The influence of play behavior on the brain was investigated through plasticity and metaplasticity methodology. Regions in both cortical and sub-cortical areas were investigated. Animals in both studies either experienced play with juvenile partners or did not experience play by being paired with an adult. Play experience alone was shown to affect the plasticity in the prefrontal cortex, although it did not show structural changes to sub-cortical regions. If animals were given nicotine after play experiences, the affects of play in the prefrontal cortex were abolished. In addition, playful behaviors appear to prime some sub-cortical regions of the brain for expression of later plasticity. Thus, play appears to alter the structure of multiple brain areas, but do so in different ways. / ix, 67 leaves ; 29 cm

Hypertension and salt-sensitivity are independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Although both conditions are idiopathic, they develop due to a complex interplay between susceptibility genes and environmental factors. Given that the kidney plays an important role in regulating blood pressure, in particular, by maintaining sodium and water balance via pressure-natriuresis, it is not surprising that disturbances in the proper functioning of this intrarenal mechanism have been linked to these conditions. Although direct coupling of changes in renal arterial pressure (RAP) to renal interstitial hydrostatic pressure (RIHP) and consequent sodium excretion is well established, few studies have characterized the moment-to-moment aspects of this process. Thus, the main focus of the research presented herein was to characterize the moment-to-moment RAP-RIHP relationship, and assess the functioning of this intrarenal mechanism in various animal models of genetic and environmentally-induced hypertension and/or salt-sensitivity. In adult normotensive rats, the response time of RIHP to acute changes in RAP was rapid (<2 seconds), and the moment-to-moment RAP-RIHP relationship was linear over a wide range of pressures. Additionally, the functioning of this relationship was not affected by inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system and autonomic nervous system. Further, the acute RAP-RIHP relationship was impaired in hypertension and/or salt-sensitivity. Specifically, animals with a hypertensive phenotype (i.e. young spontaneously hypertensive rats [SHR] and pro-atrial natriuretic peptide gene-disrupted mice [ANP -/-]) displayed a rightward shift in the moment-to-moment pressure-natriuresis curve towards higher RAP. This rightward shift was associated with increased structurally-based vascular resistance properties in the hindlimb of young SHR versus their normotensive controls. Salt-sensitive phenotypes were associated with a blunting of this acute mechanism. Specifically, this blunting was evident in both the ANP -/-, a transgenic model of salt-sensitive hypertension, and in adult perinatal iron deficient (PID) rats, a developmentally programmed model of salt-sensitivity. It appears that a blunting in the RAP-RIHP relationship is influenced by an imbalance of key blood pressure modulating factors (e.g. ANP). Further, visceral obesity was associated with salt-sensitivity in PID rats; however the mechanism(s) are yet to be elucidated. Novel methodologies (MRI, abdominal girth) were developed for non-invasive assessment of visceral obesity to aid future research. / Thesis (Ph.D, Pharmacology & Toxicology) -- Queen's University, 2010-05-12 10:11:21.197

No description available.

[Truncated abstract] Fibrosis is a feature of many pulmonary conditions, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), which is characterised by the accumulation of fibroblasts/myofibroblasts and excessive deposition of collagen. IPF is a disease of unknown aetiology that is unresponsive to current therapy and is typically fatal. The inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-6 is elevated in patients with IPF and recent studies have shown that IL-6-induced signalling is altered in lung fibroblasts from patients with IPF. IL-6 belongs to the gp130 cytokine family, which is a group of ten structurally related cytokines, that all require the membrane bound glycoprotein gp130 to activate intracellular signalling pathways. Gp130 activates intracellular signalling through the Shp2-ERK1/2 and STAT1/3 pathways to mediate cellular activities. This thesis tests the hypothesis that gp130-mediated signalling is dysregulated in the development and progression of pulmonary fibrosis. To address this hypothesis, I assessed the role of gp130-mediated signalling in a mouse model of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis. This thesis utilised two novel gp130 mutant mice strains with directed and enhanced gp130-mediated Shp2-ERK1/2 (gp130¿STAT/¿STAT) or STAT1/3 (gp130757F/757F) signalling. I observed complete protection from fibrosis in gp130¿STAT/¿STAT mice up to 60 days after bleomycin treatment and profound fibrosis in gp130757F/757F mice compared to wt controls. The enhanced fibrosis observed in gp130757F/757F mice was diminished by monoallelic deletion of STAT3 (gp130757F/757F;STAT3+/-), identifying gp130-STAT3 signalling as a novel promoter of lung fibrosis. ... In addition, IL-6/11 activation of gp130-mediated signalling modulated transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß-induced effects on adult fibroblast proliferation and myofibroblast differentiation. Interaction between IL-6/11 and TGF-ß1 on fibroblast proliferation was dependent on both the gp130-ERK1/2 and gp130-STAT1/3 pathways. Loss of either pathway abrogated the effects of IL-6 and IL-11 on TGF-ß1- 4 induced fibroblast proliferation. However, it was clear that gp130-STAT3 signalling inhibited TGF-ß1-induced myofibroblast differentiation of primary lung fibroblasts. The inhibition of myofibroblast differentiation was associated with gp130-STAT3 dependent inhibition of TGF-ß1-induced Smad3 phosphorylation. These results indicate that IL-6 and IL-11 promote myofibroblastic differentiation of lung fibroblasts, while gp130-STAT3 signalling inhibits TGF-ß1-induced Smad3 phosphorylation and myofibroblastic differentiation of lung fibroblasts While the pathogenesis of IPF is unknown, it is believed that excessive collagen deposition, aberrant fibroblast behaviour and an inflammatory response are critical to the progression of this disease. It has been shown here that IL-6 family cytokines mediate the development and progression of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis by increasing collagen synthesis, fibroblast proliferation, myofibroblast differentiation and inflammation through gp130-STAT3 signalling. This thesis has demonstrated that differential activation of cytoplasmic signalling pathways by a membrane bound receptor can have a profound effect on pulmonary responses to injury. Furthermore, this thesis is the first study to identify the gp130-STAT3 pathway as a therapeutic target in the treatment of IPF.

Adiponectin is an adipose-derived protein (adipocytokine) that is secreted by adipose tissue. It has insulin-sensitizing, anti-inflammatory and cardio-protective properties, and is thought to be protective against obesity-related diseases such as type 2 diabetes. Humans and cats are two species that commonly develop type 2 diabetes associated with insulin resistance, impaired beta cell function and spontaneous islet amyloid deposition. The domestic cat (Felis catus) has recently been proposed as an animal model for human type 2 diabetes. However, little is known about the physiology of adiponectin in cats. Therefore, we set out to investigate the association of adiponectin profiles with dietary carbohydrate intake, feeding, body weight, fat mass, and insulin sensitivity in healthy young adult cats (n=32; 2-4 years old; gender ratio 1:1; body condition 4-5/9). Cats were fed a moderate carbohydrate diet (37% ME) at maintenance energy requirements for four weeks. Cats were then assigned to either receive a low (19% ME) or high (52% ME) carbohydrate diet and fed at maintenance energy requirements for another four weeks, followed by ad-libitum feeding for eight weeks to facilitate weight gain. Adiponectin profiles including total circulating adiponectin and its distribution [low molecular weight (LMW) and high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin], and proportion of adiponectin that is HMW (SA) were measured by ELISA and velocity sedimentation using sucrose gradients, followed by Western blotting, respectively. We demonstrated inter-animal variation in total adiponectin concentration at baseline (0.6 to 15.0 g/mL), with the adiponectin present in both LMW and HMW forms. Feeding with a high carbohydrate diet for four weeks at maintenance energy requirements resulted in increased total adiponectin concentration, which was associated with an increased concentration of LMW adiponectin. In contrast, feeding with a low carbohydrate diet for four weeks at maintenance energy requirements resulted in increased concentration of HMW adiponectin, decreased LMW adiponectin concentration, and increased SA, without a change in total adiponectin concentration. In cats fed the high carbohydrate diet, total adiponectin and HMW adiponectin concentrations become lower at six hours after feeding, as compared to the fasting concentrations. This phenomenon was not observed in cats fed a low carbohydrate diet, indicating a diet-dependent postprandial effect. There was no effect of gender on any of the adiponectin profiles in cats. Unlike other studies in humans and mice in which adiponectin concentrations decreased as fat mass increased, our data indicate that a moderate weight gain achieved by ad libitum feeding of a low carbohydrate diet for eight weeks correlated with increased adiponectin concentrations. Total adiponectin concentration (mirrored by HMW adiponectin) was positively correlated with body weight gain and fat mass gain (but not absolute fat mass) in our overweight cats. Furthermore, the fat mass-related increases in plasma adiponectin over eight weeks correlated with insulin sensitivity (higher adiponectin concentration corresponded to greater insulin sensitivity in overweight cats). These data hint at the possibility that in overweight animals, adiponectin is similar to other adipokines that rise concomitantly with increased of moderate fat mass gain and thus increases insulin sensitivity. Overall, the knowledge in this study therefore provides useful information to veterinarians and cat food manufacturers, and forms a foundation for future studies to extend our knowledge of adiponectin in cats. Data gathered in cats may also be applicable to humans and could therefore inform research using cats as an animal model of human obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) are ubiquitous in nature, having evolved over many millenia with their hosts. While in healthy hosts most infections with CMV are asymptomatic, the virus can cause severe disease in immunocompromised hosts. Thus, the increase in organ transplantation and the HIV/AIDS pandemic have established human CMV (HCMV) as a clinically important pathogen. Indeed, HCMV infections are now the major cause of morbidity and mortality among immunocompromised patients, which has led to more research targeting CMV for effective anti-viral treatment. The discovery that cytomegaloviruses encode several genes which are involved in immune escape has prompted a new area of research, aimed at understanding immune escape mechanisms for exploitation as potential anti-viral therapeutics. By targeting the viral proteins directly, or their receptors in the host, it may be possible to treat CMV disease by agonistic/antagonistic therapy. The first part of this thesis describes the first demonstration of anti-NK1.1 staining in situ to identify NK cells using a modified in vivo perfusion/fixation method. Using this method, we have compared the acute NK1.1+ cellular response to wild-type MCMV infection in the visceral organs of genetically susceptible intra-NK complex recombinant BALB.B6-CT6 (Cmv1s, NK1.1+) mice with resistant C57B⁄J (Cmv1r, NK1.1+) and BALB.B6-Cmv1r mice (Cmv1r, NK1.1+). Expression of viral antigens and the consequences of infection on other cellular subsets, were also analyzed in this study. The data show that in susceptible mice (Cmv1s) MCMV infection is predominent in the marginal zone of splenic white pulp, resulting in local changes in various cellular constituents, including macrophages, NK cells and DC. In the liver, distinct foci of infection were comprised of large numbers of macrophages and NK1.1+ cells surrounding infected cytomegalic cells. In resistant mice (Cmv1r), 6 MCMV infection predominantly affected the red-pulp of the spleen and was associated with increased accumulation of NK1.1+ cells and macrophages at sites of viral infection

[Truncated abstract] In the last ten years regulator T (Tr) cells have re-emerged as an integral part of the immune system. Research in this field has rapidly demonstrated the role of these cells in the maintenance of immune homeostasis and their involvement in disease. Tr cells are generated in the thymus as a normal part of the developing immune system. Furthermore, antigen-specific Tr cells are induced in the periphery by a mechanism which is yet to be completely elucidated, but is likely to involve dendritic cells. Tr cells play an important role in autoimmune disease, transplantation tolerance, cancer. Most recently Tr cell involvement has been demonstrated in a growing number of infectious diseases. Tr cell induction was reported in Friend Virus infection at the commencement of this study, and subsequent to publication of our findings have also been identified in FIV and HIV. Murine AIDS (MAIDS) is a fatal chronic retroviral infection induced in susceptible strains of mice by infection with BM5d, a replication defective virus, in a viral mixture which is designated LP-BM5. The manipulation of Tr cells detailed in this thesis and the related publication represent the first reported therapy utilising targeted removal of Tr cells. Chapter 1 summarises the literature relevant to this study up to November 2004. Chapter 2 details the materials and methodologies used in this work. Chapter 3 investigates whether Tr cells are involved in the development of murine AIDS, particularly in the early stages of infection. The data presented in this chapter provides evidence of a population of CD4+ Tr cells which express CD25 on their cell surface and secrete TGF-β, some IL-10 and low levels of IL-4 are induced following infection with LP-BM5. These cells were found to arise by day 12 post infection (pi) by flow cytometry and immunosuppressive cytokine expression was found to peak at day 16 pi indicating a role in the early stages of disease progression. Chapter 4 investigates the effect of therapeutically targeting these induced Tr cells using the antimitotic agent Vinblastine during their induction period. The efficacy of treatment was found to be time dependent and was shown to abrogate disease progression maximally when given at day 14 pi. Treatment with anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody was also found to be efficacious at day 14 pi and confirmed the identity of the Tr cells as being CD4+ T cells. Adoptive transfer studies demonstrated that the return of these cells to a successfully treated host results in renewed MAIDS progression, confirming their role in disease progression

Este trabalho apresenta a continuidade da avaliação farmacológica das substâncias LASSBio-579, LASSBio-580 e LASSBio-581, através de ensaios in vitro e in vivo, em busca de um novo protótipo para o desenvolvimento de novos fármacos antipsicóticos de segunda geração. LASSBio-581 se liga a receptores D2-like (Ki=0,95 μM), 5-HT1A (Ki=1,2 μM) e 5-HT2A (Ki=11 μM) com afinidades moderadas. Esta substância é capaz de reduzir a temperatura corporal de roedores, um efeito provavelmente mediado pela ativação de receptores 5-HT1A, e inibir o desenvolvimento de head-twiches e ear-scratches induzidos pela administração de um antagonista de receptores 5-HT2A. Estes efeitos demonstram a capacidade de LASSBio-581 em modular o sistema serotonérgico in vivo e in vitro. Porém, quanto avaliado em modelos animais preditivos de ação antipsicótica, LASSBio-581 foi inativo. LASSBio-580 também é capaz de se ligar a receptores D2-like (Ki=0,73 μM), 5-HT1A (Ki=0,48 μM) e 5-HT2A (Ki=5,7 μM) com afinidades moderadas. Esta substância não foi capaz de inibir o desenvolvimento do comportamento de escalada nem a redução da temperatura corporal de roedores induzidos por apomorfina, não apresentando potencial atividade antipsicótica nos ensaios realizados. Já LASSBio-579 é capaz de modular três diferentes sistemas neurotransmissores envolvidos na patofisiologia da esquizofrenia: a neurotransmissão dopaminérgica, serotonérgica e glutamatérgica. Esta substância se liga a receptores D2-like (Ki=0,11 μM), 5-HT1A (Ki=0,09 μM) e 5-HT2A (Ki=2,2 μM) com afinidades adequadas para uma molécula protótipo que se liga a múltiplos alvos. Apresenta ação antidopaminérgica in vivo, demonstrada em três modelos animais preditivos de atividade antipsicótica (sintomas positivos): inibição da estereotipia anfetamínica (NEVES et al., 2003), bloqueio do comportamento de escalada induzido por apomorfina e hipotermia apomorfínica. A ação agonista 5-HT1A de LASSBio-579 in vivo foi claramente demonstrada através de ensaios de aferição da temperatura corporal, onde o efeito hipotérmico induzido por esta substância é completamente bloqueado pela pré-administração de WAY 100635. Porém, a habilidade de LASSBio-579 em modular a atividade de receptores 5-HT2A in vivo permanece incerta. Ensaios eletrofisiológicos preliminares demonstraram um aumento da liberação de glutamato induzido por LASSBio-579 que parece ser mediado pela ativação de receptores 5-HT2A, porém comportamentos ou efeitos relacionados a ativação deste sub-tipo de receptor serotonérgico não foram identificados em roedores tratados com LASSBio-579. Além disso, a administração de LASSBio-579 não induziu efeitos catatônicos em camundongos em doses até 12 vezes superiores àquela ativa no modelo do bloqueio do comportamento de escalada induzido por apomorfina. Estes resultados demonstram que a estratégia de planejamento de fármacos baseado na estrutura do ligante empregada neste trabalho se mostrou bem sucedida. LASSBio-579 pode ser considerado um novo protótipo de fármaco antipsicótico de segunda geração, ativo em modelos animais de sintomas positivos da esquizofrenia e com baixo potencial de indução de efeitos motores. Porém, algumas limitações em seu perfil farmacológico pode ser identificadas. A afinidade desta substância por receptores dopaminérgicos e serotonérgicos é considerada moderada e inferior a de antipsicóticos atualmente no mercado. Ainda, LASSBio-579 induziu um prejuízo na coordenação motora em roedores e apresentou um perfil farmacocinético pouco adequado a utilização clinica (CONRADO et al., 2008). Estes dados encorajam a busca de substâncias com um perfil farmacológico superior ao de LASSBio-579. Neste sentido, uma triagem farmacológica de 18 derivados N-fenilpiperazínicos análogos a LASSBio-579 foi realizada. Os resultados obtidos nos ensaios de radioligação a receptores D2-like, 5-HT1A e 5-HT2A foram utilizados na proposição de relações qualitativas entre estrutura química das substâncias e a afinidade apresentada pelos diferentes receptores. A partir dos resultados obtidos in vitro, cinco outras substâncias foram selecionadas para avaliação da potencial atividade frente a sintomas positivos da esquizofrenia no modelo de bloqueio do comportamento de escalada induzido por apomorfina. Neste ensaio, apenas LASSBio-664 apresentou atividade, sem induzir catatonia nos animais. Porém, esta substância também induz um importante prejuízo motor nos animais. Ensaios adicionais são necessários a fim de diferenciar o perfil farmacológico de LASSBio-664 e LASSBio-579. Outro objetivo deste trabalho foi iniciar o desenvolvimento de um modelo animal de sintomas da esquizofrenia. Os resultados obtidos até o momento apontam para a possibilidade do desenvolvimento de um modelo relacionado a sintomas negativos/cognitivos da esquizofrenia baseados na esposição à natação forçada repetida. Foi demonstrado que apenas clozapina e não imipramina é capaz de reverter o aumento de imobilidade ao longo dos dias acarretado pela exposição repetida à natação forçada em roedores. Este dado demonstra uma potencial validade preditiva, o primeiro grau de validação necessário para um novo modelo animal. O efeito de LASSBio-579 também foi avaliado neste procolo experimental. / This study strengthened the pharmacological evaluation of the heterocyclic Nphenylpiperazine derivatives LASSBio-579, LASSBio-580 and LASSBio-581 by means of in vitro and in vivo pharmacological assays searching a new second generations antipsychotic lead compound. LASSBio-581 presented moderate affinitties for D2-like (Ki=0.95 μM), 5-HT1A (Ki=1.2 μM) e 5-HT2A (Ki=11 μM). This compound induced an hypothermic effect in rodents probably mediated by 5-HT1A receptor activation. LASSBio-581 administration inhibited the induction of head-twiches and ear-scratches by a 5-HT2A agonist. These results shown that LASSBio-581 modulates serotonergic neurotransmission in vivo and in vitro. However, it was inactive on animal models predictive of antipsychotic activity. LASSBio-580 presented moderate affinitties for D2-like (Ki=0.73 μM), 5-HT1A (Ki=0.48 μM) e 5-HT2A (Ki=5.7 μM). This compound did not inhibited apomophine-induced climbing nor apomorphine-induced hypothermia. Thus, among the three compounds initially evaluated, LASSBio-579 was the only one that exhibited promising results. This derivative was able to modulate three neurotransmitter systems involved in schizophrenia’s pathophysiology: dopaminergic, serotonergic and glutamateric ones. As a multi-target lead compound, LASSBio-579 presented adequated affinities for D2-like, 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors (Ki D2-like = 0.11 μM, 5-HT1A = 0.093 μM and 5-HT2A = 2.2 μM). Its antidopaminergic in vivo effect was demonstrated in three animal models of positive symptons of schizophrenia: amphetamineinduced stereotypy (NEVES et al., 2003), apomorphine-induced climbing behavior and apomorphine-induced hypothermia. Regarding the serotonergic system, LASSBio-579 was considered a 5-HT1A receptor agonist, since the hypothermia induced by this compound was blocked by WAY 100,635 pre-administration. The ability of LASSBio-579 to modulate 5-HT2A receptors was not fully characterized. Electrophysiological assays demonstrated an increase on synaptic glutamate release induced by LASSBio-579 that may be related to 5-HT2A receptor activation, however this compound did not induce any behavior related to 5-HT2A activation in rodents. In addition, LASSBio-579 did not induce catalepsy in mice at doses 12 folds higher than those active at apomorphine-induced climbing test. Thus, LASSBio-579 represents a new antipsychotic lead compound active in animal models of positive symptoms of schizophrenia and with a mild propensity to induce motor side effects. However, some limitations on LASSBio-579’s pharmacological profile could be identified. The affinity of LASSBio-579 for dopamine and serotonin receptors is moderate and lower than those presented by second generation antipsychotics. Furthermore, this compound induced a mild decrease on locomotion and exploratory behavior, a meaningful motor coordination impairment and presents a limited oral bioavailability and a low brain penetration (CONRADO et al., 2008). Considering this, a pharmacologycal screening of 18 N-phenylpiperazine derivatives were done in order to achieve an optimized analogue of LASSBio-579. Structural features of this molecular scaffold were discussed regarding binding affinity and selectivity for D2-like, 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors. Among the compounds prepared, LASSBio-664 exhibited an adequate binding profile and a potential for schizophrenia positive symptoms treatment without cataleptogenic effects. However, the motor coordination impairment remained. Additional pharmacological characterization of LASSBio-664 is still needed to find differences from LASSBio-579’s profile. Another aim of this study was to start the development of an animal model of schizophrenia symptons. It was shown that clozapine but not imipramine presented an anti-immobility effect in animals repeated exposed to forced swimming. This result points to the usefullness of repeated forced swimming protocol for developing new animal models predictive of antipsychotic action. The effect of LASSBio-579 in this protocol was also evaluated.

Introdução: O complexo anatômico-funcional localizado na junção esôfagogástrica é uma barreira ao refluxo gastresofágico. A pressão e o volume intragástricos necessário para vencer essa barreira são denominados Pressão de Vazão Gástrica e Volume de Vazão Gástrico e são utilizados em modelos animais para medir a sua competência, entretanto, a sua validação ainda não foi determinada. Objetivos: Desenvolver um modelo experimental suíno e validar a pressão e o volume intragástricos para estudo da barreira antirrefluxo. Métodos: Suínos da raça Large White com 8 semanas de vida, do sexo feminino foram utilizados neste experimento. Após a anestesia dos animais, foi realizada a manometria esofágica e um cateter de pHmetria posicionado 5 cm acima do esfíncter esofágico inferior. Uma sonda Foley de três vias foi introduzida no estômago através de gastrostomia e o duodeno obliterado através de um laço com gaze úmida. HCL (0,1N) foi infundido lentamente no estômago e medidos a pressão e o volume intragástricos, em tempo real em sistema digital. A pressão e o volume intragástricos no momento da queda abrupta do pH esofágico (pH< 3) foram definidas como Pressão de Vazão Gástrica (PVG) e Volume de Vazão Gástrico (VVG). Após o experimento, a sonda Foley foi retirada, o duodeno liberado e a gastrostomia ocluida com pontos cirúrgicos. Os animais foram mantidos em local apropriado até a repetição dos experimentos sete dias após. Resultados: Dez animais (peso médio = 20 Kg) foram estudados. Os valores médios (± DP) nos dias 0 e 7 foram, respectivamente: PVG 7,66 ± 3,02 versus 7,07 ± 3,54 (p =0,510 teste t de student e 0,557 para o teste exato de Wilcoxon) e VVG 636,70 ± 216.74 versus 608,30 ± 276,66; (p =0,771 teste t de Student e 0,846 para teste de Wilcoxon) não apresentaram diferença estatística significativa. Entretanto, quando aplicado o Coeficiente de Correlação de Concordância a reprodutibilidade foi significativa apenas para a PVG (CCC de 0,648), mas não para a VVG (CCC de 0,27). Conclusão: O modelo animal desenvolvido identifica reprodutibilidade para a PVG, mas não para a VVG. A PVG pode ser utilizada com confiança para o estudo da barreira anti-refluxo. / Introduction: The anatomic functional complex situated at the esophago-gastric junction is a barrier to gastroesophageal reflux. The intragastric pressure and volume necessary to overcome this barrier is called Gastric Yield Pressure and Gastric Yield Volume and used in animal models to measure the anti-reflux competence. However, its validation has not been determined. Objectives: Develop an experimental pig model and validate the intragastric pressure and volume to study the anti-reflux barrier. Methods: Large White pigs two month-old females were used in this experiment. After anesthesia esophageal manometry and a pH sensor placed 05 cm above the lower esophageal sphincter. A threeway Foley catheter was introduced into the stomach through a gastrostomy and duodenum tied with a wet gauze. The Foley probe allowed simultaneous HCl (0.1 N) infusion into the stomach and real time measurement of the intragastric pressure and volume on a digital system system. The intragastric pressure and volume simultaneous to a sudden fall in esophageal pH (pH <3) were defined as the Gastric Yield Pressure (GYP) and the Gastric Yield Volume (GYV). After the experiment, the Foley was removed, the duodenum untied and gastrostomy occluded with surgical stitches. The animals were kept in an appropriate room and the experiment repeated after seven days. Results: Ten animals (mean weight = 20 kg) were studied. The mean values (± SD) on days 0 and 7 were, respectively: GYP 7.66 ± 3.02 and 7.07 ± 3.54 (p = 0,510 student t test and 0.557 for Wilcoxon’s exact test) and GYV 636.70 ± 216.74 and 608.30 ± 276.66, (p =0,771 student t test and 0.846 for Wilcoxon) had no significant statistic difference. However, when the concordance correlation coefficient was applied reproducibility was found only for GYP (CCC = 0,648) but not for GYV (CCC = 0.27). Conclusion: The developed animal model disclosed reproducibility for GYP but not for GYV. GYP may be used with confidence to study the anti-reflux barrier.

O vírus da cinomose canina (CDV) é um importante patógeno de cães domésticos e carnívoros selvagens. A infecção pelo CDV é relevante a nível mundial e está associada com alta morbidade e mortalidade. Em diversos países a cinomose é considerada controlada pelo uso de vacinas, no entanto, no Brasil ainda é endêmica, principalmente devido ao grande número de animais não domiciliados. Além disso, surtos em cães e várias espécies de animais silvestres ocorrem com frequência, dizimando populações ameaçadas. As vacinas vivas atenuadas são seguras para cães, mas seu uso não é aconselhado em espécies altamente suscetíveis à infecção pelo CDV. Também os relatos de surtos de cinomose em cães supostamente vacinados levantam a hipótese de que as vacinas disponíveis no mercado podem não ser eficientes frente a algumas cepas de campo. Com o objetivo de gerar dados acerca dos mecanismos de evolução do CDV e desenvolver e testar a eficácia de uma vacina bivalente inativada contra o vírus da raiva (RABV) e CDV a presente tese será apresentada na forma de dois artigos científicos. Ainda, um artigo de revisão sobre os modelos animais utilizados para obtenção de informações sobre o vírus do sarampo utilizando a infecção de CDV em furões e cães foi publicada e será apresentada na presente tese. No primeiro artigo, foi analisada a ocorrência de recombinação homóloga em genomas de CDV e detectou-se oito possíveis vírus recombinantes, incluindo um evento de recombinação entre uma cepa de campo e uma cepa vacinal atenuada, sugerindo que o uso de vacinação com vírus vivo atenuado pode influenciar a evolução do CDV. No segundo trabalho, uma vacina recombinante bivalente inativada baseada em RABV expressando as glicoproteínas do envelope do CDV, hemaglutinina e proteína de fusão, mostrou-se eficiente na proteção contra infecção por CDV em furões quando utilizado um protocolo prime/boost. Finalmente, foi publicada uma revisão de literatura sobre os modelos animais utilizados para obtenção de informações sobre a patogênese do vírus do sarampo utilizando a infecção com o vírus da cinomose. / Canine distemper virus (CDV) is an important pathogen of domestic dogs and wild carnivores. CDV infection is globally relevant and it is associated with high morbidity and mortality. In several countries, distemper is considered controlled by vaccination, however, in Brazil it is still endemic, mainly due to the large number of non-domiciliated animals. In addition, outbreaks in dogs and various species of wild animals occur frequently, decimating threatened populations. Live attenuated vaccines are safe for dogs, but their use is not advised in species that are highly susceptible to CDV infection. Also, reports of canine distemper in supposedly vaccinated dogs raise the hypothesis that commercially available vaccines may not be effective against some wild type strains. In order to investigate the mechanisms of CDV evolution and to develop and assess the efficacy of an inactivated bivalent vaccine against rabies virus and CDV, this thesis will be presented in the form of two scientific papers. Furthermore, a review article on the animal models used to gain information on measles virus using CDV infection in ferrets and dogs has been published and will be presented in this thesis. In the first paper, the occurrence of homologous recombination in CDV genomes was analyzed and eight possible recombinant viruses were detected, including a recombination event between a wild type strain and an attenuated vaccine strain, suggesting that the use vaccines based on attenuated live virus may influence CDV evolution. In the second study, an inactivated bivalent recombinant vaccine based on RABV expressing CDV envelope glycoproteins, hemagglutinin and fusion protein, proved to be effective in protecting against CDV infection in ferrets when using a prime/boost protocol. Finally, a literature review was published on the animal models used to obtain information on the pathogenesis of measles virus using infection with canine distemper virus.