This essay studies the European Union and the European asylum system from Max Webers authority theory. The EU considers to be an area of freedom and human rights, but recent events have shown inadequacies in the asylum system that was established by the Dublin Regulation 2003. The Hungarian government is one of the member countries of the EU that has refused and declined their obligations towards the EU. The aim of this study is to see why the EU have failed in implementing a functioning asylum policy and how the lack of authority have resulted in an insufficient asylum system for an international organization. The conclusion in this essay is that the Union is allowing member countries to not be cooperating with the European laws and the absence of authority and efficiency has led to some of the member countries to take advantage of it.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

An impact of the qualifying directive upon the position of a refugee in the EU - Abstract This thesis deals with an impact of the qualifying directive upon the position of a refugee in the EU. The purpose of the thesis is to analyse partial provisions of the directive1 and to explore their impact upon refugees and people with a status of subsidiary protection. Issues of asylum are being discussed a lot at this time with regard to thousands of people in need of an international protection. The thesis consists of introduction, five chapters and conclusion. The introduction determines subject matter of the thesis and factual situation of asylum in EU. Chapter one is divided into two subchapters. Subchapter one illustrates historical development of Common European Asylum System. Subchapter two outlines legal basis of the directive and it is divided into four parts. Chapter two is the most comprehensive. It explains conditions for an obtaining of refugee status in accordance with the direction. It contents five subchapters. Subchapter one focuses on definition of refugee which features person needs for obtaining refugee status. Subchapter two describes the term "well-founded fear of persecution" which is crucial for the definition. It consists of four parts and each of them deals with the specific aspects of the...

Att möta flyktingar och migranter - vårdpersonalens erfarenheter Bakgrund: Sverige har gått från en homogen population med fyra procent av befolkningen födda i ett annat land år 1960 till 17 procent år 2015. Med tillströmningen av över 160 000 flyktingar under 2015 står det svenska samhället och i synnerhet sjukvården inför nya utmaningar, studier har visat att flyktingar har högre prevalens av psykisk sjukdom. Tidigare studier där man undersökt vårdpersonals erfarenheter av att vårda flyktingar och migranter påvisar att språkbarriärer, kulturella skillnader, ökad arbetsbelastning och att migranter har bristande kunskaper i hur hälso- och sjukvårdssystemet fungerar är vanliga erfarenheter. Syfte: Syftet är att undersöka vårdpersonalens erfarenheter av att möta och vårda migranter och flyktingar. Metod: En litteraturstudie baserad på tio vetenskapliga artiklar med kvalitativ ansats. Artiklarna har granskats, analyserats och sammanställts. Artikelsökningarna har skett i databaserna PubMed och Cinahl. Resultat: Resultatet presenteras i fyra huvudkategorier och tio subkategorier. De fyra huvudkategorierna är: Att skapa förtroende, Hinder för att skapa en god omvårdnadsrelation, Ett system som försvårar arbetet och Ett behov av kunskap. Konklusion: Vården står inför nya utmaningar i och med att det sker stora folkomflyttningar. För att kunna möta dessa utmaningar krävs goda kunskaper om andra kulturer, och att vårdpersonalen kan anpassa sig efter individens behov. Nyckelord: Asylsökande, erfarenheter, migranter, vårdpersonal. / Meeting refugees and migrants: Experiences from the perspective of health care personnel Background: Sweden has gone from a homogenous population with four percent of its inhabitants originating from another country in 1960 to 17 percent in 2015. With the influx of over 160 000 refugees in 2015, the Swedish society and health care in particular faces new challenges. Studies have shown that this group has higher rates of mental illness and other previous studies on the experiences of from the personnel suggests that language barriers, cultural differences, increased workload and the migrants´ lack of knowledge about the health care system are common experiences. Aim: The aim of this study is to explore the experiences of health personnel working with migrants and refugees. Methods: A literature study based on ten articles with qualitative approach. The articles were reviewed, analyzed and compiled. The search was conducted in the databases PubMed and Cinahl. Result: The result is presented in four main categories and ten subcategories. The Four main categories are: Creating trust, Barriers to creating a good caring relationship, A system that complicates the work and A need of knowledge. Conclusion: New challenges faces the health care system due to the big movement of people. Nurses need knowledge about different cultures and the skill to adapt to the needs of the individual to give a professional care. Keywords: Asylum seekers, caring personnel, experience, migrants, nursing staff.

Italian immigration policy is a sensitive topic on the Italian as well as on the European political scene. Due to its geographical location Italy is exposed to an enormous influx of immigrants coming to the country mainly from North Africa. Being a country that faces the immigration issue in the last decades and and has a relatively young legislation in this area Italy is often criticized for its awkward anti-immigration measures. Italian society has generally a negative attitude concerning the immigration issue that is often supported by the opinions of Italian politicians and the strict legislation. My thesis analyzes the development and the current situation of the Italian immigration and asylum policy and the weightiest problems that Italy faces. The thesis describes the situation of immigrants in Italy, development of legislation in the area and the most controversial point of the last law on immigration. Next the treating of immigrants by the state authorities and the integration policy is discussed. The last chapter focuses on the Italian policy connected with the European immigration policy, analyses their relation and possibilities for a better cooperation in the future.

Using the events in Sweden in the autumn of 2015 as a practical example, this paper examines the question of whether there are circumstances when it is morally permissible for rich, democratic states to close their borders to asylum-seekers. To lay a common ground, the author starts by looking at the right of asylum-seekers, who a refugee is, and what obligations a host country have towards them. Thus, after looking at general human rights, and how they apply to the right to seek asylum, the author turns to the question of who a refugee is, and the difference between refugees according to the 1951 Geneva Convention, and people who are in need of subsidiary protection, before choosing to use UNHCR’s wider definition of a refugee. While acknowledging that refugees have specific rights that other persons in need of protection do not, all asylum-seekers are entitled to not be sent back to a place of danger (which is the principle of non-refoulement). Though both groups are entitled to stay on in the country, the temporary status for those in need of subsidiary protection raises some questions about integration and their standing in society and therefore the question of membership rights is discussed before the author returns to the events in Sweden in 2015 and argues that there are circumstances when it is morally acceptable for a country to close its borders to refugees, but that there are limitations when this can be done and for how long. Finally, it is argued that a system that prevents countries from having to – or choosing to – close their borders to refugees is needed. The author discusses whether the grounds for such a system could be found in the work that UNHCR does, and if the DAC agreement can be used as a model for fair distribution.

Student Number : 0413400A - MA research report - School of Social Science - Faculty of Humanities / Refugees and asylum seekers are vulnerable group that requires both national and international protection in South Africa. It is the duty and responsibility of the South African government and international community to provide adequate protection to individuals who are compelled to flee their countries of origin due to well-founded fears of persecution or other life threatening problems. Such protection must meet internationally recognized and acceptable standards for the protection and treatment of refugees and asylum seekers, as outlined in various international law and conventions. South Africa has pledged through her democratic Constitution and the Refugee Act of 1998 to protect and promote the rights of refugees and asylum seekers in her territory. The research explores how South Africa has responded to the protection of the rights of refugees and asylum seekers in the post-apartheid era. The research also explicates the relationship between human rights and refugee protection and how human rights have been used to facilitate the rights of refugees and asylum seekers in South Africa. The thesis identifies the extent of compliance with the international refugee law, which South Africa has achieved within the first decade of democracy and the roles played by nonstate actors and other stakeholders in refugee protection in South Africa. It also explores the major problems and obstacles militating against the realisation and in pursuit of the rights of refugees and asylum seekers in the post-apartheid South Africa. Finally, the findings of this research are expected to contribute to our understanding of the problems facing refugees, the government and international community, and the range of options and interventions open to policy makers in the field which will help to secure such rights.

1 Abstract This thesis is dealing with crucial legislation of European Union in the area of asylum law, which came across considerable changes and undergone recently a sustainability test in form of so-called migration crisis. This phenomenon challenged (undermined) the foundations of common action of member states in field of asylum law and border control and could jeopardise the future of Dublin system. Despite the considerable resistance of member states to relocation mechanisms or in other words so-called mandatory quotas, these became one of the main instruments to resolve the current situation. The question remains, if this represents a step in the right direction and the proposed permanent relocation mechanism will help in dealing with crisis, side to side with further proposed secondary legislation in field of asylum law, or will deepen it. Vital is the evaluation of the current situation and to meet the objectives set out for the Dublin system, namely, in particular prevention of so-called asylum shopping and secondary movements of asylum seekers, equal treatment and non-discrimination and asylum law should as well lead to fairer liability distribution in accordance with adherence to principle of solidarity among member states. Thesis comprises of 3 main chapters. In the first chapter, attention is...

No final do século XIX, a emergência do conceito de periculosidade forjou uma série de ações de controle social que ainda hoje encontram espaço fecundo de legitimação. Os desdobramentos dessa noção, que se articulou da fusão do Direito Penal com a Psiquiatria, encontram no manicômio judiciário o seu exemplo mais sólido. No Brasil, a emergência do Manicômio Judiciário do Estado de São Paulo (MJES) no início da década de 1930 consolidou um ideal há muito defendido pela Criminologia Positivista. No entanto, a despeito do intenso fluxo de internações ocorridas ao longo dos anos e da imprescindibilidade que desempenhou e ainda desempenha no circuito repressivo do Estado atualmente, sua história segue opaca, inaudita e, por vezes, tão fundida à história do Hospital do Juqueri a ponto de ter o seu próprio registro tangenciado. A intenção deste trabalho consistiu em recuperar o arquivamento que se produziu sobre a loucura criminosa e analisar os discursos e as práticas empregadas pelo saber médico e jurídico para justificar a reclusão no MJES entre os anos de 1927 a 1940. Considerando que se trata de um espaço de natureza médico-jurídica que há anos sustenta a função de controle social alicerçado na justificativa de proteção contra a periculosidade, o problema de pesquisa delimitado para este trabalho se organizou em torno de algumas questões fundamentais, a saber: (1) problematizar as condições de emergência do MJES; (2) mostrar como os discursos sobre a loucura criminosa foram organizados e distribuídos no arquivo médico-legal; (3) identificar e caracterizar o sujeito da periculosidade para o qual se designou a internação manicomial durante o período referido acima; (4) analisar sob quais circunstâncias infracionais ou não a periculosidade foi utilizada como justificativa para a interdição médico-legal; (5) analisar os pressupostos técnicoscientíficos que sustentam a realização do exame médico-legal ou da chamada avaliação de cessação de periculosidade nos prontuários médicos. A escolha por documentos que registraram estas vidas infames sob a insígnia da loucura, do crime e da marginalidade abrem a possibilidade de problematizar as verdades estabelecidas pelos saberes que os redigiram. Desse modo, o mesmo registro que um dia serviu para cumprir sua finalidade disciplinar foi aqui recuperado para produzir perguntas e subverter a própria razão que uma vez justificou a sua existência / At the end of the 19th century, the rise of the dangerousness concept forged a series of actions aimed at social control legitimized by many to this day. The unfolding of this notion, articulated by the merger of Criminal Law with Psychiatry, found its best example in the legal asylum. In Brazil, the foundation of the Legal Asylum of the State of São Paulo (MJES) in the early 1930s consolidated an ideal long advocated by Positivist Criminology. Yet, despite the intense number of hospitalizations over the years and the essential role the institution has played (and still plays) in a repressive system, its history remains opaque, unprecedented, and so fused with the history of Juqueri Hospital that their records converge. The intent of this work was to recover the files about the ones considered criminals and insane and analyze the speeches and practices used by the medical and law communities to justify the reclusion of individuals in the MJES between 1927 and 1940. Considering that for years the psychiatric hospital has been a legal and medical space of social control, sustained by the assumption that it protects society against dangerousness, some fundamental issues organized this research: (1) to discuss the MJES conditions; (2) to show how the medical and legal files organized discourses about criminal insanity; (3) to identify and characterize the \"subject of dangerousness\", that is the types of people sent to the asylum during the period referred above; (4) to analyze under what circumstances dangerousness justified the medical and legal prohibition; (5) to analyze the technical-scientific assumptions that supported the forensic medical examination or the so-called \"medical termination assessment\" in the records. The decision to use documents that reported these infamous lives under the guise of madness, crime and marginality make it possible to discuss some established truths of the scientific community. Thus, the same files that once served to fulfil a disciplinary purpose here raise questions and subvert the very reason that once justified its existence

Esta tese teve como temática a subjetividade de participantes de movimentos sociais. O objetivo da pesquisa configurou-se em um longo trajeto, traduzindo-se como identificar e refletir aspectos que compõem processos associativos e desagregadores nas relações estabelecidas entre participantes dos movimentos sociais de saúde mental no Brasil, em especial aqueles que se articulam em torno dos princípios da Luta Antimanicomial. Nesse sentido, configura-se como um estudo exploratório. Inicialmente foi aprofundada a discussão sobre o que se considera direita e esquerda no Brasil, questão relacionada a um campo de disputas político-ideológicas e, com isso, foi definido o tipo de movimento social que seria necessário pesquisar para melhor compreensão dos processos de subjetivação e de associação e desagregação. O método usado é denatureza dialética. A partir da identificação de uma variedade de significados usados para descrever um mesmo termo, foi necessário aprofundar conceitos como participação e cidadania, entre outros. Para fundamentar a questão da subjetividade foi utilizadaa teoria psicológica de Enrique Pichon-Rivière. Rivière. Como resultado da pesquisa foi necessário abordar a questão da ideologia e como esta interfere nos processos de subjetivação. Nesse caso, foram usados os referenciais de Marx e Pichon-Rivière. No campo da psicologia social, Pichon-Rivière, dentre outros autores, propõe uma atitude analítica e científica que faça frente à consciência ingênua e à valorização do cotidiano como autoevidente e inquestionável, pois está relacionado a um sistema social de representações ou ideologias que encobre e distorce o cotidiano, que o mistifica enquanto oculta sua essência segundo interesses dos setores hegemônicos da sociedade. O encobrimento ocorre por um mecanismo característico de naturalização do social pela ideologia dominante e, nesse sentido, se faz necessário o estudo das leis que regem a configuração do sujeito. sentido, se faz necessário o estudo das leis que regem a configuração do sujeito. Os sujeitos desta pesquisa são participantes de movimentos de saúde mental, profissionais, usuários e familiares de usuários. De acordo com essas entrevistas observou-se que o incômodo com situações vivenciadas pelos próprios entrevistados os levou a buscar alternativas para a realidade em que estavam, encontrando no Movimento da Luta Antimanicomial um espaço que permitiu reconfigurar suas experiências. As reflexões trazidas aqui têm como intuito oferecer indicativos a serem considerados na compreensão de processos de subjetivação e participação em movimentos sociais de saúde mental. O referencial teórico de Pichon-Rivière permitiu sugerir o estabelecimento de um paralelo entre as noções de tarefa e pré-tarefa com a dinâmica associação/desagregação no movimento, abordada pelos sujeitos nas entrevistas. A trajetória do movimento não se configurou como uma linearidade ascendente ou descendente, mas pode ser compreendida no movimento em espiral tal como proposto por Pichon-Rivière. Os sujeitos em questão inventaram-se e reinventaram-se num determinado contexto e estrutura social e, sendo assim, não é possível afirmar que os resultados encontrados nesta pesquisa sejamos mesmos a serem encontrados para todos os movimentos sociais e seus participantes. No entanto, a associação/desagregação, desde que considerada em sua dimensão dialética, pode se configurar como uma chave para compreensão sobre os modos de subjetivação dos sujeitos em suas práticas participativas em outros movimentos sociais / The theme of this thesis sheds light on the subjectivity of participants of social movements. The objective of this research took shape in the course of a long trajectory and was established as an attempt to identify and reflect about the aspects that compose associative and disaggregating processes that occur in the relationships established between participants of social movements focused on mental health in Brazil, particularly movements based on the principles of Anti-Psychiatry(Luta Antimanicomial). In this sense, this thesis is configured as an exploratory study. At first, a deeper discussion was promoted on what could be considered right-wing and left-wing in Brazil, as this issue is related to a field of political-ideological disputes. This discussion was used to define the type of social movement to be studied in order to reach a better understanding of the processes of subjectification, association, and disaggregation, using a dialectic method. disaggregation, using a dialectic method. Based on the identification of several meanings given to the same term, deeper discussions were necessary to better define concepts such as participation and politicalcitizenship. The psychological theory of Enrique Pichon-Rivière was used to support the issue of subjectivity. The result of the research led to a need to discuss the matter of ideology and how it interferes with subjectification processes. In this case, references from Marx and Pichon-Rivière were used here. In the field of social psychology, Pichon-Rivière, among other authors, proposes an analytical and scientific attitude in face of the ingenuous consciousness and the valuation of the daily life as self-evident and unquestionable, as it is related to a social system of representations or ideologies that conceals and distorts the daily life, and mystifies it while it also hides its essence according to the interests of hegemonic segments of society. Suchconcealment makes use of a characteristic mechanism of naturalization of the social sphere by the dominant ideology, and in this sense, a study of the rules that govern the configuration of the subject is necessary. The subjects of this research are participants of mental health movements, professionals, users, and family members of these users. Our interviews indicated that the discomfort with the situations experienced by the interviewees led them to seek alternatives to their current reality, finding a safe place in the Anti-Psychiatry Movement (Movimento da Luta Antimanicomial) where they were able to reconfigure their experiences. The reflections raised here are intended to provide indications to be considered in the understanding of processes of subjectification and participation in social movements dedicated to mental health. participation in social movements dedicated to mental health. The theoretical reference of Pichon-Rivière allowed us to suggest a comparison between the notions of task and pre-task with the dynamics of association/disaggregation in the movement, as mentioned by the interviewees. The trajectory of the movement did not present an ascending or descending linearity, but may be understood as a spiral movement, as suggested by Pichon-Rivière. The research subjects invented and reinvented themselves in a given context and social structure. Therefore, it is no longer possible to affirm that the results found in this research would be the same as those that might be found with all other social movements and their participants. However, the association/disaggregation considered in its dialectic dimension can represent a key element to understand the subjectification modes of subjects in their participation in other social movements