Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:34:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JOELMA BATISTA DOS SANTOS RIBEIRO.pdf: 637746 bytes, checksum: 547dd912c1ca2bf55094955c87424326 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-10 / Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo / The present dissertation focuses on the field research of Text and Discourse in the Oral and Written Modalities. Its goal is to investigate the constitution of the rhetorical proves: ethos, pathos and logos in the theological discourse, due the fluency of such a discourse in our society. We present a panoramic view of the history of Bible canonization and its process of translations of the New and the Old Testaments. We have selected as a sample for analyzes the chapters 10, 11, 12 and 13 of the Second Letter of Paul to the Corinthians, text which forms Paul s apology. In order to help this analyzes, we have done a presentation of Paul s Biography as well as of the city of Corinth and its Christian community. We have also written about the general characteristics of Paul s writings, dedicating a special attention to the Second Letter to the Corinthians, source of our sample of analyzes. To achieve the established objective, we used the theories of Classic Rhetoric and The New Rhetoric from Michel Meyer (1993, 1994, 2007), Chaïm Perelman and Lucie Olbrechts-Tyteca (1996). We have started the analyses rescuing some of the historical, linguistics and theological aspects of Paul and the Corinthians community and looked for each one of the rhetorical proves methodologically separated. The analyses proved the argumentation within Paul s discourse is made up by the rhetorical proves that are intertwined and superposed with one each other, which goal is to conquer the audience / Esta dissertação se insere na linha de pesquisa: Texto e discurso nas Modalidades Oral e Escrita. Tem como objetivo investigar a constituição das provas retóricas: ethos, pathos e logos no discurso teológico, dada a importância e influência desse discurso na sociedade. Apresentamos um panorama histórico do processo de canonização dos textos bíblicos e de suas traduções, tanto no Novo como no Antigo Testamento. Nomeamos como amostra de análise os capítulos 10, 11, 12 e 13 da Segunda Carta aos Coríntios, que formam a Apologia de Paulo. Com vistas a auxiliar a análise, realizamos uma apresentação da biografia do apóstolo Paulo, da cidade e da comunidade cristã de Corinto. Também discorremos sobre as características gerais dos escritos paulinos e dedicamos especial atenção à Segunda Carta aos Coríntios, fonte da nossa amostra. Para cumprir os objetivos estabelecidos nos embasamos nos eixos teóricos da Retórica Clássica e da Nova Retórica de Michel Meyer (1993, 1994, 2007), Chaïm Perelman e Lucie Olbrechts- Tyteca (1996). Iniciamos a análise com o resgate de alguns aspectos históricos, linguísticos e teológicos do relacionamento de Paulo com a comunidade de Corinto, e partimos para a investigação de cada uma das provas retóricas metodologicamente separadas. A análise constatou que a argumentação presente no discurso é tecida pela provas retóricas que se entrelaçam e se imbricam, com o intuito de conquistar a adesão do auditório

<p>The thesis explores the form, function and sociolinguistic distribution of explicit apologies in the spoken part of the British National Corpus. The sub-corpus used for the study comprises a spoken text mass of about five million words and represents dialogue produced by more than 1700 speakers, acting in a number of different conversational settings. More than 3000 examples of apologising are included in the analysis.</p><p>Primarily, the form and function of the apologies are examined in relation to the type of offence leading up to the speech act. Aspects such as the sincerity of the apologies and the use of additional remedial strategies other than explicit apologising are also considered. Variations in the distributions of the different types of apologies found are subsequently investigated for the two independent variables speaker social identity (gender, social class and age) and conversational setting (genre, formality and group size). The effect of the speaker-addressee relationship on the apology rate and the types of apologies produced is also examined.</p><p>In this study, the prototypical apology, a speech act used to remedy a real or perceived offence, is only one of a number of uses of the apology form in the corpus. Other common functions of the form include discourse-managing devices such as request cues for repetition and markers of hesitation, as well as disarming devices uttered before expressing disagreement and controversial opinions.</p><p>Among the speaker social variables investigated, age and social class are particularly important in affecting apologetic behaviour. Young and middle-class speakers favour the use of the apology form. No substantial gender differences in apologising are apparent in the corpus. I have also been able to show that large conversational groups result in frequent use of the form. Finally, analysis of the effects of the speaker-addressee relationship on the use of the speech act shows that, contrary to expectations based on Brown & Levinson’s theory of politeness, it is the powerful who tend to apologise to the powerless rather than vice versa.</p><p>The study implies that formulaic politeness is an important linguistic marker of social class and that its use often involves control of the addressee. </p>

L’Adversus nationes est un texte polémique où l’auteur, Arnobe de Sicca, défend le christianisme en plus d’attaquer le paganisme. Nous y retrouvons les principales accusations lancées contre le christianisme ainsi que les attaques des intellectuels chrétiens contre les païens. Il s’agit de l’un des derniers textes apologétiques rédigé avant la paix de Milan (311). Arnobe y explique l’importance de s’éloigner des erreurs du paganisme et d’adhérer au christianisme dans le but de sauver son âme. Bien qu’il ne s’agisse pas d’une œuvre à caractère historique, Arnobe fournit, pour étayer son argumentation, plusieurs indices sur sa conception de l’histoire romaine. L’Adversus nationes, qui n’est pas traduit intégralement en français à ce jour, n’a pas été très souvent étudié du point de vue de l’interprétation de l’histoire. Une telle étude permet de comprendre la pensée de son auteur sur Rome, son histoire et ses périodes politiques. La première partie de ce mémoire présentera une petite biographie d’Arnobe ainsi qu’un survol du contexte historique dans lequel il vivait. Puis, les principales caractéristiques de l’histoire rhétorique seront exposées au deuxième chapitre. La seconde partie du mémoire traitera de l’analyse de passages de l’Adversus nationes. Le troisième chapitre sera consacré aux grands personnages romains. Le quatrième chapitre traitera de la providence divine dans l’histoire romaine. Finalement, le cinquième chapitre cherchera à retrouver les sources d’Arnobe lorsqu’il traite d’évènements historiques importants. Ce mémoire offre, comme conclusions, une nouvelle hypothèse concernant la datation du livre 1 de l’Adversus nationes et une nouvelle influence concernant certains récits historiques rapportés par Arnobe. / Adversus nationes is a polemical text in which the author, Arnobius of Sicca, defends Christianity in addition to attacking paganism. This text includes the main accusations against Christianity as well as the counter-arguments intellectual Christians presented against pagans. It is one of the last apologetic texts written before the peace of Milano (311). Arnobius explains the importance of moving away from the mistakes of paganism and of adhering to Christianity in order to save one’s soul. Although the nature of this text is not historical, Arnobius provides several hints on his conception of Roman history, to strengthen his argumentation. Adversus nationes, which has not yet been completely translated into French, has not often been studied from the point of view of interpreting history. Such a study allows a better understanding of its author’s thoughts on Rome, its history and its political systems. The first part of this thesis presents a brief biography of Arnobius as well as an overview of the historical context in which he lived. Then, the main rhetorical characteristics of history are exposed in the second chapter. The second part of this thesis provides an analysis of key passages in Adversus nationes. The third chapter focuses on major Roman figures. The fourth chapter addresses divine providence in Roman history. Finally, the fifth chapter looks for Arnobius’s sources behind his treatment of important historical events. In its conclusion, this thesis offers a new hypothesis regarding the date of book 1 of Adversus nationes and uncovers a new influence concerning certain historical accounts reported by Arnobius.

The thesis explores the form, function and sociolinguistic distribution of explicit apologies in the spoken part of the British National Corpus. The sub-corpus used for the study comprises a spoken text mass of about five million words and represents dialogue produced by more than 1700 speakers, acting in a number of different conversational settings. More than 3000 examples of apologising are included in the analysis. Primarily, the form and function of the apologies are examined in relation to the type of offence leading up to the speech act. Aspects such as the sincerity of the apologies and the use of additional remedial strategies other than explicit apologising are also considered. Variations in the distributions of the different types of apologies found are subsequently investigated for the two independent variables speaker social identity (gender, social class and age) and conversational setting (genre, formality and group size). The effect of the speaker-addressee relationship on the apology rate and the types of apologies produced is also examined. In this study, the prototypical apology, a speech act used to remedy a real or perceived offence, is only one of a number of uses of the apology form in the corpus. Other common functions of the form include discourse-managing devices such as request cues for repetition and markers of hesitation, as well as disarming devices uttered before expressing disagreement and controversial opinions. Among the speaker social variables investigated, age and social class are particularly important in affecting apologetic behaviour. Young and middle-class speakers favour the use of the apology form. No substantial gender differences in apologising are apparent in the corpus. I have also been able to show that large conversational groups result in frequent use of the form. Finally, analysis of the effects of the speaker-addressee relationship on the use of the speech act shows that, contrary to expectations based on Brown &amp; Levinson’s theory of politeness, it is the powerful who tend to apologise to the powerless rather than vice versa. The study implies that formulaic politeness is an important linguistic marker of social class and that its use often involves control of the addressee.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T16:17:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao SAmuel N dos SAntos.pdf: 1063779 bytes, checksum: 95147b60c8e271abf2cf57c25320fd96 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-31 / The intention of this study is to analyze the proposal of the making of Christian identity from the work entitled First Apology, by Justin Martyr. We believe that in the formation of Christianity, some authors such as Justin, promoted the project of creating a Christian identity, from the rules and practices that should equalize / standardize the fact of being a Christian in the first and second centuries A.D. Justin, in his First Apology, indicates what should be done and what should be avoided to be considered Christian, and such discourse allows the production of identity characteristics. To achieve this goal, we investigated the relationships of interculturality in the first and second centuries A.D, we researched and presented specific aspects of author and his work, such as: its dating, the extant manuscripts, the genre, the historical context, etc. Finally, in the last chapter, we presented closely at particular aspects of the First Apology: its internal structure, his idea about Jesus, the Jewish prophecies, the Christians as a race, those who were not Christians and the groups considered heretical, the relationship of the author with the stoicism and the Platonism, the author s intention in drawing up his speech and, finally, about the Christian identity proposed by him seen from the data above. / A intenção do presente trabalho é analisar a proposta de construção de uma identidade cristã a partir da obra intitulada I Apologia, de Justino Mártir. Acreditamos que na formação do cristianismo, alguns autores como Justino, promoveram o projeto de criação de uma identidade cristã, a partir de preceitos e práticas que deveriam igualar/homogeneizar o fato de se ser cristão nos séculos I e II d.C. Justino indica na I Apologia o que se deveria fazer e o que se deveria evitar para se ser considerado cristão e tal discurso possibilita a produção de características identitárias. A partir dessa ideia, investigamos as relações de interculturalidade nos séculos I e II d.C., pesquisamos e apresentamos o autor e aspectos específicos de sua produção, tais como: datação, manuscritos existentes, gênero, o contexto histórico, etc. Por fim, no último capítulo, apresentamos detidamente aspectos particulares da I Apologia: sua estrutura interna, sua ideia de Jesus, das profecias judaicas, dos cristãos enquanto uma raça, que os diferenciavam dos que não eram cristãos e dos grupos considerados heréticos, a relação do autor com o estoicismo e o platonismo, a intenção do autor na elaboração do discurso e, por último, a identidade cristã por ele proposta a vista disto tudo.

African teacher of rhetoric Arnobius of Sicca, who lived at the turn of the 3rd and 4th century, is one of the less known Christian authors. He is the author of Christian apology written in Latin called Adversus nationes. His statement attracted particular interest of philologists and historians of antiquity, because it contains large amounts of mythological material. The aim of this work is to introduce Arnobius not only as a crucial source of pagan theology, but also as an important Christian witness of the complicated religious - political situation of Christianity in the time before the Milan Edict, particularly at the time of Diocletian's persecution of Christians. Given the need to work with original texts includes this thesis also the first Czech translation of Arnobiusʼ apology.

This study takes a deeper look into the apologies the Dutch state made in 2021 for the role of The Netherlands in the history of slavery. This was done by the presentation of seven speeches by seven members of the Dutch government in the national archives in the European and the Caribbean part of the Dutch Kingdom. By means of a critical discourse analysis with a discourse-historical approach, we examined the different discourses in the speeches and the power relations that are hidden in them. The aim of the study is therefore to map out the different discourses within the seven apology speeches of the Dutch government and to track the power relations that are present in them. This is done by answering the following research questions: Q1. What are the dominant discourses in the seven apology speeches of the Dutch government for the state's role in the history of slavery?; Q1.1 What power relations can be found in the dominant discourses of the seven apology speeches of the Dutch government for the state's role in the history of slavery? Taken as a whole, the speeches show a willingness to take responsibility, but they also point towards the former colonization and the power relations that stand until this day.

Les recherches récentes ont tenté une nouvelle approche du concept de " religions orientales", mis en relief par Franz Cumont dans Les religions orientales dans le paganisme romain. Tout au long de ce processus de déconstruction de l'idée des «religions orientales», on remarque l'absence d'une relecture approfondie des écrits chrétiens. Il est primordial de comprendre l'apport des sources chrétiennes dans l'établissement et l'élaboration de cette nouvelle perspective. La relecture des écrits de Tertullien est d'autant plus nécessaire qu'il a joué un rôle dans les théories établies par Cumont qui définissait le culte mithriaque comme le rival du christianisme. et les "cultes orientaux" deviennent sous sa plume le missing link entre paganisme et christianisme. Tertullien écrit à une époque charnière de l'histoire du christianisme : celle de la construction et de l'expression de l'identité chrétienne. Le polémiste a recours à Cybèle, aux dieux isiaques et à Mithra dans ses traités apologétiques et antihérétiques. Cette étude propose une relecture des lignes "orientales" de l'oeuvre de Tertullien à la lumière du contexte polémique, rhétorique et identitaire de ses traités. Pour mieux appréhender le rôle qu'il attribue à ses divinités, il est nécessaire de dépouiller ces passages, de démonter l'argumentation de Tertullien et de s'imprégner de la dialectique chrétienne pour saisir les rouages de la pensée de l'apologète. La construction binaire et antithétique de ses ouvrages nous permet d'évaluer la vision chrétienne des rapports religieux et de comprendre la place des dieux "orientaux" dans la définition chrétienne de l' "autre", en opposition à la nouvelle religio. / Research attempts to conceptualize a new approach to the "religions orientales" advanced by Franz Cumont in his book Les religions orientales dans le paganisme romain. It is necessary to understand what the contribution of the study of Christian sources to the establishment and development of this new perspective and a redefinition of the so-Called oriental gods is. This re-Reading of Tertullian is necessary due to the role of Cumont's theories : the scholar defined the Mithraic cult as the rival of Christianity. The "oriental religions" in his writings represent the missing link between paganism and Christianity. Tertullian wrote during a turning point in Christian history when the identity of Christianity was being established. The polemicist often uses Cybele, the deities of the gens Isiac and Mithras in his apologetic and anti-Heretical treaties. This study proposes a re-Reading of the "oriental" in the works of the polemicist, taking into consideration the polemic and rhetoric and the concept of identity in his treaties. In order to understand the role reserved by the author for the deities that were so important to Cumont, it is necessary to analyse these passages, collect the controversial issues behind each citation of the Magna Mater, Isis and Mithras, and deconstruct the arguments of Tertullian, in the light of Christian dialectic to comprehend the workings of the apologist's mind. Similarly,the binary and antithetical construction of the works of Tertullian allow us to assess the Christian vision of religious relationship and understand the place of the so-Called Oriental gods in the Christian definition of the "other" in opposition to the new religio.

This M.A. thesis deals with the office of the Czech translator at the local government in Prague, which was established in 1749 as a part of the Repräsentation und Kammer. The first aim of our work is to describe and explain the agenda of this department, assess its activities within the contemporary context and justify its establishment. In doing so, we contribute to the historical research by describing the situation of the officials at the time of Maria Theresa and Joseph II, and furthermore we contribute also to the linguistical research by studying the role of Czech in the administration in 18th century. The introduction describes the situation of Czech language in the 18. century and analyzes the state of research. The further text is divided into three chapters. The first one shows the development of Bohemian local government in Prague where Czech translators were working. The most important part of the work is the second chapter, which expounds the history of the translator's office and provides biographies of individual translators. The third chapter presents the Apology of Czech written by the first known translator Matěj Rudolf Blažej which is interesting for us as an example of texts produced by the office in the 18th century and as a contribution to the Czech National Revival.

This thesis is a work of Christian theology. Its purpose is twofold: firstly to develop an adequate understanding of reconciliation at the level of peoples and nations; and secondly to make a practical contribution to resolving the problems in Australia for the welfare of all the peoples, and of the land itself. The history of the relationships between the Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples in Australia has left many problems, and no matter what the non-Indigenous people try to do, the Indigenous peoples of Australia continue to experience themselves as being in a state of siege. Trying to understand what is happening, and what can be done to resolve the problems for the peoples of Australia and the land, have been the implicit drivers for the theological development in this thesis. This thesis argues that the present generation in any trans-generational dispute is likely to continue to sin in ways that are shaped by the sins of the past, which explains why Indigenous peoples in Australia find themselves in a stage of siege, even when the non-Indigenous peoples are trying to pursue policies which they believe are for the welfare of all. The only way to resolve this is for the peoples of Australia to seek reconciliation. In particular, the non-Indigenous peoples need to repent, both of their own sins, and the sins of their forebears. Reconciliation processes have become part of the international political landscape. However, there are real concerns about the justice of pursuing reconciliation. An important part of the theological development of this thesis is therefore to show that pursuing reconciliation establishes justice. It is shown that the nature of justice, and of repentance, can only be established by pursuing reconciliation. Reconciliation is possible because God has made it possible, and is working in the world to bring reconciliation. Because land is an essential part of Indigenous identity in Australia, the history of land in court cases and legislation in Australia over the past half century forms an important case study in this work. It is shown that, although there was significant repentance within the non-Indigenous legal system in Australia, the degree of repentance available through that legal system is inherently limited, and so a more radical approach is needed in order to seek reconciliation in Australia. A final chapter considers what the non-Indigenous people of Australia need to do in order to repent.