The purpose of this thesis was to investigate overtraining (OT) and burnout (BO) in young athletes. Very little data on the incidence of OT in young athletes is available, hence the purpose of the 1st study was to investigate the prevalence and symptomology of NFOR (non-functional overreaching) and OT in young English athletes practicing different sports and competing across all competitive levels. Data from 376 young athletes (age 15.00 ± 1.97 y) indicated that 29 % had experienced at least one episode of NFOR/OT, and that NFOR/OT was significantly higher at national and international competitive levels (p < 0.01). Presenting symptomology was similar to that reported in adults, with both training and non-training stressors identified as important associates: losses of appetite during periods of hard training, frequent injuries and feelings of a lack of recovery from training, combined with apathy, feeling intimidated by opponents, and being “moody” were the most frequently reported physical and psychological symptoms, respectively. Training load, the commonly believed cause of NFOR/OT, had no significant association with NFOR/OT incidence; however competitive level and gender were significant predictors of NFOR/OT, albeit of a small explained variance (~4%). This study demonstrated that NFOR/OT is evident in young athletes and that the associated factors are multifactorial. The 2nd study monitored prospectively, 4 national-level female swimmers during an 11-month competitive season. Two swimmers (16.00 ± 1.41 y) were diagnosed as OT based on performance decrements (mean decrement of 9 %). One of the OT swimmers (OT2) presented with the classical psychophysiological profile, i.e. high monthly training volumes, low IgA concentration, depressed maximal lactates and high self-reported distress. Conversely the other OT swimmer (OT1) only presented with high Training Distress Scale (TDS) scores. These findings show that both, OT is a complex problem to diagnose and that it’s approach needs to be individualized. The 3rd study investigated the acute psycho-physiological responses to a 6-day training camp in 4 young female swimmers (15.00 ± 1.21 y), of which one was OT and another burnt out (OT1 swimmer from study 2). Both mal-adapted athletes showed performance decrements of ~8 % that lasted for more than 6 months. The OT swimmer, unlike her BO friend, showed a depressed IgA concentration, an unresponsive cortisol, reduced maximal lactate production, and high psychological distress, measured by the TDS. Both swimmers reported slower reaction times on the Stroop test, with the BO swimmer evidencing the worst performance. Finally, the BO swimmer reported very high scores on the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ; reduced sense of accomplishment = 4.3; emotional/physical exhaustion = 2.6; sport devaluation = 3.7). This study showed that the psychophysiological profile of an OT swimmer may differ considerably from a BO athlete, with the ABQ being potentially the most efficient tool to diagnose BO. Once more, the individuality of the profiles reinforces the importance of investigating this phenomenon on a case by case basis. The final study used Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis to investigate the psychosocial nature of OT and BO in a 15 year-old female swimmer (OT1 and BO from studies 2 and 3, respectively) and revealed how multiple sources of training and non-training stressors all combined to negatively affect the athlete. The swimmer revealed a past in which she experienced rapid success at an early age and a training mentality of “the more, the better” which was promoted by parents, coaches and herself. Her strong unidimensional identity – centred on swimming – provided few recreational or social opportunities outside the sport. She also reported communication difficulties with her coaches, unwelcome changes in coaching staff, periods of separation from her family, and an over-involved mother. The findings of this thesis suggest that NFOR/OT and BO are issues that many young athletes have to contend with during their sporting careers. The multifactorial nature of these conditions mean that any screening, prevention or recovery interventions must address the problem from a holistic standpoint and as such, Ken Wilber’s (1998) Integral Model is proposed as a suitable framework through which this condition may be investigated in young athletes.

Bakgrund: Psykisk ohälsa ses som en definition av många begrepp. Under de senaste åren har psykisk ohälsa ökat bland Sveriges befolkning. Den sjukdom som ökat markant och bidragit till ohälsa är utmattningssyndrom. Utmattningssyndrom drabbar främst personer som jobbar eller ansvarar för andra människor och har i slutändan visat sig bidra till fysisk och psykisk ohälsa. Resultatet av den psykiska och fysiska ohälsan kan vara en bidragande faktor till de långtidssjukskrivningar som ökat i dagens samhälle. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien är att beskriva personers upplevelser och hantering av att leva med utmattningssyndrom samt att beskriva undersökningsgrupperna i de inkluderade artiklarna. Metod: Den föreliggande studien är en beskrivande litteraturstudie grundad på 12 vetenskapliga artiklar med kvalitativ ansats. Underlaget till studien hämtades genom sökningar i databaserna Cinahl och PsycINFO. Huvudresultat: Resultatet uppvisade ett upprepande mönster av att personer med utmattningssyndrom upplever fysiska och psykiska besvär. Dessa besvär går att relatera till kroppsliga signaler och symtom som påverkade personernas hälsa negativt samt emotionella upplevelser där självbilden och det sociala livet blev lidande. Vid tillfrisknandet upplevde personerna dock återigen en känsla av glädje och motivation. Flera olika copingstrategier beskrivs som användbara vid hanteringen av utmattningssyndrom. Alla studier redovisade deltagarantal, könet på deltagarna samt majoriteten av studierna redovisade ålder och yrke. Slutsats: Genom att personer med utmattningssyndrom uppgav egna berättelser om deras upplevelser samt hantering av utmattningssyndrom kunde syftet besvaras. Upplevelserna innebar kroppsliga symtom och signaler samt emotionella upplevelser, men även positiva upplevelser som innebar glädje. Det fanns olika copingstrategier som kunde användas vid hanteringen av utmattningssyndrom. Genom ytterligare forskning av personers upplevelser och hantering av utmattningssyndrom kan det bidra till en bättre förståelse för hur personerna känner och deras sjukdom. Genom detta kan vård och behandling förbättras. / Background: Mental illness is seen as a definition of many terms. In recent years, mental health problems has been increasing among the Swedish population. One disease that increased significantly and contributed to illness is burnout professional. Burnout professional mainly affects people who work with, or are responsible for other people and has ultimately proven to contribute to physical and mental illness. The result of the mental and physical illness can be a contributing factor to the long-term sick leave that has increased in today's society. Aim: The aim of this study is to describe people's experiences and strategies of living with burnout professional and to describe the study sample in the included articles. Method: The present study is a descriptive literature review based on 12 scientific articles with qualitative approach. The basis for the study was retrieved through searches of databases Cinahl and PsycINFO. Main Results: The results showed a repeating pattern of people with burnout professional experiencing physical and psychological trouble. These troubles are related to bodily signals and symptoms that affect people's health and contribute to negative emotional experiences where the self-image and sociability suffer. During the recovery people felt joy and motivation again. Several coping strategies are described as useful in the treatment of burnout professional. All studies reported participants, the sex of the participants, the majority of the studies reported age and profession. Conclusion: By people with burnout professional describing their own stories about their experiences and the management of burnout professional, could the aim of this study be answered. The experiences meant physical symptoms and signals and emotional experiences, but also positive experiences like joy. There are different coping strategies that can be used in the management of burnout professional. Through further research of experiences and management of burnout professional, it can gain a better understanding of how people feel and their illness. Through this, care and treatment can be improved.

In the field of medicine, empathic providers have been found to bring numerous benefits to a clinical encounter as they are better able to elicit detailed and thorough case histories, build rapport and therapeutic alliance with patients, and foster greater compliance with treatment recommendations. Despite its multiple benefits, empathy has not been researched systematically within the field of speech-language pathology. In medical training, empathy has been found to decline by the time medical students are introduced to direct patient care. Currently, no information is available regarding the empathy trajectory of novice speech-language pathologists. The goal of the current project was to determine the effect of one semester of clinical experience on the perceived and self-reported empathy of novice speech-language pathology clinicians during their first semester of graduate school. A convergent parallel mixed-method design was used in two stages (pre/post). Both quantitative and qualitative data were gathered concurrently during two distinct moments in time (i.e. pre-test: during the first week of exposure to clients in clinic; post-test: at the end of the first semester of clinic). Quantitative and qualitative data analyses were completed separately at the conclusion of each stage, with data integration taking place during final interpretation. Quantitative findings revealed that novice speech-language pathology students were able to identify high vs. low levels of relational empathy as depicted in two video-recorded clinical interviews using a modified CARE measure (Mercer, Maxwell, Heaney, & Watt, 2004) even prior to exposure to clinical practice. In addition, these perceptions remained stable from pre-test to post-test. Qualitative comments written by novice clinicians regarding each video were analyzed using a-priori codes. Analysis of the qualitative data corroborated the quantitative findings except for mild nuances pertaining to observations about the caregiver in the video, which tended to occur more frequently at pre-test and less so at post-test. The significance of these qualitative findings was questionable, but it was hypothesized that clinicians may have become more “detached” from the caregiver’s perspective after they were exposed to direct work with clients in the clinic. Novice clinicians’ levels of self-reported empathy were also observed to remain stable from pre-test to post-test, as evidenced by quantitative findings from the Empathy Assessment Index (EAI – Gerdes, Segal, & Lietz, 2012). Analysis of the subtests from the EAI showed that all clinicians tended to have lower scores for emotional regulation as compared with other components such as affective response, affective mentalizing, perspective taking, or self-other awareness. Qualitative analysis of an exit interview in which novice clinicians were asked to list the most frustrating and most rewarding aspects of their semester showed that aspects of the semester which were perceived as frustrating were often balanced by those which were perceived as rewarding. In addition, direct work with clients and caregivers was listed by far as one of the most rewarding experiences for novice clinicians, particularly as it pertained to client progress. Factors which could potentially lead into burnout were noted in the list of frustrating items, but these occurred more infrequently. Further investigations into the empathy trajectory of novice speech-language pathology students are recommended especially using a cross-sectional or longitudinal design to determine if empathy remains stable over the course of training or whether it suffers a decline as academic, personal, and patient/caseload demands become more challenging and multifaceted. Possible investigations following clinicians after the completion of their clinical fellowship year would also be recommended as novice clinicians transition from trainees to full-fledged providers.

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como finalidad estudiar si existe relación entre el Bienestar Psicológico y el Síndrome de “quemado laboral” (Burnout) en los docentes de la Unidad de Gestión Educativa Local No. 7, para lo cual se realizó un estudio de diseño Descriptivo Correlacional. Se evaluó a un total de 179 docentes, de la Unidad de Servicios Educativos Local (UGEL) No. 7, correspondiente a los distritos de Barranco, Chorrillos, Miraflores, San Borja, San Luis, Santiago de Surco y Surquillo, de ambos sexos, de los niveles inicial, Primaria y Secundaria. Los datos se obtuvieron utilizando la Escala de Bienestar Psicológico y el Inventario Burnout de Maslach (MBI). Llevándose a cabo el análisis de ítems y se estableció la validez y confiabilidad de ambos instrumentos. La evaluación del Bienestar Psicológico se centro en las siguientes áreas: Bienestar Subjetivo, Bienestar Material, Bienestar Laboral, Relaciones de Pareja y Bienestar Psicológico total. Así mismo para la evaluación del síndrome de Burnout, se tomo en cuenta las áreas que evalúa como: agotamiento emocional, despersonalización y realización personal. Se encontró correlaciones negativas estadísticamente significativas entre el Bienestar Psicológico y el Síndrome de quemado laboral (Burnout) en los docentes de la UGEL No. 7. Por otra parte se encuentran correlaciones negativas entre el Bienestar Subjetivo, Bienestar Material, Bienestar Laboral y Relaciones de Pareja y con el Síndrome de Burnout En relación al Bienestar Psicológico de los docentes se concluyó que las categorías presentan proporciones diferenciadas, pudiéndose notar que predomina el nivel medio. Sin embargo en el síndrome de Burnout prevalecen los niveles bajos y altos. / Tesis

Determina la incidencia del Síndrome de Burnout en cuidadores de adultos mayores de la Clínica Bamboo de Junio a Octubre del 2016. Estudio descriptivo, observacional, transversal y prospectivo. Se entrevistan a 20 cuidadores de adultos mayores, para ello utiliza el cuestionario Maslach Burnout Inventory-HSS además de un perfil del cuidador. Se concluye que, todos los cuidadores se ven afectados en cierto grado de nivel del síndrome de burnout, siendo el grado de nivel medio el que predomina (55%), por lo cual se demuestra que este síndrome ya está impactando considerablemente en la vida personal y profesional de los cuidadores y de la persona a cuidar. / Tesis

Determina el nivel de síndrome de Burnout y su relación con el perfil sociodemográfico en Enfermeras del Hospital Nacional Especializado “Víctor Larco Herrera”, así como el nivel de síndrome de Burnout en la dimensión de agotamiento emocional, la despersonalización y realización personal. El estudio es de nivel aplicativo, tipo cuantitativo, método descriptivo-correlacional y de corte transversal. La técnica es una encuesta y el instrumento es el Inventario de Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). Los principales resultados muestran el 40 % presenta nivel medio del síndrome de Burnout y un 28 % un nivel bajo, sin embargo existe un 30 % con un nivel alto. Así mismo, la mayoría de las enfermeras presentan un nivel medio de agotamiento emocional y realización personal y despersonalización. Concluye que no hay asociación significativa entre el perfil sociodemográficos y el síndrome de Burnout en cuanto a las dimensiones de despersonalización y realización personal. / Tesis

Determina el nivel de estrés laboral en enfermeras (os) en el servicio de emergencia del Hospital San José con el propósito de que los resultados permitan diseñar estrategias orientadas a fortalecer y/o promover en el personal de salud el manejo del estrés y el uso de mecanismos de afronte orientado disminuir el riesgo a presentar estrés laboral y síndrome de burnout; y mejorar la calidad de atención. / Trabajo académico

A common reason why athletes retire from their sport is burnout. Athletic burnout often occurs when athletes are over-trained and do not get enough rest. The present study examines the question: why is it that some athletes are able to perform at a high level for many years while others fizzle out? The purpose of the proposed study is to investigate the effects of perfectionism and anxiety on sleep disturbances and athletic burnout in high school students. The proposed method will be a correlational within-participants design and participants will be high school-age female gymnasts. The gymnasts will complete measures of perfectionism surrounding academics and athletics, anxiety, and burnout. Additionally, the gymnasts’ parents will complete measures of perfectionism and their perceptions of their child’s burnout. Athletes will then be given a sleep tracker to wear each night for a week to measure the athlete’s sleep per night. It is predicted that academic perfectionism and amount of sleep will interact to result in higher burnout levels. Additionally, it is predicted that there will be an interaction between anxiety levels and amount of sleep resulting in higher levels of burnout. The proposed study could give more insight into the mental and physiological processes behind athletic burnout. The relationship between perfectionism, anxiety, sleep, and burnout is one that requires further research but may be useful information for coaches, parents, and athletes to prevent athletic burnout.

This dissertation examines the effects of healthy lifestyle of auditors in public accounting as a mitigating influence between role stress and job outcomes (performance, satisfaction, and turnover). Based on coping and self-determination theories, the study was designed to investigate the impact of healthy lifestyle as a coping measure that is within the control of the individual, regardless of firm policies or the firm's work environment.To address the research issues, a survey was conducted of professional auditors employed by a large national public accounting firm with offices located throughout the United States. The sample included 1,026 auditors from various regions of the United States and at various levels in the firm. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the causal effects of role stressors and healthy lifestyle in a fully-mediated model on job outcomes of performance, satisfaction and turnover intentions.The hypothesized model demonstrated acceptable fit statistics and, generally, the hypotheses were supported. The results indicate that role stress as mediated by job burnout and its effect on psychological well-being will have a negative impact on job outcomes. However, the negative effects of role stress and job burnout can be mitigated by a healthy lifestyle which, mediated by its effect on vitality and psychological wellbeing, is positively related to job outcomes.

La littérature relative à la santé et sécurité au travail a mis en évidence l'importance des perceptions de sécurité comme déterminant de la santé et sécurité au travail et des comportements de sécurité (Barlin et Frone, 2004). Peu d'études, cependant, ont étudié le rôle du climat de sécurité (Neal et Griffin, 2004) dans le processus de l'épuisement professionnel. Cette recherche propose un modèle original qui vise à déterminer l'impact du climat de sécurité en tant que antécédent de l'épuisement professionnel de santé. Aussi nous avons intégré les « safety workarounds (Halbesleben, Wakefield & Wakefield, 2008) afin de montrer leur effet médiateur dans la relation climat de sécurité / burnout. Les résultats issus de notre enquête empirique confirment nos hypothèses. / The literature has highlighted the importance of individual perceptions of organizational safety rules and policies in their motivation to comply (Barlin & Frone, 2004). Yet, few studies, however, have investigated the role of safety climate (Neal & Griffin, 2004) on the burnout process. This research proposes an original model that seeks to determine the impact of safety climate as an antecedent independent variable to burnout. The practice of workarounds (Halbesleben, Wakefield & Wakefield, 2008) is incorporated in the model. Workarounds has been shown to be related to occupational safety issues and psychological health. The sample consisted in 281 health professional working in operating rooms. This research validates two important hypotheses. First, it highlights the impact of safety climate on burnout. As such, this finding adds to the literature by enriching the taxonomy of burnout antecedents. Second, it shows that workarounds plays a role in mediating the impact of safety climate on burnout. The relation of workarounds to burnout is complex. Its mediating role should not be limited to another form of coping. It also relates to pro-active attitudes for an added value to performance. As such, workarounds can act as indicators of the perceived state of safety climate held by professionals. Finally, this research emphasizes the necessity for including safety climate as a prevention tool in organizational health and safety practices.