My thesis will focus on risk management practically in developing countries. In this research study, first a literature review about the concept of risk management and its concerns is provided which is the output of extensive review of resources such as journal papers, books and research studies. Then a case study will be reviewed in Iran which is considered as a developing country. In this step, the researcher attempts to extract needed information for her research based on the theory of frames. After gathering needed information the findings which are extracted from practical environment are compared to the academics material to answer the questions which are defined in the primary steps. Meanwhile, the main purpose of this study is reviewing the conditions of work environment in developing countries and extract main concerns and compare them to the standards, methodologies and tools and techniques of risk management to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of using these tools in performing risk management in developing countries.

<p>U doktorskoj disertaciji razmatra se procena i odabir direktnih dobavljača u automobilskoj industriji, proces i razvoj kriterijuma u cilju optimalne selekcije najboljih izvora nabavke. Prikazane su različite metode koje se koriste za ove namene i razvijena je hibridna metoda kako bi se obezbedili najrealniji mogući rezultati procene dobavljača. Istraživanje je vršeno u jednoj kompaniji i korišćeni su podaci iz realnih poslovnih procesa.</p> / <p>In this thesis direct supplier assessment and selection systems development in automotive industry is considered, as well as criteria development in order to provide optimal supply sources. Different methods that are used for those purposes are presented and hybrid method was developed for providing the most realistic results of supplier assessment. The research was held in a real company using real business records.</p>

Title: The Effect of Integrating 1st-tier Suppliers into the Product Development Process on the Environmental Performance – A Study in the German Automotive Industry Background: The research of this paper is based on the topics of 1st-tier supplier integration into the product development process and corporate social responsibility, with the environmental dimension as field of research. Furthermore, the German automotive industry is selected as a sample industry in which research is undertaken. Purpose: This research aims on finding a relation between 1st-tier supplier integration into the product development process and environmental performance. The dyad being examined is manufacturer and their 1st-tier suppliers – from the manufacturer’s point of view. I investigate the effect of supplier integration on the environmental performance in order to see whether the integration concept can support organizations in reaching their goals of customer satisfaction and image preservation. The German automotive industry is being utilized as it is recognized as pioneer industry in order to make an example for other sectors on how to measure 1st-tier suppliers’ environmental performance and how to efficiently integrate them in the manufacturer’s product development with the overall aim of enhancing environmental performance of manufacturers. Method: A qualitative research approach with multiple case studies based on semi-structured interviews has been applied for empirical data collection. The gathered data of three cases has been analyzed in a cross-case synthesis comparing the different cases with each other and with peer-reviewed literature. Results, conclusion: The gathered empirical information showed that German car manufacturers only rarely measure their 1st-tier suppliers’ environmental performance due to close and long-term relationships; additionally, the ISO 14001 standard is a minimum criterion of being a supplier in this industry and some quotes regarding3environmental performance are being forwarded to suppliers by manufacturers. In terms of 1st-tier supplier integration research shows in contrast to literature that the process of integration is not as relevant as other factors such as the supplier, the product and components. Regarding the 1st-tier supplier integration into the product development process affecting manufacturers’ environmental performance, the research at hand has shown a positive correlation. I believe that these results can be an example for other industries and dyads within the industry.

Problem: The increasing complexity of supply chains have created a need for more well-developed quality processes that all stakeholders understand and ultimately adopt. Considering that the automotive industry generally involves thousands of components and suppliers, it makes the automotive supply chain complex by nature, and therefore challenging to control. Thus, it is of interest to create a better understanding of how companies within this large network manage to ensure quality conformance.   Purpose: The purpose of this research is to explore and understand the strategies that are employed by companies working within the automotive industry in order to realize a supply wide conformance within quality.   Method: Primary data were collected from seven interviews with representatives from six companies; three major automotive companies, two tier-one suppliers and one tier-two supplier. The findings were analyzed using thematic analysis with the aim of finding recurring themes and categories that could be further analyzed in relation to previous literature.   Findings: The findings show that there are four recurring areas in which companies work to ensure quality throughout their supply chain. These are (1) Standards &amp; Systems, (2) Risk Minimizing Activities, (3) Organizational Culture, (4) Involvement &amp; Development. Furthermore, a relationship between these four areas have been identified.

In the upcoming years, our society and economy will face enormous challenges due to global warming, which is caused by the emissions of carbon dioxide and other global-warming gases. Due to its high share of CO2emission, the detrimental role of the automotive industry has recently been put into the spotlight of the public discussion. Thanks to a growing public awareness of climate change and the pollution caused by vehicles, there is now a call for action towards a more sustainable business approach by car manufacturers. The objective of this research is to investigate the actions taken by car manufacturers to meet these demands and to reveal the driving forces of this transformation. This will be done by an empirical analysis of qualitative data from two of the main companies in this sector, namely the BMW Group and the Volvo Car Group. The data comprises interviews with representatives of the two car manufacturers together which is combined with their non- financial reporting. Furthermore, this study presents the relevant scientific literature on business models. This combination of theoretical and empirical evidence will allow us to shed light on whether sustainability is a chance or a burden for car manufacturers. The results of our empirical analysis show that a sustainable business model is a chance for car manufacturers to gain a competitive edge against their competitors and thereby ensure their long-term survival. More specifically, a higher sustainability can lead to cost savings in production, new value propositions in marketing, and new revenue models overall. However, the transformation to sustainable business models also poses several challenges for the companies. Nonetheless, in summary, sustainability in the context of business models is more of a chance than a burden.

Les pays émergents dotés d’un marché dynamique sont devenus l’« espace » principal de la production automobile. Les pays développés restent les principaux exportateurs. Dans cette thèse nous mesurons la valeur des exportations théoriques des pays émergents par rapport aux paramètres (PIB, coûts d’échange) d’un modèle de gravité augmenté. Les exportations de voitures de la plupart des pays émergents risquent de stagner à cause de la faible économie de la connaissance et des coûts élevés d’échange dans ces pays. L’Iran a une opportunité pour augmenter ses exportations automobiles en améliorant la qualité de ses produits domestiques ou en construisant des plateformes exportatrices pour les FMN. Les exportations de la Turquie et du Mexique risquent de stagner à moins que le Mexique augmente ses exportations vers l’Europe et l’Asie, et que la Turquie améliore la valeur ajoutée de son industrie. Le véhicule électrique et la batterie lithium-ion incarnent l’avenir de l’industrie automobile. Il est prévu que la Chine et les États-Unis soient les principaux exportateurs de la batterie li-ion. Il est fort probable que les exportations américaines augmentent surtout vers les pays les plus avancés en matière des technologies de l’information et de la communication. / Emerging countries (EC) endowed with dynamic markets became the main automotive production area. Developed countries are still the main exporters. In this thesis, we measure the theoretical value of exports of EC based on the parameters (GDP, trade costs) of an augmented gravity model. The car exports of the majority of EC risk stagnation because of weak knowledge economy & high trade costs in these countries. Iran has an opportunity to increase its automotive exports under the condition of improving its domestic products and/or building export-platforms for global automakers. The exports of Turkey & Mexico risk stagnation unless Mexico increases its exports to Europe & Asia, and Turkey increases the added-value of its industry. Electric vehicles and lithium-ion batteries are the future of the automotive industry. China & the USA are expected to be the main exporters in the field of li-ion batteries. The growth of American batteries exports is highly probable notably to countries with advanced ICT infrastructure.

No decorrer dos anos 90, a função compras nas empresas do setor automotivo passou por uma significativa transformação. A área de compras, que estava tipicamente voltada para a atividade de aquisição, passou a fazer parte de um processo complexo e integrado, envolvendo, além da área de compras, outras áreas da organização (engenharia, qualidade, finanças, logística, marketing, entre outras) que exercem papel estratégico. Vários fatores contribuíram para essa transformação, destacando-se dentre eles: a influência das práticas da produção enxuta (lean production), as novas formas de relacionamento entre as empresas na cadeia de suprimentos, a evolução dos negócios pela Internet, o surgimento de fornecedores mais especializados em função dos avanços tecnológicos e a própria competição global, provocando uma reestruturação organizacional nas empresas. Neste cenário, o presente trabalho estuda a evolução da atividade de compras levando em conta a interdependência entre as dimensões produzir, comprar e fornecer, interdependência essa que, a partir de um determinado projeto de produto, afeta a forma como a área de compras se organiza e opera na empresa e junto à cadeia de suprimentos. Conceitos como sede de projeto, sede de produção, produção modular, desverticalização produtiva, just in time, entre outros, são tratados no presente trabalho como uma espécie de pano de fundo para a nova configuração de compras, analisada em duas montadoras, localizadas no ABC Paulista, que centralizam as compras de materiais produtivos para as demais plantas localizadas no Brasil. Como contribuição científica, o presente trabalho procura mostrar a configuração de compras de empresas que adotam práticas modernas tanto na gestão de suprimentos como no relacionamento com o fornecedor, analisando a nova forma de atuação de compras, cujas atividades vão além das negociações típicas de preço e prazo e requerem o aprimoramento do perfil e das qualificações dos compradores. / During the 1990’s, sourcing in companies of the automotive sector underwent a major transformation process. The purchasing area, which until then had been typically geared to buying, became part of a complex and integrated process involving other areas besides purchasing (such as engineering, quality, finance and logistics, among others), and which have a strategic role in the organization. Several factors have contributed to this transformation, outstanding among them: the influence of lean production practices, the new types of relationships among companies in the supply chain, the e-business boom, the presence of more specialized suppliers due to technological advancements and to global competition itself. All of these aspects have caused an organizational restructuring in the companies. Ser against this scenario, this work studies the evolution of purchasing taking into account the existing interdependence at the levels of producing, buying and supplying which, based on a given product design, has affected the way purchasing is organized and how it operates within the company and in connection with the supply chain. Concepts such as design headquarters, production headquarters, modular production, production outsourcing - just in time among them - are dealt with in this work as a type of background for the new configuration of purchasing analyzed at two assemblers of the ABC district in São Paulo that centralize the purchasing of productive materials for the remaining plants located in Brazil. This study aims to make a scientific contribution by showing the purchasing configuration of companies which adopt modern practices both in supply management and in the relationship with the supplier, analyzing the new role of purchasing, whose activities go beyond the typical price and deadline negotiations, and which require the upgrade of the purchaser’s profile and qualifications.

O estudo aborda as características de relacionamento entre empresas montadoras e operadores logísticos no Brasil, tendo em vista o caráter estratégico da prestação de serviços de logística integrada na indústria automobilística, setor que vem apresentando uma transformação muito grande em suas práticas e organização. O foco de análise é a logística de suprimento em montadoras de automóveis, não se abordando a distribuição de veículos prontos. O processo de globalização tem exigido a reestruturação das empresas para sua sobrevivência e desenvolvimento, a busca de vantagem competitiva, pela incorporação a seus produtos, da cadeia de valor dos clientes, e, no relacionamento interempresarial, novas formas de administração de suas cadeias de suprimentos. Os serviços de logística se mostram mais abrangentes, na estratégia e processo produtivos, numa nova caracterização da atuação de operadores logísticos. Na sua terceirização, tendência firme que se constatou, teoricamente, poderiam se apresentar alianças estratégicas entre empresas. As características de relacionamento nessa direção são abordadas nesta tese. O estudo foi conduzido com base em fontes secundárias e pela realização de entrevistas junto a montadoras e operadores logísticos. Metodologicamente, adotou-se o estudo de multicasos na identificação de arranjos institucionais da operação da logística por operadores especializados. Foi identificado um ambiente em transição, em que a terceirização é um fato, com operadores logísticos, assumindo, cada vez mais, parcelas importantes das atividades dos contratantes. No entanto, o relacionamento está longe de caracterizar verdadeiras alianças estratégicas, apresentando-se uma interação dinâmica e, muitas vezes contraditória, entre as empresas. A consciência mútua das interdependências, aceitação e entendimento de interesses individuais, a serem conciliados em alianças estratégicas, com o objetivo comum de melhor condição competitiva e compartilhamento justo de riscos, custos e recompensas, podem ser fundamentais na implantação de novas formas de produção na indústria e na adoção de operadores logísticos únicos. / This study analyses the relationship among automotive industries and third party logistics (3PL) providers in Brazil, regarding the strategic aspect of the integrated logistics service in that industry, which is showing a remarkable changing in its organization and production practices. This analysis focuses the inbound logistic in car assembling plants. The globalization process requires firms restructure to enable survival and development, the search for competitive advantages, reflecting in their products their clients value chain and, in the relationship among firms, innovative ways of supply chain management. Logistics services assume a broader scope in the production process and in the company strategy, reflecting their providing by 3PL firms in a new way. In this outsourcing, theoretically, strategic alliances among firms could take place. The relationships characteristics towards this direction are analyzed in this thesis. The study used secondary sources and interviews were conducted with automotive and logistic services providers executives. For identifying institutional arrangements in logistics services providing industry, the basic methodology adopted was multicase studies. This work identifies a transition environment with outsourcing as a fact and logistics providers increasingly assuming relevant portions of the automotive industry activities. Nevertheless, their relationships are far from actual strategic alliances, occurring a dynamic and, many times, contradictory interaction among the firms. Consciousness of mutual interdependence, agreement and understanding of individual interests to be conciliated for the achievement of the common objective of better competitive condition and fair risks, costs and rewards sharing are needed. This could be a sound basis for the new production ways and define solids fundamentals for the new trend of full logistic provider implementations, already seen in the industry.

Submitted by Odilio Hilario Moreira Júnior (odilio@espm.br) on 2016-11-22T12:57:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Christiane Gregoris Guarino Massuda.pdf: 2463958 bytes, checksum: 1a5eed840847a92f6db5e05c223b7cf4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Odilio Hilario Moreira Júnior (odilio@espm.br) on 2016-11-22T12:57:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Christiane Gregoris Guarino Massuda.pdf: 2463958 bytes, checksum: 1a5eed840847a92f6db5e05c223b7cf4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Odilio Hilario Moreira Júnior (odilio@espm.br) on 2016-11-22T13:00:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Christiane Gregoris Guarino Massuda.pdf: 2463958 bytes, checksum: 1a5eed840847a92f6db5e05c223b7cf4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-22T16:11:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Christiane Gregoris Guarino Massuda.pdf: 2463958 bytes, checksum: 1a5eed840847a92f6db5e05c223b7cf4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-11 / This research sought to understand how automobile culture and symbolism relate to environmental issues in Brazil. With this in mind, fifteen advertising pieces from Ford, GM, VW and Toyota aired in broadcast media between the years 2000 and 2015 in Brazil, were analyzed. The research objectives were to compare the message of the advertisements with that of the sustainability report; identify elements that characterize the conflict between concern for the environment and the use of cars and; identify how automobile culture and symbolism in Brazil appear in advertising campaigns to promote sale. The methodological approach is qualitative, the method is document-based and the data processing technique used was content analysis. The conclusion was that in Brazil the relationship between automobile culture and symbolism and environmental issues is one of conflict, in which the latter is influenced bythe first two. Thus, we were able to the need for changes in the role played by the AdvertisingIndustry in the Automotive Industry in order to educate the consumer about the use of the automobile. / Esta pesquisa buscou entender como a cultura e a simbologia do automóvel se relacionam com questões ambientais no Brasil. Para isso foram analisadas quinze peças publicitárias da Ford, GM, VW e Toyota veiculadas em mídia televisiva entre os anos de 2000 e 2015 no Brasil. Os objetivos da pesquisa foram comparar os discursos das peças com o discurso do relatório de sustentabilidade; identificar elementos que caracterizem o conflito entre a preocupação com o meio ambiente e a utilização do automóvel e; identificar como a cultura e a simbologia do automóvel no Brasil aparecem nas peças publicitárias para promover a venda. A abordagem metodológica é a qualitativa, o método é o documental e a técnica de tratamento de dados utilizada foi a análise de conteúdo. Concluiu-se que no Brasil a relação entre a cultura e a simbologia do automóvel com questões ambientais é conflituosa, na qual o segundo sofre grande influência dos dois primeiros. Dessa forma, viu-se a necessidade de mudanças no papel exercido pela Indústria da Publicidade junto a Indústria Automobilística para educar o consumidor sobre o uso do automóvel.

[pt] Uma das maiores mudanças de paradigmas da atual gestão empresarial é relacionada ao fato de que, freqüentemente, unidades de negócios individuais (empresas) não competem mais como unidades isoladas, mas como cadeia de suprimento, estabelecendo, assim, uma nova lógica de competição. Nessa nova lógica, a potencialidade para gerar vantagem competitiva deixou de estar dentro dos limites de uma empresa para estar distribuído entre as empresas que pertencem a uma mesma cadeia. Para atingir essa vantagem, devem ser estabelecidas a integração e otimização da cadeia sobre a perspectiva da Gestão da Cadeia de Suprimento (SCM). A forma com que empresas pertencentes a uma mesma cadeia estão associadas visando a SCM é chamada nessa tese como a dinâmica da cadeia de suprimento. Nesse contexto, a presente tese de doutorado tem como objetivo sistematizar a análise dos elementos relevantes para a dinâmica de uma cadeia de suprimento. Esses elementos relevantes possuem desdobramentos que são comuns às diferentes cadeias de um segmento industrial e outros que são particulares a cada uma dessas cadeias. Com isso, a análise da dinâmica é feita primeiramente para um segmento industrial e em seguida para uma cadeia particular. No caso da tese o segmento analisado é a industria automotiva e a cadeia particular analisada é a responsável pela criação, produção e distribuição de um modelo esportivo de luxo compacto produzido por uma montadora de veículos européia. As principais contribuições dessa tese são a elaboração de um método que possibilite a análise da dinâmica de uma cadeia de suprimento sob a perspectiva da SCM e a sua aplicação nas cadeias de suprimento de quatro plantas de um modelo de uma montadora de veículos, de forma a ilustrar o uso do método. Pode-se concluir com a aplicação do método de análise proposto na tese que as cadeias de suprimento estudadas se encontram em estágios distintos de desenvolvimento de SCM. As diferentes forças atuantes em cada cadeia fazem com que determinados conjuntos de ações que visam a SCM sejam desenvolvidas PUC-Rio em algumas cadeias e não em outras. O mesmo ocorre com a presença dos fatores que viabilizam esses conjuntos de ações nos diferentes elos dos processos de negócio de cada cadeia. / [en] One of the greatest paradigm changes in business management is that business units or individual organizations no longer compete as isolated units or single organizations anymore, but rather as supply chains. If each business unit of the supply chain is acting in a way to optimize its own value, there will be discontinuities at the interfaces and unnecessary costs will result. If an integrated view is taken instead, there may be opportunities in the supply chain where additional expense or time in one segment can save tremendous expense or time in another segment. This is the foundation of the supply chain competition logic. In this context, Supply Chain Management (SCM) has been recognized as a new major forefront for effective competition. This dissertation calls supply chain dynamic the way the business units that take part of the same supply chain are associated aiming at SCM. In this context, the goal of this dissertation is to present a model that systematizes the analysis of the relevant elements of the supply chains dynamics. These SCM relevant elements have implications that are common to the different supply chains that belong to the same industrial segment, and implications that are specific to the chains of the different products that belong to this segment. These elements analysis are done first in the automotive industry and then in selected supply chains of this industry responsible for the creation, production, and distribution of a luxurious compact sport model produced by a European Vehicle Manufacturer. The main contribuitions of this doctoral dissertation are: the elaboration of a method that enables the dynamic analysis of a supply chain under the SCM perspective; and its application to the supply chains of four plants of a vehicle manufacturer model in order to illustrate the methods use. Within the method s application it was possible to obtain and to analyze the dynamics of the four existenting chains for a given vehicle model. It was also possible to conclude that the chains present distinct developmental stages of SCM. The different acting forces in each chain influences the development of specific SCM capabilities in some chains and not in others. The same happens with the presence or absence of the SCM enablers in the different links of each chain s business processes.