Centrado em dezessete fragmentos da mélica grega arcaica (final do século VII a meados do VI a.C.), este trabalho consiste no estudo da representação de Afrodite nos poetas Álcman, Alceu, Estesícoro, Íbico e Anacreonte. Desse modo, esta tese de doutoramento dá continuidade à dissertação de mestrado já publicada em livro, na qual realizei o mesmo estudo em catorze fragmentos mélicos de Safo (c. 630 - 580 a.C.). Com o recorte agora realizado, o retrato da deusa torna-se ainda mais multifacetado neste que é um dos gêneros poéticos mais importantes da literatura grega antiga, a mélica. Na busca de apreender os movimentos executados nos desenhos de Afrodite pelos cinco poetas mélicos do corpus desta tese, privilegiei a análise interpretativa dos fragmentos sem perder de vista elementos provenientes de outros gêneros poéticos, da iconografia e de registros extraliterários. Procurei, assim, superar, na medida do possível, a precariedade material mais ou menos acentuada das canções fragmentárias e dar conta de uma personagem que não pertence exclusivamente à poesia, mas também a outros gêneros artísticos, à história e à religião gregas. / Concentrated on seventeen fragments of the archaic Greek melic poetry (end of 7th to the middle of 6th centuries B.C.), this work consists in the study of Aphrodites representation in the songs of Alcman, Alcaeus, Stesichorus, Ibycus and Anacreon. Thus, the present graduation thesis gives sequence to the Masters dissertation that has already been published as a book, and in which fourteen melic fragments of Sappho (c. 630 - 580 B.C.) are studied according to the same approach. Now, in this work, the goddesss portrait is even more enhanced in its multiple aspects, despite being fragmented, and inserted in one of the most important genres of ancient Greek literature set within a specific historic period. In the effort to apprehend the movements executed in the drawings of Aphrodite by the five poets in the corpus of this thesis, I have favored the interpretative analysis of the fragments without overlooking the elements originated from other poetic genres, iconographic tradition and extra-literary records. By doing so, I have attempted to overcome, as much as possible, the precariousness of the material, somewhat more or less evident in the fragmented songs, and to understand in-depth a divine character that is not confined to poetry, but pertains to other artistic genres, as well as to Greek history and religion.

Qu'il s'agisse d'Hérodote, Thucydide ou Strabon, de nombreux auteurs anciens se sont accordés sur la richesse proverbiale de Samos. La richesse et la prospérité de Samos, notamment du temps du tyran Polycrate, s'imposent comme un topos de l'historiographie ancienne. Une fois cette tradition transmise jusqu'à nous, on a cru pouvoir ou devoir affranchir la mention de l'épanouissement économique samien des précisions nécessaires pour en comprendre l'origine, la nature, les modalités ou encore les limites. En effet, pourquoi chercher à préciser ce qui de toute manière fait consensus chez les Anciens et ce dont l'Héraion est le témoin le plus emblématique ? Ce travail de recherche propose non plus l'illustration de la prospérité économique samienne, mais l'examen des données permettant de dresser un profil de l'économie samienne aux Vie et Ve siècles a.C. Entre les tyrannies samiennes du Vie siècle et la domination athénienne du Ve siècle, cette période semble particulièrement propice à l'examen des changements intervenant dans la vie économique samienne. Ce projet vise à rassembler les informations (littéraires, archéologiques, épigraphiques et numismatiques) pour faire une histoire des économies samiennes. Dans la lignée des travaux de la Nouvelle Économie Institutionnelle (NEI), ce travail propose de placer le groupe samien et ses choix institutionnels au coeur de l'étude. Comment les Samiens entendent-ils gérer la rareté et l'incertitude ? Quelles stratégies mettent-ils en oeuvre ? Quels modes d'organisation économique connaissent-ils ? En particulier, cette thèse traite de la question foncière à Samos, des processus par lesquels les Samiens réussissent à intégrer différents réseaux d'échanges et enfin des différents modes de coordination qui règlent la vie économique samienne aux Vle et Ve siècles a.C. / In the manner of Herodotus, Thucydides and Strabon, a lot of ancient authors stress the amazing wealth of Samos in antiquity. The wealth and prosperity of Samos, especially during the tyrant Polycrates' period, became by the way one topos of the ancient historiography. Once this tradition reaching us, one thought that it was not necessary to explain the origine, nature, conditions or limits of the economic flourishing of the Samians behind that topos. Indeed, why should we try to specify what formed anyway a consensus for the Ancients and whose Heraion was the most emblematic witness ? This work of research aims, no more the illustration of the samian economic prosperity, but a discussion of the data available to reach a more accurate view of it during the Vlth and Vth centuries B.C. This period, between samian tyrannies of the VIth century and the athenian domination of the Vth century, seems opportune to examine the economic changes occuring in the economic life of Samos. This project consists in the gathering and discussing of the most pertinent available informations (literary, archaeological, epigraphical and numismatical) to make a history of samian economies. Following the highly stimulating works of the New Institutions Economics (NIE), this project proposes to focus the study on the samian group and its institutionnal choices and options. How do the Samians deal with the scarcity of goods ? What kind of strategies do they enforce ? What economic ways do they know ? Particularly, this thesis is dealing with the land-question at Samos, then, with the ways by which the Samians succeed in integrating differents networks of exchange and, finally, what types of coordination regulate the samian economic life in the Vlth and Vth centuries.

This thesis addresses the relatively narrow understanding of simple polyphony in music history. Using three examples, I provide a survey, mostly of secondary literature available in English, and offer an overview of the use of simple polyphony in three different places and time periods in Western Europe during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. More specifically, I examine the music of the Devotio Moderna in the Low Countries and Northern Germany during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the Llibre Vermell and Iberian pilgrim culture in the fourteenth century, and the laude and processional genres in Northern Italy during the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth centuries. My purpose is to bring the topic of simple polyphony—significant despite its simplicity—back to the center of the music history narrative.

Estudos atuais atribuem à ocasião de performance um papel importante na interpretação da poesia grega arcaica. No que concerne à maior parte da poesia elegíca desse período, convencionou-se estabelecer que o simpósio foi o local de seu aparecimento e difusão. A tese propõe uma investigação acerca do maior corpus de elegias supérstite, a Teognideia, a fim de identificar nele traços composicionais de uma produção elegíaca destinada exclusivamente para essa ocasião de performance. Uma leitura das elegias 19-26 e 237-254 permitiu-nos verificar as práticas poéticas atribuídas a Teógnis e a identidade destas com o simpósio, e possibilitou uma leitura mais abrangente do corpus, que visou avaliar em que medida o livro de poemas de Teógnis poderia revelar traços de uma organização simposial. Procurou-se assim encarecer uma visão que mostra o simpósio como um dos elementos que pautou a formação de parte da Teognideia, e que determinava a estrutura e os expedientes do gênero elegíaco arcaico. / Current studies ascribe to the occasion of performance an important role in the interpretation of archaic greek poetry. With regard to most of the elegiac poetry of this time, the symposium appears as its favoured setting and place of its diffusion. This work investigates the widest corpus of surviving elegies, the Theognidea, in order to find traces of the symposium as a compositional feature to elegiac compositions. The study of verses 19-26 and 237-254 allowed us to verify the poetic practices attributed to Theognis and their identity with the symposium. It led us to a more compreehensive reading of the corpus, which aimed to evaluate to what extent Theognis book could reveal traces of symposiastic organization. Thus, this graduation thesis intended to highlight the symposium as one of the aspects that guided the formation of Theognidea and establishes structures and procedures to archaic greek elegy.

Estudos atuais atribuem à ocasião de performance um papel importante na interpretação da poesia grega arcaica. No que concerne à maior parte da poesia elegíca desse período, convencionou-se estabelecer que o simpósio foi o local de seu aparecimento e difusão. A tese propõe uma investigação acerca do maior corpus de elegias supérstite, a Teognideia, a fim de identificar nele traços composicionais de uma produção elegíaca destinada exclusivamente para essa ocasião de performance. Uma leitura das elegias 19-26 e 237-254 permitiu-nos verificar as práticas poéticas atribuídas a Teógnis e a identidade destas com o simpósio, e possibilitou uma leitura mais abrangente do corpus, que visou avaliar em que medida o livro de poemas de Teógnis poderia revelar traços de uma organização simposial. Procurou-se assim encarecer uma visão que mostra o simpósio como um dos elementos que pautou a formação de parte da Teognideia, e que determinava a estrutura e os expedientes do gênero elegíaco arcaico. / Current studies ascribe to the occasion of performance an important role in the interpretation of archaic greek poetry. With regard to most of the elegiac poetry of this time, the symposium appears as its favoured setting and place of its diffusion. This work investigates the widest corpus of surviving elegies, the Theognidea, in order to find traces of the symposium as a compositional feature to elegiac compositions. The study of verses 19-26 and 237-254 allowed us to verify the poetic practices attributed to Theognis and their identity with the symposium. It led us to a more compreehensive reading of the corpus, which aimed to evaluate to what extent Theognis book could reveal traces of symposiastic organization. Thus, this graduation thesis intended to highlight the symposium as one of the aspects that guided the formation of Theognidea and establishes structures and procedures to archaic greek elegy.

This thesis aims to construct a historical narrative for the region of the north-eastern Aegean (NEA) during the Early Iron Age (1050-700 BCE) and the early Archaic period (7^th century BCE) based primarily on archaeological evidence. Its goals are to investigate the most distinctive material culture elements for the studied period; to explore themes of continuity and connectivity between regions; to trace large- and smaller-scale population movements; to discuss how early communities perceived themselves and each other; and to investigate the social structure and organisation of these communities. Evidence from settlement sites, funerary contexts, and sanctuaries are presented in the first three chapters in that order. Following that, the final chapter presents the primary, overarching conclusions of the thesis, in four sub-chapters. Firstly, it is argued that the NEA was characterised by relative cultural continuity from the Late Bronze Age to well within the Archaic period: when new elements were introduced, they were, generally, integrated into earlier paradigms. Secondly, evidence is provided for an increase in connectivity and maritime traffic peaks during the late 8^th century BCE; shortly afterwards, new population groups from the central and southern Aegean arrived in the NEA, and seem to have cohabited relatively peacefully with earlier populations. Thirdly, it is posited that there is little evidence for overarching NEA regional identities before the 6^th century BCE: communities appear to have developed local identities, through association with specific sites and through references to the communal past in cult practice and funerary contexts. Finally, it is argued that social elites were markedly active in NEA communities of studied period: there is considerable evidence for socially exclusive groups, primarily in funerary and ritual contexts. The thesis concludes with a short chapter containing the author's closing remarks.

La séquence culturelle régionale de l’Archaïque supérieur et terminal de la vallée de l’Outaouais n’est pas complétée, mais les variations stylistiques, technologiques et fonctionnelles des artéfacts sur le plan régional et local facilitent le découpage culturel. La reconstruction de la chaîne opératoire des haches, des herminettes et des gouges en pierre polie des sites Muldoon et Lamoureux, deux sites du sud-est ontarien, pourrait permettre de déceler une tradition technologique régionale à cheval entre l’Archaïque laurentien, l’Archaïque post-laurentien et d’autres courants des Grands Lacs. L’analyse des haches, des herminettes et des gouges des sites Muldoon et Lamoureux démontre l’utilisation massive de l’amphibolite. La moitié distale de ces outils est surtout polie et finement abrasée et la moitié proximale souvent éclatée, mais parfois abrasée. Ces éléments technologiques et l’industrie de pierre taillée démontrent des ressemblances et des différences avec les sites laurentiens de la région, et certains sites post-laurentiens du Québec et de l’Ontario méridional. Le matériel en pierre polie des sites Muldoon et Lamoureux démontre des liens technologiques vers l’Ouest tout en gardant un contact avec la sphère d’interaction postlaurentienne. La vallée de l’Outaouais semble alors prendre une place indépendante dans l’Archaïque supérieur, certaines continuités technologiques s’observent entre l’Archaïque laurentien et l’Archaïque post-laurentien. / The Late and Terminal Archaic cultural sequence of the Ottawa Valley region is not well defined. Definition of cultural boundaries should be based on stylistic, technological and functional variations, on a regional and local scale. The “chaîne opératoire” reconstruction of ground stone celts and gouges from the Muldoon and Lamoureux sites could lead to the recognition of a regional technological tradition linked to the Laurentian Archaic, the Post-Laurentian Archaic (Narrow Point) and other cultural trends from the Great Lakes. The analysis of celts and gouges from Muldoon and Lamoureux show a massive use of amphibolite. The distal half of these tools is mostly finely abraded and polished. The proximal half is frequently broken off, but sometimes abraded. These technological traits prove to have some resemblances and differences with Laurentian sites in the Ottawa Valley and some Post-laurentian sites in southern Quebec and Ontario. The ground stone material from these sites shows several links towards the west while participating in the Post-Laurentian Archaic interaction sphere. The Ottawa valley seems therefore to take an independent place in the Late Archaic, as technologic continuities are seen between Laurentian and Post-Laurentian assemblages.

O trabalho analisa um conjunto de fragmentos de Safo e Alceu em busca de resquícios da poesia praticada pelos povos indo-europeus. A análise parte da comparação entre aspectos da poesia de ambos autores dentro do contexto mais amplo da poesia de culturas de origem indo-europeia, centrando-se em aspectos de dicção, fórmulas, métrica e uma mitologia comum. Com isso, descobrem-se amplos laços de contato entre a poesia dos autores lésbios com diversas tradições poéticas, tais como a indiana, a iraniana, a irlandesa, a germânica, dentre outras. Além disso, o trabalho toca um pouco em um aspecto correlato, que são as relações entre a poesia lésbia e outras tradições poéticas gregas, especialmente a épica, representada por Homero. Por fim, conclui-se que a poesia lésbia se centra dentro de uma firme tradição indoeuropeia comum a toda a poesia grega, recebida diferentemente por cada um dos dois poetas: de maneira mais conservadora para Alceu, e Safo, em diversos momentos, ressignificando essa tradição, sem contudo se afastar dela. / This work investigates a group of fragments by the Lesbian poets Sappho and Alcaeus in search of relics from the poetry of the ancient Indo-European people. The investigation starts from the comparison between aspects of the poetry of both poets in the wider context of poetry of Indo-European origin, focusing on aspects of diction, formulae, metrics and a common inherited mythology. Numerous links are discussed between the Lesbian poets and several poetic traditions such as Indian, Iranian, Irish, Germanic, among others. Besides, this work touches a correlate point by screening the relations between Lesbian and other Greek poetic traditions, specially epic, as represented by Homer. At last, the conclusion is that Lesbian poetry represents a firm Indo-European poetic tradition, one that is common to all Greek poetry and received differently by each of both poets: more conservatively by Alcaeus, and Sappho, in several moments reshaping this tradition without distancing itself from it.

This research describes a large, newly-recorded archaeological site in the Upper Apalachicola River valley, northwest Florida, and a private collection of artifacts from it, as well as test excavations, three-dimensional modeling, clay/pottery sourcing through chemical analysis, and direct radiocarbon dating of ceramics to relate the site with regional archaeological chronologies and settlement patterns. A University of South Florida (USF) 2013 field school conducted excavations at the multicomponent midden on the western floodplain of the Apalachicola River called the McKinnie site (8JA1869). Students collaborated with a local collector and family members to learn about the site's history. Data from the collection and excavations show that the site was inhabited through four thousand years of prehistory, serving as a rich seasonal resource base for local people in the area starting in the Middle Archaic Period, and as a small place of occupation during the Woodland Period, until people moved out into the river valley to live in farming villages. We also investigated a series of fascinating features, stored in the private collection and excavated by USF, which may have been intentionally buried at the site up to 5500 years ago. They may be evidence of some ancient ochre processing to obtain pigments, or some other special activity.

In 2002 and 2003, the Institute of Nautical Archaeology excavated the remains of an East Greek ship that sank off the coast of Pabuç Burnu, Turkey, sometime in the second quarter of the sixth century B.C. The scant remains of the vessel’s hull have provided the first archaeological evidence for laced shipbuilding in the Aegean. The diagnostic features preserved in the hull fragments are consistent with those of Greek laced construction, as evidenced in other shipwrecks from the same period found in the western Mediterranean. The planking joinery included edge inserts, or coaks, between the planking strakes and ligatures laced through oblique holes drilled along the sides of the planks through tetrahedral notches. The ship’s framing consisted of pre-fashioned made-frames alternating, on the upper sides of the hull, with top-timbers. The frames had trapezoidal sections, were notched over the planking seams on their underside, and were lashed to the hull. The top-timbers had rectangular sections and were both lashed and treenailed to the planking. Notable in this vessel’s construction is the use of tenons as coaks in its original construction, the earliest example of tenon usage in Greek shipbuilding. The hull’s construction features are virtually identical to those of the Cala Sant Vicenç wreck in Majorca, and mostly similar as well to those of wreck 1 at Gela. The Pabuç Burnu and Cala Sant Vicenç ships are further similar in the use of traditional cylindrical dowel coaks for making repairs to the hull, wherein they are inserted obliquely along one side through the face of the replacement plank. These features testify to a critical phase in Greek shipbuilding when tenons replaced dowels as coaks in laced construction, paving the way for the eventual supplanting of lacing by pegged mortise-and-tenon joinery. Furthermore, examination and comparison of numerous construction details of these and other Greek shipwrecks from the sixth through fourth centuries B.C. suggest that mortise-and-tenon technology could have evolved naturally within the Greek tradition of laced construction, rather than being incorporated directly from some foreign—most likely Phoenician—shipbuilding method.