This study utilizes occlusal dental microwear analysis to investigate dietary texture in a sample of Archaic period (~10,000-3,000 B.P.) and Woodland period (~3,000-950 B.P.) Native American human remains from the Carrier Mills Archaeological District (Saline County, Illinois). Molar teeth from thirty individuals were examined in a scanning electron microscope at 500x, and the number of pits and scratches were quantified. Four variables were analyzed: number of pits, number of scratches, total number of features, and the pit/scratch ratio. These four variables were used to compare differences in dietary texture between Archaic and Woodland periods, between males and females (both combined and by time period), and between those individuals who were diagnosed as having a treponemal disease and those who were not. The results indicate that there were no differences in dietary texture between the Archaic and Woodland periods. This suggests that even with the introduction of new food preparation technology (i.e. pottery) during the Woodland period, the basic texture of the food remained the same over a long period of time. In addition, no significant differences were found between diseased and non-diseased individuals at the Carrier Mills Archaeological District, suggesting that the texture of foods consumed by these two groups did not differ. Males and females, however, did show a difference in dietary texture. Females had higher values than males for all variables examined, although only number of pits and total number of features were significantly different. These results indicate that males and females had differently textured diets. I interpret this difference in the context of sex-based differences in subsistence-related activities, especially the role that females play in the acquisition and preparation of foods. When compared to previous microwear studies, these results suggest that the Carrier Mills Archaeological District differs from other Midwestern Archaic and Woodland sites due to the lack in dietary texture changes between the Archaic and Woodland periods.

Les rites funéraires pratiqués dans le royaume téménide et ses environs au cours de la période archaïque témoignent de l’usage de pratiques standardisées en lien avec de fortes croyances locales. Les nécropoles pouvaient regrouper un grand nombre de tombes dont le mobilier, souvent riche, était composé de différentes catégories d’objets tels que des vases, des pièces d’armement, des parures, et des miniatures. Des ornements en feuille d’or couvraient les vêtements des défunts et pouvaient orner certains objets. Dans le cas des tombes les plus riches, des masques en or étaient présents. En analysant les informations publiées, nous pouvons mettre en évidence des assemblages d’objets, des thèmes récurrents ainsi que des caractéristiques communes à l’ensemble des nécropoles étudiées tout en soulignant les particularités de chaque site. / The funerary practices used in the Temenid kingdom during the archaic period testify of the use of standardized practices linked to strong local beliefs in the afterlife. In some cases, cemeteries could be particularly vast, and display a variety of funerary artefacts, often richly ornated, like vases, weaponry, jewellery and miniature objects. The wealthiest tombs could also contain funerary masks. If we analyze the data that has been published, it is possible to determine patterns in the selection of objects, recurrent iconographical themes as well as common features linking together these different cemeteries. It is also possible to determine local characteristics present in each site.

This dissertation used osteometrics to assess the level of congruence between biological distance and long-distance material exchange in three Middle and Late Archaic groups living in the mid-South United States. Dental and cranial data support greater biological affinity between groups in southern Illinois (represented by individuals from the Black Earth site) and central Tennessee (individuals from Eva and surrounding sites) while groups in the Green River region of western Kentucky (Shell Mound Archaic) were somewhat more removed or perhaps more isolated. Females were more biologically variable than males for the majority of metrics used. This finding is suggestive of a patrilocal residence pattern, if only loosely followed.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-09-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:24:05Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 borges_pr_dr_arafcl.pdf: 1045933 bytes, checksum: 73c85130f57b56862c59725d5c3b1c54 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Esta tese tem por objetivo o estudo da estrutura morfofonológica das formas verbais futuras do Português Arcaico (PA), no período conhecido por trovadoresco (fins do século XII até meados do século XIV), determinando se essas formas podem ser consideradas simples (uma única palavra fonológica) ou compostas ou perifrásticas (duas palavras fonológicas). Em outras palavras, objetiva-se determinar se, na época em questão, essas formas eram analíticas (formadas pelo infinitivo do verbo principal + verbo aver conjugado no presente do indicativo, no futuro do presente, ou pelo infinitivo do verbo principal + verbo aver/ir, no pretérito imperfeito do indicativo, no futuro do pretérito) ou sintéticas (cuja estrutura é radical + vogal temática + desinência modo-temporal + desinência número-pessoal). O corpus é composto das 420 Cantigas de Santa Maria de Afonso X, tomadas a partir da edição de Mettmann (1986a, 1988, 1989). A pesquisa parte do mapeamento e do levantamento quantitativo de todas as formas futuras presentes no corpus, classificando-as quanto ao tipo (aparentemente sintéticas ou indubitavelmente analíticas), relacionando os dados mapeados com a ocorrência de clíticos e o posicionamento do acento. Os resultados obtidos são analisados a partir de critérios para distinção de formas simples e compostas colhidos em estudos anteriores (MASSINI-CAGLIARI, 1999, 2006). Foi analisado, também, o grau de gramaticalização entre o verbo principal e o auxiliar de futuro, a partir dos critérios estabelecidos por Bybee, Pagliuca e Perkins (1991). Os resultados obtidos mostram que os futuros do presente e do pretérito em PA devem ser considerados formas analíticas, constituídas do infinitivo do verbo principal mais o verbo aver conjugado no presente do indicativo, para o futuro do presente, ou do infinitivo do verbo principal seguido do verbo... / The objective of this Dissertation is to study the morphophonological structure of the future verb forms in Archaic Portuguese (AP) spoken during the so-called archaic period (late 12th C until mid 14th C), in order to establish whether these forms can be considered simple forms (a single phonological word) or compound or periphrastic (two phonological words). In other words, our objective is to determine if at the studied period these forms were analytical (formed with the infinitive of the main verb + verb aver in the present, the future indicative, or by the infinitive of the main verb + aver/ir in the past imperfect) or synthetic (base form + theme vowel + mood-time inflection + person-number inflection). The corpus is formed of 420 Cantigas de Santa Maria by Afonso X edited by Mettmann (1986a, 1988, 1989). Firstly, all future forms found in the corpus were mapped, quantified and classified as to their type (apparently synthetic or positively analytic) and these data were related with the occurrence of clitics and the stress position. The results obtained were analyzed according to criteria used in former studies (MASSINI-CAGLIARI, 1999, 2006) to distinguish simple and compound forms. The degree of grammaticalization between the main verb and the auxiliary of future was also analyzed according with criteria determined by Bybee, Pagliuca e Perkins (1991). The results show that the future indicative and conditional tenses in MP must be regarded as analytical forms, formed with whether the infinitive of the main verb and verb aver conjugated in the present indicative, in the case of future indicative, or the infinitive of the main verb and verb aver/ir conjugated in the past imperfect indicative, in the case of the conditional. The fact that the parts forming these verbs could be written separately (and even invertedly in some cases), and also that a preposition... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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No. of bitstreams: 1 favaro_gs_dr_arafcl.pdf: 2997134 bytes, checksum: 94fefaf51da45c497e6f0cfd3bb1e21c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este estudo objetiva realizar o mapeamento e a análise da estrutura morfológica no processo da flexão verbal das formas imperativas em Português Arcaico (PA), a partir das Cantigas de Santa Maria (CSM), com a finalidade de mostrar se a situação que encontramos hoje (ou seja, variação entre formas indicativas e subjuntivas para expressar ordens e pedidos), que leva à dúvida quanto ao imperativo ser um modo independente ou não, já ocorria no PA. A metodologia constitui-se no mapeamento das formas verbais do imperativo nas CSM. Contamos, também, com glossários e vocabulários como auxílio na categorização das formas verbais. Após a coleta dos dados, são analisadas as estruturas morfológicas das formas verbais imperativas encontradas, comparando-as com a estrutura morfológica das formas verbais do presente do indicativo e do subjuntivo mapeadas no corpus, a fim de explicar se critérios, tais como ordem, presença ou ausência do sujeito e contextos relacionados a atos de fala (ordem ou pedido), podem ser utilizados para considerar uma forma imperativa ou não. Foram coletadas 189 formas verbais imperativas conjugadas nas 2ªpp e 2ªps. Verificamos a alta produtividade da supressão da vogal temática em um estágio inicial da língua. Podemos comprovar que o modo imperativo preservava sua estrutura morfológica no PA, já que os indíces de variação começam a surgir apenas em meados do século XVIII, quando há as primeiras manifestações do processo de substituição do pronome tu por você nas relações de tratamento. Discorremos, também, a partir de uma perspectiva diacrônica, sobre os fatores de natureza linguística e social que interferiram e continuam interferindo no processo de variação das formas pronominais de tratamento em PB e como este fenômeno está associado à provável perda da morfologia do modo imperativo. Assim, esta tese visou a contribuir para a compreensão da história do português, no sentido de que a retomada de fatos do passado linguístico da língua portuguesa pode trazer uma maior compreensão da estrutura do português atual. / This study aims to map and analyze the morphological structure in the process of verb inflection of imperative forms in Archaic Portuguese (AP) in the Cantigas de Santa Maria (CSM). The objective of the study is to show if the situation we find today (i.e., variation among indicative and subjunctive forms to express orders and requests), which leads to the question if the imperative was an independent mood or not, already occurred in the AP. The methodology consists in mapping the imperative verb forms in the CSM. We have also used glossaries and vocabularies as a support in categorization of verb forms. After data is collected, the morphological structure of the imperative verb forms found are analyzed in comparison with the morphological structure of the simple present and subjunctive mapped in the corpus, in order to explain if criteria, such as order, presence or absence of the subject and contexts related to speech acts (order or request), can be used to consider if a form is imperative or not. One hundred eighty-nine imperative verb forms conjugated in the secondperson plural and second-person singular were collected and at the end of the analysis of the data we verified the high productivity of the suppression of the thematic vowel at an early stage of the language. We can prove that the imperative form preserved its morphological structure in the AP, since the variation indices start to emerge only in mid-eighteenth century, when there are the first manifestations of the process which replaces tu by você in treatment relations. We have also discussed, from a diachronic perspective, by the factors of linguistic and social nature that interfered and continue to interfere in the process of change in pronoun forms of address in BP and how this phenomenon is associated with the probable loss of the morphology of the imperative form. Thus, this thesis aimed to contribute to the history of the Portuguese language, considering that the resumption of facts of the linguistic past of the Portuguese language can bring greater understanding of the structure of the current Portuguese.

Orientador: Gladis Massini-Cagliari / Banca: Flaviane Romani Fernandes Svartman / Banca: Beatriz Nunes de Oliveira Longo / Resumo: O objetivo desta pesquisa é fazer uma ponte entre o passado e o presente, comparando processos morfofonológicos desencadeados pela derivação, ou seja, processos que alteram a forma dos morfemas. Este trabalho surge da necessidade de se levar em conta para a descrição de determinados contextos não apenas sons, mas fatos de natureza gramatical, principalmente morfológica, por isso dizemos que "quando uma forma básica lexical serve de motivação para uma regra fonológica, acontece um processo morfofonológico" (Cagliari, 2002, p.82). Realizamos este estudo entre duas sincronias da língua portuguesa: o Português Arcaico (PA), dos séculos XII-XIII, e o Português Brasileiro (PB), dos séculos XX-XXI. Nesses dois períodos da língua portuguesa, observamos os processos morfofonológicos desencadeados por dois sufixos derivacionais específicos, formadores de nomes deverbais em PA e em PB, isto é, nomes formados a partir de bases verbais: -çon e -mento, para o PA, e -ção e -mento, para o PB. Para a coleta dos dados no PA, escolhemos como corpus as Cantigas de Santa Maria (CSM), que são uma das fontes mais ricas dessa época e, além disso, de acordo com Mattos e Silva (2006, p.37), os textos líricos são os melhores para o estudo da fonética segmental e prosódica da língua e seus dados, essenciais para o conhecimento do léxico dessa época. Já para a observação do PB, contamos com um recorte do banco de dados do Laboratório de Lexicografia da UNESP (LabLEX) que contém um corpus que possui cerca de 220 milhões de ocorrências do português do Brasil, colhidas em diversas fontes, desde as literárias até as jornalísticas. A partir das palavras provenientes desses corpora, procedemos as analises dos processos morfofonológicos que são condicionados pela formação de nomes deverbais com os sufixos selecionados, utilizando o aparato teórico das teorias ...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This research is aimed at relating past and present, comparing morphophonological processes triggered by derivation, i.e., processes that change the shape of morphemes. This work considers that it is necessary to describe not only sounds but grammatical facts in some contexts, especially in the case of morphological facts; "when a lexical basis is a motivation for a phonological rule, a morphophonological process occurs" (Cagliari, 2002, p.82). We conducted this study comparing two periods of the Portuguese language: Archaic Portuguese (AP), 12th-13th centuries, and Brazilian Portuguese (BP), 20th-21st centuries. In these two periods of the Portuguese language, we observed morphophonological processes triggered by two specific derivational suffixes which create deverbal nouns in AP and BP, that is, nouns formed from verbal basis: -çon and -mento, for AP, and -ção e -mento for BP. The corpus for AP is composed by the Cantigas de Santa Maria (CSM), which can be considered one of the richest linguistic sources of that time and, moreover, according to Mattos e Silva (2006, p.37), poetical texts are the best ones to study segmental and prosodic phonetics of past languages and the data they provide are essential to the knowledge of the lexicon of that period. As for the observation of PB, we considered some of the data form from the database of the Laboratorio de Lexicografia [Laboratory of Lexicography] at UNESP (LabLEX), which contains a corpus with about 220 million occurrences of Brazilian Portuguese texts, collected from several sources, from literary to journalistic ones. From the words of these corpora, we analyzed morphophonological processes that are conditioned by the formation of deverbal nouns with the specific suffixes which are focused in this Dissertation, using the theoretical apparatus of nonlinear phonological theories, especially Feature Geometry Theory and Lexical ...(Complete abstract click electronic address below) / Mestre

O trabalho analisa um conjunto de fragmentos de Safo e Alceu em busca de resquícios da poesia praticada pelos povos indo-europeus. A análise parte da comparação entre aspectos da poesia de ambos autores dentro do contexto mais amplo da poesia de culturas de origem indo-europeia, centrando-se em aspectos de dicção, fórmulas, métrica e uma mitologia comum. Com isso, descobrem-se amplos laços de contato entre a poesia dos autores lésbios com diversas tradições poéticas, tais como a indiana, a iraniana, a irlandesa, a germânica, dentre outras. Além disso, o trabalho toca um pouco em um aspecto correlato, que são as relações entre a poesia lésbia e outras tradições poéticas gregas, especialmente a épica, representada por Homero. Por fim, conclui-se que a poesia lésbia se centra dentro de uma firme tradição indoeuropeia comum a toda a poesia grega, recebida diferentemente por cada um dos dois poetas: de maneira mais conservadora para Alceu, e Safo, em diversos momentos, ressignificando essa tradição, sem contudo se afastar dela. / This work investigates a group of fragments by the Lesbian poets Sappho and Alcaeus in search of relics from the poetry of the ancient Indo-European people. The investigation starts from the comparison between aspects of the poetry of both poets in the wider context of poetry of Indo-European origin, focusing on aspects of diction, formulae, metrics and a common inherited mythology. Numerous links are discussed between the Lesbian poets and several poetic traditions such as Indian, Iranian, Irish, Germanic, among others. Besides, this work touches a correlate point by screening the relations between Lesbian and other Greek poetic traditions, specially epic, as represented by Homer. At last, the conclusion is that Lesbian poetry represents a firm Indo-European poetic tradition, one that is common to all Greek poetry and received differently by each of both poets: more conservatively by Alcaeus, and Sappho, in several moments reshaping this tradition without distancing itself from it.

Centrado em dezessete fragmentos da mélica grega arcaica (final do século VII a meados do VI a.C.), este trabalho consiste no estudo da representação de Afrodite nos poetas Álcman, Alceu, Estesícoro, Íbico e Anacreonte. Desse modo, esta tese de doutoramento dá continuidade à dissertação de mestrado já publicada em livro, na qual realizei o mesmo estudo em catorze fragmentos mélicos de Safo (c. 630 - 580 a.C.). Com o recorte agora realizado, o retrato da deusa torna-se ainda mais multifacetado neste que é um dos gêneros poéticos mais importantes da literatura grega antiga, a mélica. Na busca de apreender os movimentos executados nos desenhos de Afrodite pelos cinco poetas mélicos do corpus desta tese, privilegiei a análise interpretativa dos fragmentos sem perder de vista elementos provenientes de outros gêneros poéticos, da iconografia e de registros extraliterários. Procurei, assim, superar, na medida do possível, a precariedade material mais ou menos acentuada das canções fragmentárias e dar conta de uma personagem que não pertence exclusivamente à poesia, mas também a outros gêneros artísticos, à história e à religião gregas. / Concentrated on seventeen fragments of the archaic Greek melic poetry (end of 7th to the middle of 6th centuries B.C.), this work consists in the study of Aphrodites representation in the songs of Alcman, Alcaeus, Stesichorus, Ibycus and Anacreon. Thus, the present graduation thesis gives sequence to the Masters dissertation that has already been published as a book, and in which fourteen melic fragments of Sappho (c. 630 - 580 B.C.) are studied according to the same approach. Now, in this work, the goddesss portrait is even more enhanced in its multiple aspects, despite being fragmented, and inserted in one of the most important genres of ancient Greek literature set within a specific historic period. In the effort to apprehend the movements executed in the drawings of Aphrodite by the five poets in the corpus of this thesis, I have favored the interpretative analysis of the fragments without overlooking the elements originated from other poetic genres, iconographic tradition and extra-literary records. By doing so, I have attempted to overcome, as much as possible, the precariousness of the material, somewhat more or less evident in the fragmented songs, and to understand in-depth a divine character that is not confined to poetry, but pertains to other artistic genres, as well as to Greek history and religion.

Submitted by Fabiano Vassallo (fabianovassallo2127@gmail.com) on 2017-04-18T13:54:28Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Douglas - Dissertação Definitiva.pdf: 2129571 bytes, checksum: 45b5485f16834386c97f47885b688640 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Geisa Drumond (gmdrumond@vm.uff.br) on 2017-04-19T14:43:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Douglas - Dissertação Definitiva.pdf: 2129571 bytes, checksum: 45b5485f16834386c97f47885b688640 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-19T14:43:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Douglas - Dissertação Definitiva.pdf: 2129571 bytes, checksum: 45b5485f16834386c97f47885b688640 (MD5) / Nesta pesquisa, procuramos descrever os diversos usos do particípio presente nas comédias de Plauto (séc. II a. C.), à luz de alguns postulados da Linguística Funcional, em sua vertente norte-americana. Propomos uma associação entre noções linguísticas explicitadas nos textos dos autores latinos e conceitos próprios de nosso suporte teórico: as concepções de uso, variação e mudança discutidas pelas correntes teóricas modernas já estavam presentes nos manuais de retórica e de gramática antigos. Constatamos que o particípio era interpretado, de acordo com pensamento antigo, como uma classe de palavras distinta das demais, por participar ao mesmo tempo da natureza do verbo e do adjetivo. Antes mesmo da análise dos dados, indicamos diversos apontamentos acerca do emprego do particípio presente, pautados em compêndios gramaticais modernos, com o objetivo de contrastar tais informações com usos encontrados no texto do comediógrafo. Em um recorte sincrônico, observamos os particípios sempre levando em consideração o seu contexto de uso. Coletamos os exemplos nas 20 comédias, e com base neles, propomos quatro padrões funcionais: a) particípio presente com função verbal: b) particípio presente com função própria; c) particípio presente com função adjetiva; e) particípio presente com função circunstancial. Com base nesses padrões, comprovamos a nossas hipóteses iniciais de que o particípio possui níveis escalares de significação de acordo com o seu contexto de aparição e de que tais níveis escalares partem da categoria do verbo para a categoria do adjetivo / In this research, we intend to describe various uses of the present participle in the comedies of Plautus (centuries. III-II. B.C.), under the view of some postulates of Functional Linguistics in its North American line. We propose an association between linguistic concepts explained in the texts of Latin authors and concepts of our theoretical support: the concepts of use, variation and change discussed by modern scholars were already present in the ancient manuals of rhetoric and grammar. We note that the participle was interpreted, according to ancient thought, as a word class distinct of the others, participating at the same time the nature of the verb and adjective. Even before the data analysis, we indicated several notes about the use of the present participle, guided by modern grammatical textbooks, in order to contrast the information with uses found in the comedy writer text. In a synchronic cut, we observe the participles always taking into account their context of use. We collect the samples in the 21 comedies, and based on them, we propose four functional standards: a) present participle with verbal function: b) present participle having individual functions; c) present participle with adjectival function; e) present participle with circumstantial function. Based on these patterns, we proved to our initial hypothesis that the participle has scalar levels of meaning, according to their appearance of context, and that such scalar levels range from the category of the verb for the category of adjective

This thesis proposes that we can better understand Greek society in the Archaic Period by evaluating the purposes of their interactions with Egyptian material culture and through a greater appreciation of Egyptian political and cultural history in the Third Intermediate and Late Period. The thesis combines an examination of the Egyptian and Egyptianising objects from Greek graves and sanctuaries with a study of Egyptianising motifs in Greek painted pottery and sculpture. With this evidence, the thesis primarily addresses questions of agency and of consumption. It aims to demonstrate that Greek interactions with Egypt are not defined by Phoenician intermediaries or by the foundation of Naucratis late in the seventh century. Instead, it is argues that the development of personal connections between the elite of certain Greek states and the rulers of Egyptian kingdoms in the eighth century could explain the escalation of Greek interactions with Egyptian material culture during the Archaic Period and the regional variability of these interactions. The thesis also highlights the stark differences between Greek interactions with Egyptian and Egyptianising material in different media and in different consumption areas. In their sanctuaries, the Greeks used Egyptian faience, stone, and bronze objects alongside Greek-produced imitations of these objects in order to define aspire to the status of being a member of the elite while accessing a magical potency associated with Egyptian material culture. In other media, however, the Greeks reject imitation of Egyptian subjects and iconography, and instead we find processes of interaction which use Egyptian material culture but do not refer to it explicitly. Therefore it is concluded that Greek interactions with Egyptian material culture not only draws attention to Greek connectivity with surrounding cultures, and the Greek association of Egypt and magical potency, but can also help us to reflect upon different forms of elite-elite and elite-non-elite interaction and self-identification in the Archaic Period.