben mittlere Lidarverhältnisse von 55±5 sr für reinen Saharastaub. Während SAMUM wurden außerdem erstmals quantitative Messergebnisse des linearen Partikeldepolarisationsverhältnisses von reinem Saharastaub bei mehreren Wellenlängen gewonnen. Die mittleren Werte dieser Größe lagen bei 0.26±0.06 (355 und 1064 nm), 0.31±0.03 (532 nm) und 0.37±0.07 (710 nm). Diese Erkenntnisse liefern wichtige Informationen für die Auswertung von Messungen mit weniger fortschrittlichen Lidargeräten. Die durch SAMUM gewonnenen Erkenntnisse der optischen Eigenschaften von Mineralstaub erlauben eine eindeutige Identifikation des Staubanteils in Aerosolschichten im Abluftbereich der Wüsten. Zudem wurden Richtgrößen ermittelt, die zur Validierung von Modellen zur Beschreibung von Lichtstreuung an großen, nicht–kugelförmigen Teilchen verwendet werden können. Derartige Streumodelle werden für die Auswertung von Messungen der optischen Eigenschaften von Mineralstaubpartikeln mit passiven Sensoren benötigt und befinden sich zur Zeit eher in einer frühen Entwicklungsphase.:1 Introduction 1 2 The SAMUM Campaigns 5 2.1 Concept and Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.2 Dust Sources in Northern Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.3 Aerosol in the Outflow Region of West Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.4 Field Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 3 Theory 17 3.1 Light Scattering in the Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 3.2 Lidar Principle and Lidar Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3.3 Basic Lidar Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 3.3.1 Elastic–backscatter Lidar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 3.3.2 Raman Lidar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 3.3.3 High Spectral Resolution Lidar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3.3.4 Polarization Lidar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 4 Aerosol Characterization with Lidar 33 4.1 Aerosol Typing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 4.2 Aerosol–type Separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 4.3 Inversion with Regularization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 5 Instrumentation 43 5.1 MULIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 5.2 POLIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 5.3 HSRL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 5.4 BERTHA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 5.4.1 System Properties and Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 5.4.2 Measurement of the Linear Volume Depolarization Ratio . . . . 48 5.4.3 Corrections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 5.4.3.1 Overlap Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 5.4.3.2 Polarization–dependent Receiver Transmission . . . . . 54 5.4.3.3 Depolarization Extrapolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 5.5 Sun Photometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 5.6 Radiosonde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 5.7 Backward Trajectories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 6 Results 67 6.1 SAMUM–1, Morocco, Summer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 6.1.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 6.1.2 Measurement Case: 15 May 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 6.1.3 Measurement Case: 3 June 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 6.1.4 General Findings and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 6.2 SAMUM–2a, Cape Verde, Winter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 6.2.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 6.2.2 Measurement Case: 31 January 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 6.2.3 General Findings and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 6.3 SAMUM–2b, Cape Verde, Summer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 6.3.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 6.3.2 Measurement Case: 3–4 June 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 6.3.3 General Findings and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 7 SAMUMmary: Milestones and Outlook 119 8 Appendix 127 8.1 Error Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 8.1.1 Backscatter Coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 8.1.2 Extinction Coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 8.1.3 Lidar Ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 8.1.4 Ångström Exponents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 8.1.5 Volume Depolarization Ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 8.1.6 Particle Depolarization Ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 8.2 List of Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 8.3 List of Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
663

Laboratory Study on the Physical Properties of Sea Salt Aerosol Particles and Model Systems

Hamza, Mariam Abdou Mahmoud 20 April 2004 (has links)
Single levitated microdroplets of sodium chloride, potassium chloride, and natural seawater are investigated under conditions similar to that in the troposphere by using the electrodynamic balance technique. The thermodynamics and the kinetics of liquid-to-solid phase transitions have been investigated as a function of temperature and humidity. The temperature dependence of the critical partial pressure of water vapor over aqueous supersaturated aerosol droplets allows us to determine negative values for the integral heat of solution of KCl, NaCl and Mediterranean Sea droplets. In addition, the rates of homogeneous nucleation from supersaturated solution droplets are reported, where the data are fitted with three exponential functions to give three values for the nucleation rates. The phase transition processes which occur on different time scales are identified. The investigation of natural sea salt aerosol droplets collected from the Mediterranean Sea, Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, North Sea, and Suez Canal show that the phase change (liquid-to-solid) can occur at relative humidities that are greater than 33% RH, where the deliquescence humidity of MgCl2 is known to occur. It is found that there are slight variations (either a decrease or an increase) in water vapor pressure over the supersaturated aerosol droplets due to the change in water salinity, organic components that are present in the water sample, the depth, where the water sample is gathered, and its geographic location. The experimental results show that the presence of the organic substances in the aerosol particles affects the crystallization process depending on the amount and the type of the organic substance. It is observed that adding 1-heptanol to a NaCl droplet increases the crystallization diameter, which is attributed to the formation of a layer of the organic substance on the droplet surface, so that water evaporation cannot efficiently occur.
664

Modélisation des particules organiques dans l'atmosphère / Modelling organic particles in the atmosphere

Couvidat, Florian 15 November 2012 (has links)
La formation des aérosols organiques dans l'atmosphère est étudiée via le développement d'un nouveau modèle de formation d'aérosols organiques secondaires nommé H²O (Hydrohilic/Hydrophobic Organics). Dans un premier temps, une paramétrisation de la formation d'aérosols via l'oxydation de l'isoprène est développée. Cette paramétrisation prend notamment en compte l'influence des concentrations d'oxydes d'azote sur la formation d'aérosols et leurs propriétés hydrophiles. Ensuite, H²O incluant cette paramétrisation et d'autres développements est évalué par comparaison aux mesures de carbone organique sur l'Europe. Prendre en compte les émissions de composés semi-volatils primaires gazeux (qui peuvent former des aérosols organiques secondaires après oxydation ou se condenser lors de baisses de température) améliore les performances du modèle de manière significative. En revanche, si les émissions de ces composés ne sont pas prises en compte, il en résulte une très forte sous-estimation des concentrations d'aérosols organiques en hiver. La formation d'aérosols organiques secondaires sur l'Île-de-France durant la campagne d'été de Megapoli (juillet 2009) a aussi été simulée pour évaluer les performances du modèle en zone urbaine. H²O donne de bons résultats sur l'Île-de-France bien que le modèle prévoit un pic d'aérosols organiques, provenant des émissions du trafic durant les heures de pointe, qui n'apparaît pas dans les mesures. La présence de ce pic dans les résultats du modèle peut être due à la sous-estimation de la volatilité des composés semi-volatils primaires. Il est aussi possible que les composés organiques primaires et les composés organiques secondaires ne se mélangent pas et que les composés semi-volatils primaires ne peuvent pas se condenser sur un aérosol organique majoritairement secondaire et très oxydé. Enfin, l'impact de la chimie aqueuse est étudié. Le mécanisme utilisé inclue notamment, la formation d'aérosols organiques secondaires dans la phase aqueuse des nuages par oxydation du glyoxal, du méthylglyoxal, de la méthacroleine et de la méthyl-vinyl-cétone, la formation de méthyltétrols dans la phase aqueuse des particules ou des gouttes d'eau des nuages et le vieillissement des aérosols organiques dans un nuage. L'impact des dépôts humides sur la formation d'aérosols est aussi étudié pour mieux caractériser l'impact des nuages sur les concentrations d'aérosols organiques / Rganic aerosol formation in the atmosphere is investigated via the developpement of a new model named H²O (Hydrohilic/Hydrophobic Organics). First, a parameterization is developped to take into account secondary organic aerosol formation from isoprene oxidation. It takes into account the effect of nitrogen oxides on organic aerosol formation and the hydrophilic properties of the aerosols. This parameterization is then implemented in H²O along with some other developments and the results of the model are compaired to organic carbon measurements over Europe. Model performance is greatly improved by taking into account emissions of primary semi-volatile compounds, which can form secondary organic aerosols after oxidation or can condense when temperature decreases. If those emissions are not taken into account, a significant underestimation of organic aerosol concentrations occurs in winter. The formation of organic aerosols over an urban area was also studied by simulating organic aerosols concentration over the Paris area during the summer campaign of Megapoli (July 2009). H²O gives satisfactory results over the Paris area, although a peak of organic aerosol concentrations from traffic, which does not appear in the measurements, appears in the model simulation during rush hours. It could be due to an underestimation of the volatility of organic aerosols. It is also possible that primary and secondary organic compounds do not mix well together and that primary semi volatile compounds do not condense on an organic aerosol that is mostly secondary and highly oxidized. Finally, the impact of aqueous-phase chemistry was studied. The mechanism for the formation of secondary organic aerosol includes in-cloud oxydation of glyoxal, methylglyoxal, methacrolein and methylvinylketone, formation of methyltetrols in the aqueous phase of particles and cloud droplets, and the in-cloud aging of organic aerosols. The impact of wet deposition is also studied to better estimate the impact of clouds on organic aerosol concentrations
665

Modélisation de l'aérosol organique : impact sur la pollution longue-distance en Europe / Organic aerosols modeliing : impact on long-range transport pollution in Europe

Lemaire, Vincent 09 July 2015 (has links)
La pollution particulaire recouvre de nombreux enjeux sanitaires et climatiques en Europe et dans le monde. Les aérosols organiques, qui représentent une fraction importante de la pollution particulaire, sont une matière complexe, émise directement sous forme condensée ou résultant de l'oxydation d'un très grand nombre de composés organiques volatiles dans l'atmosphère. En raison de la grande variété de ses sources d'émissions, qu'elles soient d'origine biogénique ou anthropique, la composition et les processus de formation et de vieillissement chimique des aérosols organiques restent aujourd'hui associés à de nombreuses interrogations. L'observation sur le terrain de la formation de la matière organique et de son évolution au sein des masses d'air étant difficile à mettre en œuvre, la modélisation reste un outil complémentaire indispensable pour simuler l'aérosol organique et suivre son transport sur de longues distances. C'est pourquoi ces travaux se sont attachés dans un premier temps à identifier les processus majeurs gouvernant aussi bien la formation que le vieillissement photochimique de la fraction organique des particules. En se basant sur une méthodologie innovante, un schéma chimique opérationnel dédié à l'émission et à l'oxydation de composés semi-volatiles a été développé pour les modèles de qualité de l'air. Son implémentation et son évaluation au sein du modèle CHIMERE a été réalisée par confrontation aux données des campagnes estivales et hivernales de la campagne MEGAPOLI. Enfin ces travaux se sont également attachés à implémenter dans CHIMERE et à discuter des mécanismes d'oligomérisation des composés organiques en phase condensée, phénomène qui est aujourd'hui reconnu comme l'un des processus majeur du vieillissement de l'aérosol organique / Nowadays, particular pollution is at the center of many environmental concerns because of its health effects and of its interactions with climate issues. Organic aerosols represent an important part of particular matter. They can be directly emitted as particulate matter or results from the oxidation of many different volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere. Owing to the large variety of its biogenic and anthropogenic emission sources, organic aerosol composition as well as its formation and chemical aging processes are still questioning. Field observations of organic aerosol aging and transport are quite complex to set up. This is why modeling tools remain a necessary complementary approach to describe the formation and long-range transport of the organic fraction of particulate matter. For these reasons, this work focused on the identification and the simulation of some of the main processes controlling the formation and photochemical aging of organic aerosols. Based on an innovating approach, we developed an operational chemical scheme for air quality models dedicated to the simulation of semi-volatile primary compound emission and oxidation. Its implementation and its evaluation in the CHIMERE model have been conducted through a comparison with the summer and winter MEGAPOLI campaign database. In parallel, one objective of this work was to implement oligomerization processes in our model, since it is now recognized that this process is one major pathway for organic aerosol aging
666

Quelques problèmes d’optimisation de trainée : De la propulsion par rame à la collecte d’aérosol / Few problems of drag optimisation : From oars propulsion to aerosol collection

Labbe, Romain 17 October 2018 (has links)
La propulsion en aviron résulte de la compensation entre la résistance de l’eau sur la coque et l’accroche des pelles dans l’eau. Pour la collecte de brouillard à l’aide de filets, la dynamique de récupération de l’eau résulte des effets de résistance de l’air sur les gouttelettes combinés aux perturbations de l’écoulement au niveau du filet. Dans cette thèse, — centrée sur les interactions fluide/structure — nous avons cherché à optimiser l’efficacité (de la propulsion et de la collecte) du point de vue hydro et aérodynamique. Pour cela, nous nous sommes appuyés sur des expériences modèles (maquettes de bateaux d’aviron, soufflerie à brouillard) permettant de se placer dans des conditions contrôlables en laboratoire et de s’affranchir des biais humain et climatique.Dans la première partie sur l’aviron, nous avons montré quelle était la longueur de rame optimale pour la propulsion. Puis nous nous sommes intéressés à l’effet du déphasage entre les rameurs et avons montré qu’une parfaite synchronisation permet d’obtenir une vitesse maximale. Enfin, nous avons effectué une étude empirique et expérimentale sur les formes (rapport d’aspect et symétrie) de coques optimales. La seconde partie porte sur la collecte d’eau à l’aide de filets à brouillard qui a débuté par une étude de l’impact des gouttes sur une maille (fibre) du filet puis au sein d’un filet complet. Nous avons enfin étudié l’effet de l’élasticité des fibres et du drainage sur la collecte. Cette étude a mis en évidence l’importance des propriétés de mouillage des fibres sur la collecte et la conception des filets. / The rowing propulsion results from the compensation between water resistance on the hull and the attachment of the oars in the water. For fog collection using nets, the dynamics of water harvesting results from the effects of air resistance on the droplets combined with flow disturbances at the net level. In this thesis, - centered on the fluid / structure interactions - we sought to optimize the efficiency (propulsion and collection) from the hydro and aerodynamic point of view. For this, we relied on model experiments (Robot rowing boats, mist wind tunnel) to be placed in controllable laboratory conditions and to overcome human and climatic bias.In the first part on rowing, we showed what was the optimal oars length for propulsion. Then we were interested in the effect of the phase shift between the rowers and showed that a perfect synchronization makes it possible to obtain a maximum speed. Finally, we carried out an empirical and experimental study on the shapes (aspect ratio and symmetry) of optimal hulls. The second part deals with the collection of water using mist nets, which began with a study of the impact of the drops on a mesh (fiber) of the net and then within a complete net. Finally, we studied the effect of fiber elasticity and drainage on collection. This study has highlighted the importance of fiber wetting properties on net collection and design.
667

Enhanced Aerosol Filtration within Ambulance-Workspace during Pandemic Response

Pena, Mirle January 2021 (has links)
No description available.
668

Hemispheric contrasts of ice formation in stratiform supercooled liquid clouds: Long-term observations with the ground-based remote-sensing supersite LACROS

Radenz, Martin 01 February 2022 (has links)
Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht hemisphärische Unterschiede der heterogenen Eisbildung in unterkühlten Schichtwolken auf Basis von drei Datensätzen, die mit der mobilen bodengebundenen Fernerkundungsplattform LACROS (Leipzig Aerosol and Cloud Remote Observations System; Leipziger Aerosol- und Wolken- Fernerkundungssystem) erhoben wurden. Für die Nordhemisphäre wurden zwischen 2014 und 2018 gesammelte LACROS-Datensätze aus Leipzig (Deutschland, 51,4°N, 12,4°E) und Limassol (Zypern, 34,7°N, 33,0°E) verwendet. Ein zentraler Bestandteil dieser Arbeit war die Umsetzung des mehr als zwei Jahre umfassenden Einsatzes von LACROS im Rahmen der Kampagne DACAPO-PESO (Dynamics Aerosol Clouds And Precipitation Observation in the Pristine Environment of the Southern Ocean; Beobachtung von Dynamik, Aerosol, Wolken und Niederschlag in der unverschmutzen Umgebung des Südozeans) in Punta Arenas, Chile (53,1°S, 70,9°W). Dieser Datensatz stellt die ersten mehrjährigen bodengebundenen Fernerkundungsbeobachtungen in der westlichen Hälfte des Südozeans dar. Durch die Kombination aus Radar- und Lidarinstrumenten, einschließlich der Fähigkeit Vertikalbewegungen zu beobachten, ist es möglich, mit LACROS Aerosol-Wolken-Dynamik-Wechselwirkungen detailliert zu untersuchen. Von großer Bedeutung für die Umsetzung der Arbeit war die durchgeführte Entwicklung und Integration eines automatisierten Datenanalyseschemas. Besonders hervorzuheben sind die kontinuierliche Charakterisierung der Luftmassenherkunft, die Auswertung von multiplen Maxima im Wolkenradar-Dopplerspektrum, eine Methode zur Erkennung von durch Schwerewellen beeinflussten Wolken mit Doppler Lidar und die Integration aller Datenquellen in die verteilte LACROS-Forschungsdatenanwendung. Wichtigste Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit sind, dass atmosphärische Schwerewellen die Bildung und Detektierbarkeit der Eisphase erschweren und dass eine Kopplung von Wolken mit der planetaren Grenzschicht die Häufigkeit der Eisbildung erhöht. Wenn diese beiden Effekte berücksichtigt werden, tritt Eisbildung in Schichtwolken über Punta Arenas etwas weniger häufig auf als über Limassol und Leipzig. Dieser Unterschied kann auf eine geringere Verfügbarkeit von Eiskeimen in der freien Troposphäre über Punta Arenas zurückgeführt werden.:1 Introduction 2 Heterogeneous ice formation in shallow mixed-phase clouds 3 The mobile ground-based remote-sensing facility LACROS 3.1 LACROS instruments 3.1.1 MIRA-35 cloud radar 3.1.2 PollyXT multi-wavelength lidar 3.1.3 StreamLine XR Doppler lidar 3.1.4 Additional instruments and auxillary datasets 3.2 Campaigns under study 3.2.1 CyCARE field campaign 3.2.2 DACAPO-PESO field campaign 3.2.3 Observations at Leipzig 4 Methods and advancements in data processing 4.1 LACROS Research Data Application 4.2 Aerosol statistics based on the PollyNET processing chain 4.3 Estimating moments from radar Doppler spectra 4.4 Synergistic retrieval Cloudnet 4.5 Automated cloud identification 4.6 Gravity-wave detection 4.7 Continuous airmass source attribution 4.8 Transforming the Doppler spectrum into a tree structure 5 Contrasts in temperature, cloud and aerosol profiles 5.1 Occurrence of heterogeneous freezing regime 5.2 Cloud frequency 5.3 Profiles of airmass source 5.4 Aerosol optical properties 5.5 Lidar-based estimate of INP profiles 6 Properties of supercooled stratiform clouds 6.1 Overview on observed clouds 6.2 Case studies 6.2.1 Punta Arenas, 4/5 September 2019: stratiform cloud with variable ice formation 6.2.2 Punta Arenas, 27 September 2019: Wave cloud 6.2.3 Punta Arenas, 12 June 2019: Surface coupling 6.3 Phase occurrence frequency 6.4 Context to lidar-only observations 6.5 Effect of boundary-layer aerosol load on phase occurrence 6.6 Gravity-wave influence on phase occurrence at low temperatures 6.7 Ice-formation frequency of free-tropospheric and fully turbulent clouds 6.8 Contrasts of radar reflectivity factor in the ice virga 7 Multi-peak occurrence statistics of deeper clouds 8 Summary, Conclusions, and Outlook 8.1 Summary and conclusions 8.2 Outlook A Further equations Publication record List of Abbreviations and Acronyms List of Symbols Bibliography / This work investigates hemispheric contrasts of ice formation in stratiform supercooled liquid clouds using observations of three long-term campaigns of the mobile ground-based remote-sensing supersite LACROS (Leipzig Aerosol and Cloud Remote Observations System). For the northern hemisphere, LACROS datasets collected at Leipzig (Germany, 51.4°N, 12.4°E) and Limassol (Cyprus, 34.7°N, 33.0°E) between 2014 and 2018 were used. A key component of this work was the implementation of the more than two-year-long deployment of LACROS as part of the Dynamics Aerosol Clouds And Precipitation Observation in the Pristine Environment of the Southern Ocean (DACAPO-PESO) field campaign at Punta Arenas (Chile, 53.1°S, 70.9°W). The dataset assembled during this campaign resembles the first comprehensive multi-year ground-based remote-sensing dataset in the western part of the Southern Ocean. The synergistic combination of radar and lidar, including the capability to observe vertical velocities, allows detailed investigation of aerosol-cloud-dynamics interaction. One major part of this work was the development and integration of an automated data analysis scheme. Highlights are a continuous time-height-resolved airmass source characterization, a multi-peak analysis algorithm for radar Doppler spectra, a gravity-wave identification method based on Doppler lidar-vertical velocity observation, and the integration of the data sources into the distributed LACROS Research Data Application. The most important results of this work were that atmospheric gravity waves impede the formation and detectability of the ice phase, whereas the coupling of clouds with the planetary boundary layer increases the frequency of ice formation. When these two effects are taken into account, ice formation in stratiform clouds over Punta Arenas occurs slightly less frequent than over Limassol and Leipzig. This difference can be attributed to a lower availability of ice nuclei in the free troposphere over Punta Arenas.:1 Introduction 2 Heterogeneous ice formation in shallow mixed-phase clouds 3 The mobile ground-based remote-sensing facility LACROS 3.1 LACROS instruments 3.1.1 MIRA-35 cloud radar 3.1.2 PollyXT multi-wavelength lidar 3.1.3 StreamLine XR Doppler lidar 3.1.4 Additional instruments and auxillary datasets 3.2 Campaigns under study 3.2.1 CyCARE field campaign 3.2.2 DACAPO-PESO field campaign 3.2.3 Observations at Leipzig 4 Methods and advancements in data processing 4.1 LACROS Research Data Application 4.2 Aerosol statistics based on the PollyNET processing chain 4.3 Estimating moments from radar Doppler spectra 4.4 Synergistic retrieval Cloudnet 4.5 Automated cloud identification 4.6 Gravity-wave detection 4.7 Continuous airmass source attribution 4.8 Transforming the Doppler spectrum into a tree structure 5 Contrasts in temperature, cloud and aerosol profiles 5.1 Occurrence of heterogeneous freezing regime 5.2 Cloud frequency 5.3 Profiles of airmass source 5.4 Aerosol optical properties 5.5 Lidar-based estimate of INP profiles 6 Properties of supercooled stratiform clouds 6.1 Overview on observed clouds 6.2 Case studies 6.2.1 Punta Arenas, 4/5 September 2019: stratiform cloud with variable ice formation 6.2.2 Punta Arenas, 27 September 2019: Wave cloud 6.2.3 Punta Arenas, 12 June 2019: Surface coupling 6.3 Phase occurrence frequency 6.4 Context to lidar-only observations 6.5 Effect of boundary-layer aerosol load on phase occurrence 6.6 Gravity-wave influence on phase occurrence at low temperatures 6.7 Ice-formation frequency of free-tropospheric and fully turbulent clouds 6.8 Contrasts of radar reflectivity factor in the ice virga 7 Multi-peak occurrence statistics of deeper clouds 8 Summary, Conclusions, and Outlook 8.1 Summary and conclusions 8.2 Outlook A Further equations Publication record List of Abbreviations and Acronyms List of Symbols Bibliography
669

Transport a depozice aerosolu v dýchacím traktu člověka / Transport and Deposition of Aerosol in Human Respiratory Tract

Elcner, Jakub January 2015 (has links)
One of approaches in treatment of respiratory system diseases is the use of drug particles suspended in air in the form of aerosol. It is a fast and non-invasive method for the delivery of medicine into tracheobronchial tree or bloodstream. Although the method of the medication dosage by means of inhalers or nebulizers is well known, the effectiveness of that approach is still an actual issue. A significant amount of drugs delivered with the use of the medication dosage never reaches its primary destination and the drugs deposit in antecendent areas of respiratory tract where their presence is not required. This thesis deals with a problem of the passage of monodisperse homogenous aerosol with micron-size particles through the upper parts of the respiratory tract. This work was created with the use of numerical simulations carried out by means of the finite volume method in the commercial code based on computational fluid dynamics. Turbulence was modelled using the Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes equations with the two-equation eddy viscosity k-omega SST model. The main output of the thesis is the analysis of airflow in two respiratory regimes. Stationary and cyclic cases of the flow behaviour were considered and the validation of simulated results with experiments performed on similar geometries was carried out. Furthermore, the review of simplified lung models and their geometries was made and the acquired results were used for the calculation of air distribution in the respiratory tract. The last part of the thesis deals with the calculation of particle deposition and with the analysis of the results.
670

Ensuring Respiratory Protection through Respirator Fit Testing and Real-Time Monitoring

Wu, Bingbing 30 October 2018 (has links)
No description available.

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