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Denna litteraturstudie syftar till att ge en överblick i vad cannabis är för drog samt en överblick över fysiologisk påverkan samt orala följder och risker vid bruk av cannabis. Det kan konstateras att patienter som brukar eller missbrukar cannabis placeras i en riskgrupp för inflammationer och infektioner i munhålan. Exempel på sjukdomstillstånd som cannabisbrukare är utsatta för är gingivit, parodontit, xerostomi, karies, oral cancer, cannabis stomatit och candida albicans.Cannabis påverkar nästintill alla system i kroppen, speciellt det kardiovaskulära- och respiratoriska systemet samt immunsystemet. En direkt påverkan av den aktiva substansen delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) på det kardiovaskulära systemet kan leda till en hjärtrusning på grund av en förhöjd puls. Den aktiva substansen har även en direkt påverkan på immuncellernas aktivitet genom att ha en immunosuppressiv effekt på makrofager, T- och B-lymfocyter.Rökning av cannabis kan bidra till en kronisk inflammation av den orala mukosan. Detta kan vara svårt att se eftersom cannabis maskerar de inflammatoriska kardinaltecknen. En annan bieffekt av cannabisbruk som kan ses i munnen är candida albicans, en svamp som förekommer mer frekvent hos cannabisrökare än hos tobaksrökare och icke-rökare. Eftersom drogen har en parasympatisk egenskap kan det skapa kliniska symptom för xerostomi i både mun och hals.Sammanfattningsvis är det viktigt för en vårdgivare att känna igen en missbrukare för att kunna ge en adekvat behandling. Behandling av påverkade individer kan resultera i att patienten upplever akut ångest, dysfori och psykosliknande paranoida tankar.

Cannabis use has been associated with various psychosis outcomes, including psychotic disorders, the clinical high risk period of psychosis, and subthreshold measures of psychotic symptoms in non-clinical samples, such as attenuated positive psychotic symptoms (APPS). The present study examined whether individual- and contextual-level factors account for the relationship between cannabis use and psychosis. Specifically, we hypothesized that the relationship between cannabis and psychosis would be mediated by social functioning; negative, depression, anxiety, and aggression symptoms; context of cannabis use; and motivations for cannabis use. Nine hundred and forty-five young adults ages 18-35 years (M = 20.1 years, 24.4% male) completed self-report questionnaires: the Prodromal Questionnaire, Marijuana Use Form, Social Functioning Scale, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-Trait Form-Anxiety Subscale, Social Phobia Scale, Life History of Aggression Scale, Reasons for Use scale, and Drug Use Frequency questionnaire. Psychosis outcomes included a dimensional measure of APPS and a dichotomous measure indicating potential higher/lower risk for psychosis, based on number of distressing symptoms endorsed (i.e., D-APPS status). A multiple mediation framework was used, and significance of mediators was evaluated through estimating the significance of indirect effects using bootstrapped confidence intervals. Increases in negative and aggression symptoms mediated the relationship between higher cannabis use and increases in APPS. Negative and aggression symptoms, context of cannabis use, and using cannabis to cope with unpleasant affect mediated the relationship between cannabis use and high-D-APPS status. Results indicate that individual and contextual-level characteristics may contribute to the relationship between cannabis use and psychosis. / Psychology

By exploring the history of cannabis in the French Empire, this dissertation builds on recent scholarly efforts to investigate the intersections of France’s national and imperial pasts. As scholar Gary Wilder argued in his seminal work, The French Imperial Nation-State (2005), “French historiography is traditionally guided by a national paradigm for which a correspondence between territory, population, and state is considered normal and the existence of colonies is treated as exceptional.” This fabricated barrier between France’s national and imperial pasts, he argues, conceals the reality that “the metropole and its overseas colonies exercised a reciprocal influence upon one another” and that both should be studied as one political and cultural unit, as what he terms the “imperial nation-state.” As this dissertation demonstrates, the history of drug use and prohibition in France is in large part a story of movement between colony and metropole. From the nation’s first imperial encounter with hashish during Napoleon’s invasion of Egypt in 1798 through the subsequent spread of cannabis use and cannabis-based medications in the French metropole during the middle 19th century to the creation of anti-cannabis laws in France and its North African colonies during the fin de siècle, the circulation of cannabis and ideas about cannabis use between colony and metropole drove the development of prohibition policies in France from the birth of the republic through the early 20th century / History

OBJECTIVES: The Government of Canada legalized the recreational use of cannabis on October 17th, 2018. Our objectives were to determine the prevalence of Canadians (aged 15 years or older) intending to try or increase their cannabis use following legalization and explore characteristics associated with the intent to try or increase use. METHODS & DATA ANALYSIS: A secondary data analysis was conducted of cross-sectional data from Waves 1–3 of the National Cannabis Survey collected from February to September 2018. All respondents’ data were weighted and bootstrapped multivariable logistic and multinomial regression models were developed. Relative measures of association were reported as adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and relative risk ratios (RRRs), and absolute measures of association as adjusted risk differences (ARDs). RESULTS: Response rates were 51.2% (Wave 1), 51.3% (Wave 2), and 51.6% (Wave 3). An estimated 18.5% (95%CI: 17.6–19.5) of the study population indicated that they intended to try (12.3%) or increase (6.2%) cannabis use following legalization. Our weighted analysis represented 27,808,081 Canadians 15 years of age or older (unweighted n = 17,089). In our adjusted logistic model, being more likely to try or increase cannabis use was associated with younger age (15–24 years versus ≥65; aOR 3.8, 95%CI: 2.6–5.6; ARD 20.1%, 95%CI: 13.9–26.2), cannabis use in the past three months versus not (aOR 3.3, 95%CI: 2.8–3.9; ARD 20.4%, 95%CI: 17.1–23.6),higher income (≥$80,000 versus <$40,000; aOR 1.5, 95%CI: 1.3–1.9; ARD 6.1%, 95%CI: 3.2–9.0), and poor or fair mental health compared to good or excellent mental health (aOR 2.0, 95%CI: 1.6–2.6; ARD 11.5%, 95%CI: 6.7–16.2). CONCLUSIONS: Nearly 1 in 5 respondents reported their intention to try or increase cannabis use post–legalization. Intentions may not lead to actual changes in behaviour and further surveillance of cannabis use can help determine impact of policy change. / Thesis / Master of Public Health (MPH)

Cannabis is a well-debated subject across the world and is increasingly receiving attention in the media. Over the last few years, several countries have legalized or decriminalized cannabis for recreational use. The shift in cannabis policies can be associated with multiple factors including changes in cannabis use, attitudes toward the use, as well as the perceived harmfulness of the drug. The present study examines the perceptions and attitudes of university students in Sweden toward cannabis legislation. Through an online quantitative survey, the study explores factors associated with students’ views on cannabis policy, including background characteristics and health perceptions. The empirical findings indicate that the majority support a more liberal cannabis policy compared to Sweden’s current restrictive approach, with a significant proportion favoring legalization or for cannabis to be a minor violation. Male students tend to be more supportive of cannabis legalization compared to females. Findings further suggest that lower grades and substance use, including alcohol, cigarettes, and cannabis are factors associated with favoring cannabis legalization. The findings indicate that perceiving cannabis as harmful is related to favoring a restrictive cannabis policy. Students’ social circles might also play a crucial role in shaping attitudes toward cannabis, as friends’ approval and cannabis discussions are associated with favored cannabis policy. The study highlights the influence of demographic factors, substance use behaviors, and health perceptions on students’ attitudes toward cannabis policy. By enlightening these complex dynamics, the thesis provides essential insight regarding public opinion on cannabis regulation and offers valuable implications for evidence-based policymaking and intervention strategies in drug policy.

El Rif es una región que históricamente ha sufrido una marginación por parte del poder central marroquí lo que ha potenciado el surgimiento de una serie de fenómenos económicos inscritos en la economía ilegal tales como el contrabando o el cultivo de cáñamo. Este cultivo de cáñamo y su transformación está provocando una serie de consecuencias económicas, sociales y políticas que dislocan la sociedad tradicional y que hacen emerger una nueva clase social fruto de estas actividades. Además de ellos el cultivo del cáñamo puede provocar y de hecho ya lo está haciendo unas consecuencias de tipo ecológico y medioambiental de consecuencias perjudiciales para la región en cuanto lo que signifique de desforestación, erosión, agotamiento de los recursos hídricos, etc. La actitud de las autoridades marroquíes hasta el momento actual es de consentir el cultivo ante el gran desafío que significa desarrollar una región de escasos recursos, sobre poblada y que ha estado viviendo de una agricultura de subsistencia o de las mencionadas actividades ilegales. / Moreno Torregrosa, P. (1998). Estudio del cultivo de Cannabis Sativa en el Rif marroquí. Sus consecuencias socioeconómicas para la Región [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/4623

This dissertation explores cannabis industry workers’ experiences of stigmatization. I conducted 23 interviews over a period of seven months with people who had been or were currently employed in the state-legal cannabis industry. I thematically analyzed and organized participant responses around significant moments of concept formation and understanding about cannabis. Participants shared first-time stories which served as initial encounters with either cannabis itself or the stigmatizing attitudes that sometimes surrounded it. There were discussions of how friends, family, and adults in general talked about cannabis and the impact that talk had on participants’ own attitudes toward cannabis. Perhaps most importantly, participants shared and described strategies for managing cannabis industry stigma. The interviews are presented within the context of an account of the contemporary social environment surrounding cannabis. The result of a long and political history rife with larger-than-life real world and fictional characters alike, much of our understanding of cannabis is influenced by the way it has been treated over the past century. As our collective discussion about the legitimacy of drug prohibition gains momentum, there is a growing need to consider the unintended social and material consequences that may beset those who would consider deriving their livelihood from these developing industries. Industry regulators, state representatives, company owners, and the industry as a whole must make efforts to support the needs of the growing workforce and reduce barriers to entry.

Cannabis sativa L. is a species of flowering plant from the Cannabaceae family which contains over 100 different phytocannabinoids and terpenes. The therapeutic effectiveness of Cannabis sativa L. depends on the cannabinoid content, and the unique aroma in this plant is produced by the terpenes. The two most widely known cannabinoids are Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). The legalization of hemp (defined as Cannabis sativa L. < 0.3% Δ9-THC by dry mass) has flooded the market with various hemp and hemp-derived consumer products. These studies focus on using Liquid Chromatography and Gas Chromatography to survey the cannabinoid and terpene content observed for commercially popular Cherry Wine hemp cultivars. Twelve samples of Cherry Wine hemp were obtained representing three field grown hemp plants, a hemp plant grown in a controlled indoor environment, and eight cloned hemp plants also grown in a controlled indoor environment. The analyses revealed variability in the cannabinoid and terpenes contents that reflect plant genetics, daylight exposure duration, and hemp processing and storage conditions. Nitrogen was examined as a substitute carrier gas for increasingly expensive helium for the analysis of terpenes. Finally, Liquid Chromatography was also applied to evaluate the cannabinoid content versus label claims of ten Δ8-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ8-THC) hemp-derived consumer products. Examples of under and over reporting of cannabinoids were observed indicating potential risks to consumer safety and need for improved product regulation.

Older adults represent the fastest growing demographic of cannabis users, and they endorse cannabis use for a variety of reasons including modulation of chronic pain, mental health symptoms, and sleep concerns. Despite escalating patterns of use, current evidence leaves questions of efficacy unanswered among these groups of users. Goals of the present study were to examine the role of medicinal cannabis within subjects at the daily level on the interrelated symptoms of depression, anxiety, sleep, and pain. A final sample of 106 medical cannabis users were recruited nationwide, ranging from 55 to 74 years of age (66.67% female, 82.86% white). A fully within-subject multilevel structural equation model was conducted with use patterns and symptomology broken into four temporal epochs. Subjective intoxication (Epoch 1) averaged across the day was used to predict subsequent anxiety, depression, and pain levels (Epoch 2), which then were used to predict sleep that night (Epoch 3), then subsequent anxiety, depression, and pain levels the following day (Epoch 4) prior to initiation of cannabis use. Results indicated that subjective intoxication negatively predicted post-use anxiety, depression, and pain. There was also a significant indirect effect from subjective intoxication to sleep quality through post- use anxiety. These findings provide evidence of momentary improvement in symptomology, but do not speak to long term changes. Findings are limited by measures used and potential expectancy effects but may help practitioners and patients determine windows for therapeutic use and identify potential development of problematic use as reinforced by momentary improvements in symptomology. Despite its limitations, the results of this study contribute to a growing body of research evaluating the efficacy of medicinal cannabis use for older adults.