L’étude historique des pratiques de pêche à la ligne représente un champ de recherche privilégié pour l’utilisation conjointe du social et de l’environnemental. Dans les années 1960 les pêcheurs à la ligne font preuve d’une véritable conscience écologique. Mais cet état de fait n’est pas du « donné » mais du « construit ». La question centrale consiste donc à se demander si un siècle avant l’apparition de l’écologie politique en France, il y a eu une sensibilisation aux problèmes environnementaux par la pratique d’une activité qui met les citoyens aux prises avec le problème de la qualité de leur environnement proche ? Entre le deuxième tiers du XIXe siècle et les années 1940, la pêche à la ligne a évolué : d’une pratique élitiste à une activité de plus en plus populaire. Dans cette évolution, le rôle des hommes et des femmes et des différentes catégories socio-économiques a varié selon les époques et les régions. Les facteurs, les rythmes et la géographie de la prise de conscience des pêcheurs à la ligne de la nécessité de protéger leur environnement sont différents selon les espaces envisagés. Certaines régions, telles que le nord de la France, ont connu un développement précoce de la pêche à la ligne. Cette multitude de réseaux sociaux a donné naissance à un nouveau rapport des hommes à leur environnement, doublé de sociabilités inédites. / By the 1960s, anglers in France had come to display a real environmental consciousness. The aim of this thesis is to show this consciousness had a long history. Anglers in France, a century before the rise of political ecology, exhibited a growing sensibility to environmental problems that came directely from their experiences of the quality of their surroundings as they fished. In this thesis, I show that between 1829 and 1941, the practise of angling evolved from an elitist to a more working-class form of leisure. I also examine how the respective roles of men and women of different social classes changed over time and acoording to place. In addition, I explore the factors, rhythms and geography of this new environmental awareness. It gave rise to some unexpected developments with, for example, the working classes playing a major role in the movement of the protection of nature in France.

The discovery of antibiotics has been considered as one of the most remarkable scientific accomplishments of the last century. However, the extensive usage of antibiotics has led to the rapid emergence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB), which have been recognized as one of the biggest threats to human and environmental health. While ARGs and ARB are ubiquitous in diverse environments, aquatic environments play a particularly crucial role in their prevalence and dissemination. Furthermore, the microbial complexity and various pollutants persisting in aquatic environments significantly contribute to the evolution and spread of ARGs and ARB. However, the knowledge regarding the distribution pattern of ARGs on a large scale, as well as the interaction between microbial community, specific pollutants, and ARGs and ARB, is currently limited. In this study, I conducted systematic work at multiple scales, to fill crucial knowledge gaps that could support the future management of the spread of antimicrobial resistance. In particular, on the ecosystems level I depict the biogeographical patterns of ARGs in freshwater reservoirs, on the community level I explored the selection patterns of combinations of antibiotics on multidrug resistant strains in complex community context, and finally, on the population level I investigated the impact of cigarette smoke, and waste products on the dissemination of ARGs. In my first study, samples were collected from 24 freshwater reservoirs across southeast China and the biogeographical patterns of bacterial communities and ARG profile were characterized using 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing and high-throughput-quantitative PCR. A distance-decay pattern for both, microbial communities and ARG profiles, were observed. However, larger differences between reservoir ARG profiles than microbial community compositions were detected. Further, I found that the biogeographical patterns of bacterial communities were simultaneously driven by stochastic and deterministic processes, while ARG profiles were not explained by stochastic processes, and the relationship between bacterial communities and ARG profiles was weak. In summary, this study indicated a decoupling of bacterial community composition and ARG profiles in inland waters under relatively low-human-impact at a large scale. In a second study, the selection dynamics for multidrug resistance between isogenic pairs of E. coli strains under exposure to multiple selective agents in the absence and presence of the microbial community were investigated using microcosm experiments. The presence of the community significantly decreased the selection for multidrug resistant strain under exposure to a single antibiotic. While pressure through the second antibiotic significantly decreased the activity and diversity of the community, its ability to reduce selection was consistently maintained at levels comparable to those recorded in the absence of the second antibiotic. This indicates that the observed effects of community context on selection dynamics are rather based on competitive or protective effects between the focal strains and a small proportion of bacteria within the community, than on general competition for nutrients. Last but not least, the effect of cigarette-derived pollutants on the proliferation of ARGs was explored using multifaced approaches. Cigarette smoke condensate in an artificial lung sputum medium significantly elevated the transfer rates of a multi-drug-resistance encoding plasmid between Pseudomonas strains. The overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as part of the bacterial stress response was directly connected to the increasing transfer rates. Similarly, cigarette ash leachate in an environmental medium significantly increased the plasmid transfer rates, and overproduction of ROS was equally detected. Furthermore, used cigarette filters with entrapped toxicants were submerged in a wastewater stream and colonized by distinct microbial communities compared to those colonizing unused control filters. The microbial communities colonizing used cigarette filters were significantly enriched in AMR, potential pathogenic bacteria and mobile genetic elements. Overall, the insights gained within this thesis into the spread of AMR at multiple scales constitute a valuable contribution to support future management and monitoring of ARGs in diverse ecosystems.

Chaoborus Lichtenstein (Diptera: Chaoboridae) é um gênero de mosquitos com 44 espécies descritas, das quais 13 ocorrem na região Neotropical. Os adultos são frágeis e delicados, às vezes pouco pigmentados variando entre esbranquiçados, amarelados, acastanhados e acinzentados, sendo conhecidos em países anglófonos como \"phanton midges\". Possuem dimorfismo sexual facilmente reconhecido, pois os machos possuem corpos alongados e transparentes, pedicelos largos e antena plumosa e as fêmeas são menores e mais robustas, devido à presença de ovos em seu abdome, pedicelos globosos, pequenos e antenas verticiladas, com poucas cerdas. Os últimos estudos sobre as espécies neotropicas remontam da década de 1950, as descrições, chaves de identificação e pontos de ocorrência são desatualizados e pouco informativos, motivando o desenvolvimento desta revisão taxonômica. Estágios imaturos de caoborídeos, especialmente as larvas planctônicas, são conhecidas pelos hábitos predatórios na coluna dágua onde fazem migração vertical, agindo no controle populacional das presas em ambientes aquáticos lênticos - de poças a reservatórios. Neste estudo, quatro espécies novas foram descritas, 13 espécies são redescritas e ilustrações do abdome, tórax, terminália masculina, habitus de fêmeas e machos são apresentadas. Mapas de distribuição para cada espécie e uma chave de identificação foram também atualizados. / Chaoborus Lichtenstein (Diptera: Chaoboridae) is a genus of midges with 44 known species, of which only 13 ocurs in Netropical Region. The adults are very delicate and fragile, usualy whitish, yellowish or brownish to grayish, known in Anglophone countries as phantom midges. The sexual dimorphism is easily recognized, as males have long body, transparent, enlarged globular pedicel, plumose antenna while females are shorter, broad, because of the eggs in your abdome, have small globular pedicel and antenna merely setose. The last studies about the Neotropical species are from the 50\'s and the descriptions, identification keys and geographic records are not informative, motivating this taxonomic revision. Immature stages of chaoborids, especially the planktonic larvae, are known for predatory habits in the water column where they migrate vertically, acting on the population control of prey in lentic aquatic environments - from pools to reservoirs. In this study, four new species are described, 13 species are redescribed and ilustrations of abdomen, thorax, male terminalia, habitus of male and female are presented. Distribution maps of each species and an identification key were updated.

A água constitui um dos compostos de maior distribuição e importância na crosta terrestre. Sua importância para vida está no fato de que nenhum processo metabólico ocorre sem a sua ação direta ou indireta. Entre os vários compostos contaminantes dos ambientes aquáticos, os hormônios, estrógenos naturais e sintéticos, devem ser vistos com uma maior importância, devido a sua persistência no ambiente. O 17α-etinilestradiol (EE2) é um hormônio sintético utilizado na formulação de contraceptivos orais, transdérmico e injetáveis. O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar o efeito do hormônio sintético 17α-etinilestradiol sobre a biologia do invertebrado aquático Chironomus sancticaroli analisando três gerações do ciclo de vida da espécie. Nos experimentos foram utilizados areia fina comum (lavada em água corrente, seca em estufa a 60ºC e levada a mufla por 4 horas a 560ºC) e água deionizada (condutividade entre 25-55 μS.cm-1, dureza entre 12 e 16 mg.L-1 para CaCO3, pH entre 6,5 a 7,5). Foram realizadas 4 réplicas utilizando-se potes de 2 litros para cada concentração do hormônio e para o controle. Para os testes, foram colocadas 15 larvas, contendo 60 g de areia de cultivo e 240 ml de solução contendo 17α-etinilestradiol (na proporção 1:4, sedimento-solução) nas concentrações de 50; 100; 200; 400; 800 e 1600 μg.L-1, e fotoperíodo de 12h luz/ 12 h escuro e com temperatura de 22 a 26ºC. Os testes agudos foram realizados utilizando-se larvas de IV ínstar sem aeração e os testes crônicos foram realizados utilizando-se larvas de I ínstar com aeração. Os organismos foram alimentados com 5 ml de uma solução contendo 1 litro de água deionizada e 5,0 g de ração para peixe triturada (TetraMin®). O teste realizado foi estático, ou seja, a solução não era trocada do início ao fim do teste de cada geração F1, F2 e F3. Em testes agudos (96h) os resultados mostraram que o composto em estudo não apresenta toxicidade. Nos testes crônicos apenas a terceira geração mostrou uma baixa sobrevivência (43,3 a 56,6%) indicando toxicidade do composto ao organismo-teste, o que foi confirmado pelo teste ANOVA one-way com p ≤ 0,05. O tempo de emergência do organismo na terceira geração foi de 22 dias, havendo um atraso de cinco dias em comparação aos demais tratamentos, indicando que o composto testado pode influenciar no tempo de desenvolvimento do organismo-teste. Na análise da fecundidade potencial, os testes estatísticos indicaram haver uma diferença significativa entre os tratamentos e o controle somente na terceira geração, o que se pode inferir que o composto testado interfere na fecundidade potencial do Chironomus sancticaroli. Não foram encontradas deformidades bucais nas larvas nas três gerações analisadas. Para tanto, faz-se necessários estudos posteriores, visando um número maior de organismos (n ≥ 100) em um número maior de gerações, para que os resultados sejam mais conclusivos no que diz respeito a interferência do composto testado sobre a biologia do Chironomus sancticaroli. / Water is one of the compounds of great distribution and importance in the Earth\'s. Its importance to life lies in the fact that no metabolic process occurs without its direct or indirect action. Among the various contaminating compounds in aquatic environments, hormones, natural and synthetic estrogens, should be viewed with great importance because of their persistence in the environment. 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) is a synthetic hormone used in the formulation of oral, transdermal, and injectable contraceptives. The present study aims to analyze the effect of the synthetic hormone 17α-ethinylestradiol on the biology of the aquatic invertebrate Chironomus sancticaroli analyzing three generations of life cycle. In the experiments, common fine sand was used (washed with deionized water, oven dried at 60ºC and muffled for 4 hours at 560ºC) and deionized water (conductivity between 25-55 μS.cm-1, hardness between 12 and 16 mg.L-1 for CaCO3, and pH between 6.5 to 7.5). Four replicates were performed using 2-liter pots for each concentration of the hormone and for the control. For the tests, 15 larvae, containing 60 g of sand and 240 ml of solution containing 17α- ethinylestradiol (1:4, sediment solution) in the concentrations of 50; 100; 200; 400; 800 and 1600 μg.L-1, and photoperiod of 12h light/12h dark and with a temperature of 22 to 26ºC. The acute tests were performed using III larvae instar without aeration and the chronic tests were performed using I instar larvae with aeration. The organisms were fed with 5 ml of a solution containing 1 liter of deionized water and 5.0 g of crushed fish feed (TetraMin®). The test performed was static, were the solution was not changed from the beginning to the end of the test of each F1, F2 and F3 generation. In acute tests (96h) the results showed that the compound under study shows no toxicity. In chronic tests only the third generation showed a low survival (43.3 to 56.6%) indicating toxicity to the test organism, which was confirmed by the one-way ANOVA test with p ≤ 0.05. The adult emergency of the organism in the third generation was of 22 days, with a delay of five days in comparison to the other treatments, indicating that the compound tested influences development. In the analysis of potential fecundity, the statistical tests indicated that there was a significant difference between the treatments and the control only in the third generation, which can be inferred that the tested compound interferes in the potential fecundity of Chironomus sancticaroli. No oral deformities were found in the larvae in the three generations analyzed. In order to do so, further studies are required, aiming at a larger number of organisms (n ≥ 100) in a larger number of generations, so that the results are more conclusive with respect to the interference of the tested compound on the biology of Chironomus sancticaroli.

Fish are particularly vulnerable to the exposure of anthropogenic pollutants, with a vast array of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) introduced into the aquatic environment via sewage discharge, waste disposal and land runoff. Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are halogenated flame retardants that are used to effectively inhibit the flammability of various materials including plastic products, electrical appliances, construction materials and textiles. BFRs are ubiquitous environmental contaminants and are known to disrupt thyroid hormone (TH) homeostasis in several vertebrate species, including fish. Given the vital role of THs in a wide range of developmental processes and physiological functions, assessing and identifying thyroid disrupting chemicals is crucial for safe guarding the long-term health of humans and wildlife. In fish the molecular mechanisms underlying TH disruption by BFRs and the effects on TH-sensitive tissues during early life stages remains unclear. This has been limited by the lack of fundamental knowledge on the TH system of fish and the difficulties associated with examining transcriptional changes in discrete embryonic-larval tissues. Here I have established the expression profiles of a suite of genes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis of zebrafish (Danio rerio) during embryonic-larval stages and their regulation by the biologically active TH (3, 5, 3′- tri-iodothyronine; T3). Using molecular tools (whole mount is situ hybridisation and RT-PCR), I demonstrate that a number of genes display spatial and temporal expression profiles during embryo/larval development, and their regulation by T3 was tissue- and developmental stage-specific. I subsequently demonstrated that TBBPA and BDE-47, two important BFR compounds, disrupted TH homeostasis at multiple levels of the HPT axis of zebrafish embryo-larvae after short sub-acute exposures. These compounds altered the expression of genes associated with TH conjugation and clearance, thyroid follicle development and TH transport. In addition, we suggest that TH target genes in the brain, liver, pronephric ducts and craniofacial tissues of zebrafish embryo-larvae may be particularly vulnerable to TBBPA and BDE-47 exposure. It has been proposed that environmental pollutants can disrupt TH signalling in wildlife by disrupting the activity of thyroid receptors (TRs), ligand-binding transcription factors, which mediate the genomic actions of THs. The ability of BFRs to disrupt fish TRs has not yet been examined. Here I developed an in vitro reporter gene transcriptional assay for zebrafish thyroid hormone receptors (zfTRα and zfTRβ) in human embryonic kidney cells and investigated their interactions with several BFR compounds. The assays were optimised and validated using the natural TR agonist T3 in cells transiently transfected with two reporter vector constructs, pGL4.24-PAL and pGL4.24-DR4. None of the six brominated flame retardants tested, namely, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), 2,2′,4,4′-tetra-bromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), 2,2′,4,4′,6-penta-bromodiphenyl ether (BDE-100), 2,2′,3,4,4′,5′,6-hepta-bromodiphenyl ether (BDE-183) and deca-bromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) had an agonistic effect on zfTRα and zfTRβ activity. These results are consistent with our previous finding which suggests that altered TH homeostasis may be a result of increased metabolism and excretion of THs and/or changes in the production of TH by the thyroid follicles. In conclusion, this investigative work aids the understanding of fundamental TH processes in fish, such as gene expression and regulation, and increases our understanding of the mechanisms and potential targets of BFRs in fish.

A água constitui um dos compostos de maior distribuição e importância na crosta terrestre. Sua importância para vida está no fato de que nenhum processo metabólico ocorre sem a sua ação direta ou indireta. Entre os vários compostos contaminantes dos ambientes aquáticos, os hormônios, estrógenos naturais e sintéticos, devem ser vistos com uma maior importância, devido a sua persistência no ambiente. O 17α-etinilestradiol (EE2) é um hormônio sintético utilizado na formulação de contraceptivos orais, transdérmico e injetáveis. O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar o efeito do hormônio sintético 17α-etinilestradiol sobre a biologia do invertebrado aquático Chironomus sancticaroli analisando três gerações do ciclo de vida da espécie. Nos experimentos foram utilizados areia fina comum (lavada em água corrente, seca em estufa a 60ºC e levada a mufla por 4 horas a 560ºC) e água deionizada (condutividade entre 25-55 μS.cm-1, dureza entre 12 e 16 mg.L-1 para CaCO3, pH entre 6,5 a 7,5). Foram realizadas 4 réplicas utilizando-se potes de 2 litros para cada concentração do hormônio e para o controle. Para os testes, foram colocadas 15 larvas, contendo 60 g de areia de cultivo e 240 ml de solução contendo 17α-etinilestradiol (na proporção 1:4, sedimento-solução) nas concentrações de 50; 100; 200; 400; 800 e 1600 μg.L-1, e fotoperíodo de 12h luz/ 12 h escuro e com temperatura de 22 a 26ºC. Os testes agudos foram realizados utilizando-se larvas de IV ínstar sem aeração e os testes crônicos foram realizados utilizando-se larvas de I ínstar com aeração. Os organismos foram alimentados com 5 ml de uma solução contendo 1 litro de água deionizada e 5,0 g de ração para peixe triturada (TetraMin®). O teste realizado foi estático, ou seja, a solução não era trocada do início ao fim do teste de cada geração F1, F2 e F3. Em testes agudos (96h) os resultados mostraram que o composto em estudo não apresenta toxicidade. Nos testes crônicos apenas a terceira geração mostrou uma baixa sobrevivência (43,3 a 56,6%) indicando toxicidade do composto ao organismo-teste, o que foi confirmado pelo teste ANOVA one-way com p ≤ 0,05. O tempo de emergência do organismo na terceira geração foi de 22 dias, havendo um atraso de cinco dias em comparação aos demais tratamentos, indicando que o composto testado pode influenciar no tempo de desenvolvimento do organismo-teste. Na análise da fecundidade potencial, os testes estatísticos indicaram haver uma diferença significativa entre os tratamentos e o controle somente na terceira geração, o que se pode inferir que o composto testado interfere na fecundidade potencial do Chironomus sancticaroli. Não foram encontradas deformidades bucais nas larvas nas três gerações analisadas. Para tanto, faz-se necessários estudos posteriores, visando um número maior de organismos (n ≥ 100) em um número maior de gerações, para que os resultados sejam mais conclusivos no que diz respeito a interferência do composto testado sobre a biologia do Chironomus sancticaroli. / Water is one of the compounds of great distribution and importance in the Earth\'s. Its importance to life lies in the fact that no metabolic process occurs without its direct or indirect action. Among the various contaminating compounds in aquatic environments, hormones, natural and synthetic estrogens, should be viewed with great importance because of their persistence in the environment. 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) is a synthetic hormone used in the formulation of oral, transdermal, and injectable contraceptives. The present study aims to analyze the effect of the synthetic hormone 17α-ethinylestradiol on the biology of the aquatic invertebrate Chironomus sancticaroli analyzing three generations of life cycle. In the experiments, common fine sand was used (washed with deionized water, oven dried at 60ºC and muffled for 4 hours at 560ºC) and deionized water (conductivity between 25-55 μS.cm-1, hardness between 12 and 16 mg.L-1 for CaCO3, and pH between 6.5 to 7.5). Four replicates were performed using 2-liter pots for each concentration of the hormone and for the control. For the tests, 15 larvae, containing 60 g of sand and 240 ml of solution containing 17α- ethinylestradiol (1:4, sediment solution) in the concentrations of 50; 100; 200; 400; 800 and 1600 μg.L-1, and photoperiod of 12h light/12h dark and with a temperature of 22 to 26ºC. The acute tests were performed using III larvae instar without aeration and the chronic tests were performed using I instar larvae with aeration. The organisms were fed with 5 ml of a solution containing 1 liter of deionized water and 5.0 g of crushed fish feed (TetraMin®). The test performed was static, were the solution was not changed from the beginning to the end of the test of each F1, F2 and F3 generation. In acute tests (96h) the results showed that the compound under study shows no toxicity. In chronic tests only the third generation showed a low survival (43.3 to 56.6%) indicating toxicity to the test organism, which was confirmed by the one-way ANOVA test with p ≤ 0.05. The adult emergency of the organism in the third generation was of 22 days, with a delay of five days in comparison to the other treatments, indicating that the compound tested influences development. In the analysis of potential fecundity, the statistical tests indicated that there was a significant difference between the treatments and the control only in the third generation, which can be inferred that the tested compound interferes in the potential fecundity of Chironomus sancticaroli. No oral deformities were found in the larvae in the three generations analyzed. In order to do so, further studies are required, aiming at a larger number of organisms (n ≥ 100) in a larger number of generations, so that the results are more conclusive with respect to the interference of the tested compound on the biology of Chironomus sancticaroli.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T14:38:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 louise.pdf: 1784422 bytes, checksum: 60f4897ec789c94dd1c7ec0eda64a208 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / 1. The size spectrum associates the abundance of individuals with the size of their body. The main objective was to investigate the influence of reservoir operation regime on the process of energy transfer in fishes assemblage, testing the hypothesis that the reservoir operation modify the spatial variability of the slopes of the size spectra. 2. For this, samples were carried out the period from January 2005 to December 2007. Data were obtained in eight reservoir with different operation regime, located in the state of Paraná, southern Brazil. To calculate the slopes of fish size spectra we used Pareto I model. The effects of operation regime on the size spectra were evaluate from the paired t test. 3. The results showed that the reservoir operation regime presents significant effect on the size spectra of the fish assemblages, wherein the slopes of spectra indicated that the reservoirs tend to present higher proportions of the small individuals. This effect were more pronounced in the reservoirs that operate in accumulation, indicating less efficient energy transfer through food webs in these environments / O espectro de tamanho associa a abundância de indivíduos com o tamanho do corpo destes. O objetivo principal foi investigar o efeito do regime de operação de reservatórios, sobre o processo de transferência de energia em assembleias ictiícas, testando-se a hipótese de que o regime de operação do reservatório altera a variabilidade espacial das inclinações dos espectros de tamanho, influenciando o fluxo de energia nos distintos reservatórios. Para isso, as amostras foram coletadas no período de janeiro de 2005 a dezembro de 2007. Os dados foram obtidos de oito reservatórios, com diferentes regimes de operação localizados no estado do Paraná, região sul do Brasil. Para calcular as inclinações dos espectros de tamanho de peixes foi utilizado um modelo de Pareto tipo I. Os efeitos dos regimes de operação sobre os espectros de tamanho foram avaliados através do Teste t pareado. Com a análise dos resultados evidenciou-se que o regime de operação do reservatório apresenta efeito significativo sobre os espectros de tamanho das assembleias de peixes, sendo que as inclinações dos espectros indicaram que os reservatórios tendem a apresentar maiores proporções de indivíduos pequenos, sendo esse efeito mais pronunciado nos reservatórios que operam em regime de acumulação, indicando menor eficiência na transferência de energia nesses ambientes

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-06T17:07:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leticia Carneiro.pdf: 3734746 bytes, checksum: a0b78adbb08c5dd544e613943f5c3d68 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Walking backwards is part of many daily activities such as sitting in a chair and crossing the street, and is also present in sport activities. The aim of this study was to analyze the biomechanical and motor behavior characteristics of walking backwards and forwards of adults in water and on land. The sample was composed of 22 adult subjects (11 women and 11 men). Before the data collection the researchers carried out anthropometrical measurements and placed markers at some anatomical landmarks: lateral of the trunk, greater trochanter, the lateral knee epicondyle, the lateral malleolus and the fifth metatarsal head of the right lower limb. Data collection procedures were the same for both conditions, in water and land. The level of immersion in the water was set at the height of the subjects xiphoid process. The subjects perform 10 valid trials in each direction at a self-selected speed, over a 7,5m-walkway containing a force plate. The force plate provided data for the vertical ground reaction forces (VGRF). The trials in both directions were recorded in the sagittal plane with a digital video camera 60 Hz. To edit the images and digitize the anatomical points, the APAS software was used. These processes were accomplished to obtain the hip, knee and ankle joint angles and the relative phases. Walking speed was measured with a system composed of a synchronized electronic stopwatch and two photocell timing lights. An analysis of covariance was carried out which considered the four situations and the speed was included as a covariate. For the walking backwards on land it was observed that the values of the first force peak were greater than the values of the second force peak. In the water, the peak values were similar and there was a load reduction of approximately 68%. The displacement curves of the ankle, knee and hip joints were similar between both conditions and the main differences were observed for the ankle joint. There was smaller plantar flexion during the walking backwards in both environments and the range of movement was greater in the walking backwards in the water. In walking forwards in water, it was observed that there were greater knee and hip angles during the initial contact and during maximum flexion. The maximum hip extension was greater in the walking forwards on land and less in the walking backwards in water. The analyses of the relative phases showed that the main differences in the leg-thigh relationships were observed between the direction of walking, but there were no differences between the conditios. The curves of the relative phases of the walking forwards and of walking backwards were similar but they were reversed. The results of this study provided some scientific bases for health professionals who prescribe the walking training as a form of physical conditioning or as therapeutic exercises. The variations in the tasks and the environments are important strateges for the improvement of abilities. / A marcha para trás esta embutida em inúmeras atividades diárias como sentar-se em uma cadeira, atravessar uma rua movimentada e na prática de esportes coletivos. Assim, o propósito desse estudo foi analisar através de ferramentas biomecânicas o comportamento motor da marcha para frente e para trás de adultos no ambiente terrestre e aquático. A amostra foi composta por 22 indivíduos adultos (11 mulheres e 11 homens). Antes de iniciar os testes os pesquisadores realizaram as avaliações antropométicas e marcaram os pontos anatômicos: lateral do tronco, trocânter maior, epicôndilo lateral do joelho, maléolo lateral e quinto metatarso no membro inferior direito dos sujeitos. O procedimento da coleta de dados foi o mesmo para os dois ambientes, sendo que no ambiente aquático o nível de imersão foi no processo xifóide. Os sujeitos realizaram 10 passagens válidas nas duas direções de marcha, em velocidade auto-selecionada, sobre uma passarela 7,5m que apresentava no centro a plataforma de força. A plataforma forneceu dados da curva de força vertical de reação do solo (FVRS). O procedimento da caminhada em ambas as direções e ambientes foi registrado no plano sagital através de uma câmera filmadora digital com freqüência de 60 Hz. As imagens foram editadas e os pontos anatômicos digitalizados através do software APAS para obtenção dos ângulos articulares do quadril, joelho e tornozelo e para obtenção da fase relativa. A velocidade foi medida através de fotocélulas que estavam conectadas a um cronômetro. Para análise estatística foi utilizada a análise de co-variância (ANCOVA), para as quatro situações do estudo, tendo a velocidade como co-variável. Os resultados indicaram que na marcha para trás aconteceu um maior primeiro pico de força (PPF) no ambiente terrestre. No ambiente aquático, foram observadas semelhança entre os picos e redução dos valores da FVRS em ~68%. A morfologia das curvas de deslocamento articular do tornozelo, joelho e quadril foram semelhantes entre as condições, sendo que o tornozelo apresentou as maiores diferenças. A articulação do tornozelo teve menor plantiflexão na marcha para trás nos dois ambientes e maior amplitude de movimento (ADM) na marcha para trás na água. A articulação do joelho apresentou maiores valores angulares durante o contato inicial e maior máxima flexão na marcha para frente no ambiente aquático. O quadril mostrou maiores ângulos no contato inicial, maior máxima flexão e maior ADM na marcha para frente no ambiente aquático. Sendo que a máxima extensão do quadril foi maior na marcha para frente no solo e menor na marcha para trás na água. A análise da fase relativa revelou que as maiores diferenças na relação dos segmentos perna-coxa foram observadas entre as direções de marcha, havendo poucas diferenças entre os ambientes. As curvas da fase relativa foram semelhantes, mais invertidas entre a marcha para frente e para trás. Os resultados desta pesquisa proporcionaram maior embasamento científico para os profissionais da saúde que prescrevem o treinamento da marcha como exercício físico ou terapêutico, sendo que a variação da tarefa e do ambiente são recursos importantes na melhora das habilidades.

Aging is associated with multiple anatomical and physiological changes that can lead to disability, bone fragility and osteoporosis. It is known that exercise can help improve bone mineral density (BMD). The objective of this study was to compare the BMD of elders that practices aquatic exercise, for at least three years, with elders not practitioners of physical exercise. The sample was 67, allocated in two groups: Practitioner Aquatic Exercise (PH, n = 30) and Non-Practitioner Physical Activity (NP, n = 37). Data collection was conducted in May 2014 at the Clinic CEMISE in Aracaju. The assessment instruments were: SF-36, IPAQ, Functional Independence Measure (FIM) and DEXA. For statistical analysis, the Shapiro-Wilk test was used, chi-square,tthe Student, Mann-Whitney and Anova two way test (p < 0.05). When comparing 2011 and 2014, it was found that the PH group showed a significant increase in BMD in the total femur (p < 0.001); while the NP, a decrease (p < 0.001); PH group had, in 2014, BMD higher in total femur (p < 0.001) than the NP. There was no significant difference between groups in the eight domains of SF-36 as well as in MIF (p = 0.590). IPAQ´ value in PH was significantly higher than in NP group (p < 0.001). It is concluded that older practitioners of aquatics exercises had higher BMD only in total femur segment, as well as level of physical exercise. However the quality of life and functional independence of both groups were similar. / O envelhecimento está associado a várias mudanças anatômicas e fisiológicas que podem levar à incapacidade, fragilidade óssea e osteoporose. É sabido que o exercício pode contribuir para a melhora da densidade mineral óssea (DMO). O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a DMO de idosas que praticam exercício aquático, há no mínimo três anos, com idosas não praticantes de exercício físico. A amostra teve 67 idosas, alocadas em dois grupos: Praticante de Hidroginástica (PH, n = 30) e Não Praticante de Exercício Físico (NP, n = 37). A coleta foi realizada em maio de 2014 na Clínica CEMISE, em Aracaju. Os instrumentos de avaliação foram: SF-36, IPAQ, Medida de Independência Funcional (MIF) e DEXA. Para a análise estatística, foram utilizados os testes de Shapiro-Wilk, qui-quadrado, tde Student,Mann-Whitney e Anova twoway (p < 0,05). Quando comparados os anos de 2011 e 2014, verificou-se que o grupo PH apresentou aumento significativo da DMO no fêmur total (p < 0,001); enquanto o NP, uma diminuição (p < 0,001); o grupo PH apresentou, em 2014, DMO no fêmur total mais elevada (p < 0,001) que o NP. Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos nem em relação aos oito domínios do SF-36 e nem na análise da MIF (p = 0,590). O valor do IPAQ foi significativamente mais elevado no PH do que no NP (p < 0,001). Conclui-se que as idosas praticantes de hidroginástica apresentaram valores mais elevados de DMO apenas no segmento fêmur total, assim como um maior nível de atividade física quando comparadas às idosas não praticantes de exercício físico. Já a qualidade de vida e a independência funcional de ambos os grupos foram similares.

Orientador: Aguinaldo Gonçalves / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Fisica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T10:04:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pasetti_SergioRicardo_D.pdf: 2421070 bytes, checksum: b0d265761a5419e2d5413a223a2a5241 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: A obesidade, considerada um dos maiores problemas de saúde pública, favorece o surgimento de diversas doenças crônico-degenerativas. O combate ao agravo apresentado envolve cirurgias bariátricas, fármacos, restrições calóricas e atividade física sistematizada (AFS). Programas para controle do peso podem incluir movimentos cadenciados por tempo prolongado ou de forma intermitente, denominados treinamento contínuo (TC) e intervalado (TI), respectivamente. Exercícios realizados em ambiente aquático proporcionam maiores atrativos por aumentar o dispêndio de energia e apresentar redução de impacto. Entre as atividades em meio líquido há a Corrida em Piscina Funda (CPF), em que o indivíduo utiliza flutuador preso à cintura permitindo desempenhar o movimento de corrida na água sem contato com o chão. Em estudo experimental com trinta mulheres, entre 34 a 58 anos de idade, investigaram-se os efeitos do TC versus TI, através da CPF, para controle e prevenção do acúmulo excessivo de adipócitos, sem restrição alimentar, melhoria da condição física e da Qualidade de Vida (QV) e possíveis correlações de tais mudanças com indicadores dermatoglíficos de aptidão física (IDA). A intervenção teve duração de doze semanas, com três sessões semanais de 47 minutos de duração. Verificaram-se o percentual de gordura (%GC), flexibilidade, forças manual e toracolombar, condição cardiorrespiratória, QV e IDA. Aplicaram-se os testes estatísticos t de Student, o não paramétrico de Wilcoxon e o coeficiente de Spearman. Discussões a 5% de significância. Resultados indicam diminuição do %GC (p<0,001), aprimoramento da flexibilidade (p<0,001), da tração toracolombar (p<0,01) e da cadência (p=0,005). Na QV houve avanços nos quatro domínios (p=0,05) do questionário da Organização Mundial da Saúde. Observou-se também que idade e cadência não interferem na evolução das variáveis investigadas após o programa proposto. Para IDA obteve-se associação entre: i) com peso e cadência com contagem de linhas da mão direita (p<0,05); ii) %CG e ângulo atd unilateral esquerdo (p<0,05); iii) massa corpórea, cadência e tração toracolombar com contagem total de linhas digitais das duas mãos; iv) flexibilidade e número de linhas a-b (p<0,05) e v) condição cardiorrespiratória com número de linhas A'-d da mãos direita e esquerda (p<0,05 e p<0,01, respectivamente). Concluindo, a CPF mostra-se interessante por oferecer mudanças da composição corporal tanto para aquelas que realizaram o TC quanto o TI. O TI propicia o dobro de redução do %GC e maior ganho da condição cardiorrespiratória, quando comparado ao TC. Para as demais capacidades biomotoras e QV não se observam diferenças entre TC e TI. Nem a faixa etária do praticante nem o tipo de treinamento limitam os benefícios alcançados para aptidão física e QV. Têm-se a contagem de linhas da mão direta (RRC) e de ambas as mãos (TRC), contagem de linhas a-b e A'-d e ângulo atd como IDA da população investigada. / Abstract: Obesity, considered one of the greatest problems of public health, favors the appearance of various chronic-degenerative diseases. Fighting the problem presented involves bariatric surgical, pharmacological treatment, caloric restriction and systemized physical activity (SPA). Control weight programs may include cadenced movements for a long period of time or in intermittent way, named as continuous (CT) and interval training (IT). Exercises in aquatic environments proportionate greater attraction because they increase the waste of energy and present impact reduction. Among the activities in aquatic environments, is deep water running (DWR), in which a person uses a float tied to his/her waist, allowing running movements in water, without contact with the bottom of the pool. In a experimental study with thirty women between 34 and 58 years-old, the effects of CT versus IT were investigated, through the DWR, to control and prevent the excessive accumulation of adiposities, without eating restriction, evolution of the physical condition and Quality of Life, (QOL) and possible correlations of these changes with dermatoglyphic indicators of physical aptitude. The intervention lasted for twelve weeks, with three weekly sessions of 47 minutes. Body fat percentage (%BF), flexibility, manual strength, thoracolumbar strength, cardio-respiratory condition, QOL e IDA. Statistically, the Student t test, the Wilcoxon non-parametric, and the Spearman coefficient tests were applied. Significance 5%-level was adopted. Results indicate the decrease of %BF (p<0,001), the improvement of flexibility (p<0,001), of the thoracolumbar strength (p<0,01) and of cadence (p=0,005). In the QOL there were advances in the four domains (p=0,05) of the questionnaire of the World Health Organization. Age and cadence were also observed, and don't interfere in the evolution of the variables investigated after the proposed program. For the IDA there was an association between: i) weight and cadence when counting right hand lines (p<0,05); ii) %BF and atd unilateral angle (p<0,05); iii) body mass, cadence and thoracolumbar strength when counting the total of digital lines of both hands; iv) flexibility and number of lines a-b (p<0,05) e v) cardiorespiratory condition with the number of lines A'-d of the right and left hands (p<0,05 e p<0,01). Conclusively, DWR seems to be interesting because it offers changes in the body composition, for those that went through the CT and the IT. The IT causes double the reduction of %BF and greater gain of the cardio-respiratory condition, when compared to the CT. For the other physical capacities and QOL, diferences between the CT and IT were not observed. The age range, the type of training, do not limit the benefits reached for physical aptitude and QOL. The counting of lines of the right hand (RRC) and of both hands (TRC), the counting of lines a-b and A'-d and atd angle as the IDA of the population studied, were obtained. / Doutorado / Ciencia do Desporto / Doutor em Educação Física