Le contrat unilatéral désigne en droit français un contrat par lequel « une ou plusieurs personnes sont obligées envers une ou plusieurs autres, sans que de la part de ces dernières il y ait d’engagement » (article 1103 du Code civil). Procéder à l’analyse fonctionnelle de la notion de contrat unilatéral consiste ainsi à s’interroger sur l’utilité de distinguer dans une catégorie spécifique les contrats qui n’obligent que d’un côté. A quoi cela sert-il de penser les contrats à partir du caractère unilatéral des obligations qu’ils produisent ? Cette interrogation invite d’abord à éprouver la fonction normative de la notion de contrat unilatéral, c’est-à-dire sa capacité à justifier l’application de règles spécifiques. Les résultats de cette première démarche révèlent que la notion de contrat unilatéral ne commande pas l’application d’un régime spécifique et que son utilité principale ne tient donc pas à la faculté qu’elle aurait de déterminer l’application de règles de droit particulières. Une étude attentive de ses origines et de son utilisation en droit positif montre au contraire que la notion de contrat unilatéral remplit principalement une fonction définitoire de la notion de contrat elle-même. Contre la tentation de réduire le contrat aux conventions qui obligent réciproquement toutes les parties, elle rappelle expressément que le droit français ne distingue pas selon le caractère unilatéral ou réciproque des obligations produites pour retenir la qualification de contrat. Ainsi, la notion de contrat unilatéral se présente, en quelque sorte, comme le gardien de la définition large du contrat posée par l’article 1101 du Code civil. / Under French law, a unilateral contract is contract by which “one or several persons obligate themselves to one or several others without any commitment on the part of the latter” (article 1103 of the Civil Code). The functional analysis of the notion of the unilateral contract raises the question of the utility in identifying a specific category of contracts which bind only one party. As a first step, this question is an invitation to challenge the normative function of the notion of unilateral contract, that is to say its ability to cause the application of specific rules. The results of this first step show that the notion of unilateral contract does not cause the application of a specific system of rules and that its main purpose is therefore not to determine the application of specific legal rules. A thorough study of its origins and its use in case law shows, instead, that the notion of unilateral contract mainly fulfills a definitional function of the concept of contract itself. Against the temptation to reduce the definition of contract solely to agreements that oblige all parties to each other, the notion of unilateral contract is a reminder that French law does not distinguish between the unilateral or reciprocal nature of the obligations provided in the agreement. Such an agreement qualifies as a contract. Thus, the notion of unilateral contract arises, somehow, as the guardian of the broad definition of the contract provided for by Article 1101 of the Civil Code.

Etudier les rapports pouvant exister entre la notion d'intérêt et le droit administratif est source de réflexion. En effet, si la notion traverse l'ensemble du droit public français et du discours doctrinal, c'est tout particulièrement au sein du droit administratif qu'elle trouve à se développer. Ne se laissant pas définir de manière précise, la notion d'intérêt qui occupe du fait de son emploi courant une place conséquente au sein de la matière administrative, va cependant se laisser identifier. Ainsi, c'est à partir de la mise en rapport des différents emplois du terme apparaissant constamment dans une relation d'opposition qu'il va être rendu possible de travailler sur la particularité première de la notion, clé de compréhension de son fonctionnement, à savoir son caractère binaire. Au regard de ce constat, appréhender la notion d'intérêt revient à s'intéresser à l'aspect fonctionnel de celle-ci. Le terme étant utilisé à de multiples reprises au sein de la matière administrative, de nombreuses études ont notamment pu montrer les fonctions contentieuses de l'intérêt général ou encore de l'intérêt à agir mais il existe peu de travaux consacrés à la notion d'intérêt en droit administratif au sein desquels la notion ne se trouve pas bornée par l'emploi de qualificatifs. C'est pourquoi, il convient de procéder à cette étude afin de tenter la démonstration selon laquelle la notion d'intérêt va permettre de fonder et d'encadrer toute action administrative.Ainsi, il est intéressant d'observer et de mettre en oeuvre une analyse de l'impact de la notion afin de faire ressortir la fonction variable et complexe qui lui est assignée. Cette approche s’intéresse à la notion d’intérêt et à sa place à partir de la source du droit administratif en tant qu'élément créateur jusqu'à sa fonction d’outil permettant de légitimer et de hiérarchiser toute action au sein de la matière administrative. / Studying the possible relationships between the notion of interest and administrative law is a source for reflection. For, although this notion permeates the whole of French public law and thelegal discourse, it has developed in particular within administrative law. The notion of interest cannot be defined precisely but, due to its common usage, occupying as it does an important placein administrative matters, the notion can however be identified. Thus, it is by comparing the different uses of the term appearing constantly in an oppositional relationship that it will becomepossible to work on the main particularity of this notion, the key to understanding the way it operates, i.e. its binary nature. From this fact, to comprehend the notion of interest comes down toexamining its functional aspect. As the term is used on many occasions in administrative matters,several studies have shown the contentious functions of public interest or of standing (locus standi),but there are few works dedicated to the notion of interest in administrative law where this notion is not limited by the use of qualifiers. That is the reason why it is proper to undertake this study, inorder to attempt to demonstrate that the notion of interest will make it possible to establish and manage all administrative actions. Thus, it is interesting to observe and implement an analysis of the impact of this notion in order to reveal the variable, complex function that is bestowed upon it,from the source of administrative law as a creative element, to its function legitimating all action.

Cause lawyers maintain primary commitments to causes and pursue political and moral objectives that go well beyond the traditional lawyering objective of client service, which is the goal of most conventional lawyers. In this research I conduct in-depth interviews with cause lawyers involved in efforts for social change in post-Katrina New Orleans to develop a richer understanding of their roles within social movements and how they conceive of and negotiate the core tensions in their work. I investigate the lawyers' roles within social movements situated in legal, political and social climates that are overwhelmingly inhospitable to their ultimate goals. Ultimately, this research presents a portrait of cause lawyers who develop alternative modes of practice that are more commonly associated with movement organizers and more closely aligned with movement goals of individual and community empowerment than are traditional models of lawyering.

Thesis (M.Com. (Marketing Management and Information Systems))--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, School of Economic and Business Sciences, 2014. / This study evaluates the impact of the TOMS Shoes one-for-one campaign on the perceptions, attitudes and purchase intentions of Generation Y (GenY) consumers in the United States. The theoretical framework of the study is based on the CRM Response Model, which integrates several psychological and behavioural measures in describing GenYs‘ response to campaign messages (Waters 2006, Hyllegard 2009). The model was operationalised by a hypothetico-deductive research design and data was analysed through Confirmatory Factor Analysis. The strongest determinant of the model‘s outcome variable (i.e. ‗purchase intentions') is brand motivation or ‗attitude towards the brand‘. Consequently the causes chosen must have affinity with the company‘s products for GenY to respond favourably to the campaign messages. Combining emotionally evocative stimuli/imagery with a cause that GenY consumers care about or are ‗involved‘ is bound to make them like or believe (accept) the campaign. The ‗emotional‘ reactions of GenY determine whether they will pay ‗attention‘ and/or 'like the campaign message' or not. The cohort‘s ‗involvement‘ in the shoe cause is partially mediated by ‗attention‘ and has a weak but significant influence on ‗attitude towards the brand‘. Likeable and/or memorable ads tend to be more effective in persuading consumers than neutral advertisements. ‗Attention‘ has a direct influence on ‗attitude towards the advertisement‘ or liking the campaign message, with communications effects in essence minimal without ‗attention‘.

This research primarily addresses mortality patterns and trends by main causes of death in the post-communist countries of Central Asia, Central Europe and the Baltic region together with low mortality populations such as those of France, Spain and the USA. The aim of this study is to analyze the changes in the mortality levels and its structure by the main causes of death by sex and age, and confronted with low mortality populations between the period of 1985 and 2005, respectively. The first (and main) part of the work therefore focuses on cause-specific mortality levels and its relative structure by main causes of death in the selected countries. Moreover, the different patterns of excess male mortality were also observed. The second part is concentrated at the age-standardized mortality levels by main causes of death. The research identified several important issues encasing the field of mortality, especially in the cause-specific mortality situation in Central Asian republics.

[pt] Este trabalho tem como objetivo primordial investigar as possibilidades de variação de significado decorrentes das orações adverbiais introduzidas pela conjunção quando. Consideramos que, para além da idéia temporal - à qual boa parte de nossas gramáticas costuma se limitar - outras circunstâncias adverbiais, como causa e condição principalmente, podem coexistir nas construções formadas pela chamada oração principal e pela oração subordinada adverbial. Para tanto, baseamos nossa pesquisa na análise de 60 exemplos retirados do jornal O Globo e da revista Veja, dois dos principais veículos de comunicação escrita em língua portuguesa. Ao fim, chegamos à conclusão de que, apesar do importante papel exercido por fatores sintático-gramaticais, como as diferentes combinações entre os tempos e os modos verbais, o sentido final das construções examinadas é, em última análise, resultado de fatores de ordem semântica, isto é, das relações de significado que se estabelecem entre o predicado e cada um dos termos que o constituem. / [en] This dissertation´s main objective is to investigate the possibilities of semantic variation on adverbials sentences introduced by the conjunction quando. We consider that, beyond the idea of time - to which some of our grammars use to be restricted - other adverbials circumstances, like cause and condition mainly, can coexist on the constructions formed by main clause and adverbial clause. To reach our goals, we based our study on the analysis of 70 examples found on O Globo journal and on Veja magazine., two of the most important vehicles of written communication in Portuguese. As a result, we concluded that, despite of the great importance of the role played by syntactical and grammatical factors, like the different combinations between verbal times and modes, the final meaning of the constructions that we examined is, definitely, determined by semantic factors, that is, the relationship of meanings established between the predicate and each of its terms.

Cause-related Marketing är en marknadsföringsmetod vilken har använts flitigt av företag inom olika branscher, en metod som både bemötts av hyllningar och kritik. Studier har gjorts i hur metoden påverkar ett företags varumärkesbild, men då CRM har fått en nyare skepnad fanns det en relevans i att undersöka huruvida den nyare formen av CRM påverkar varumärkesbilden. Studien ämnade mer specifikt att studera Gillettes kampanj “The Best Men Can Be” från januari 2019 och hur den påverkade unga konsumenters varumärkesbild. En kvalitativ studie har utförts där semistrukturerade intervjuer har legat till grund för insamling av data. Respondenterna delades in i två målgrupper - män och kvinnor. Vidare baserades de semistrukturerade intervjufrågorna på Kapferers identitetsprisma. Resultatet visade att konsumenters varumärkesbild påverkades av CRM, mer specifikt av den aktuella kampanjen. Resultatet indikerade att varumärkesbilden förbättrades hos kvinnor men försämrades hos män​.

Este estudo versou sobre os caminhos da formação do Direito Comercial brasileiro a partir das reformas pombalinas no século XVIII até a promulgação do Código Comercial brasileiro de 1850, procurando expor em quais pontos em se diferenciou do Direito Civil. Para tanto, no primeiro capítulo, expôs-se de que forma se deu a penetração das ideias Iluministas em Portugal, especialmente por meio da obra de LUÍS ANTÓNIO VERNEY. Em seguida, procurou-se demonstrar como essas ideias informaram as reformas levadas a efeito pelo Marquês de Pombal no século XVIII. No segundo capítulo, objetivou-se evidenciar as alterações na sociedade e na estrutra do império luso-brasileiro a partir da abertura dos portos em 1808 e de que forma estas alterações tiveram impacto na História do Direito Comercial nacional. O terceiro capítulo destinou-se a provar o influxo de ideias jusracionalistas no Direito Comercial brasileiro por meio da adoção da teoria subjetiva da causa, consagrada legislativamente no Código Civil francês de 1804. O trabalho, portanto, destinou-se a por em relevo um aspecto da História do Direito privado brasileiro que não se coaduna com a tradição jurídica luso-brasileira / This study refers to the formation of Brazilian Commercial Law from the pombalinas reforms until the promulgation of the Brazilian Code of Commerce in 1850. Throughout the work we tried to demonstrate how the Commercial Law followed a different tradition comparing with the Civil Law in Brazil. Thus, the first chapter demonstrates the Enlightenment influx in Portugal, specially through the work of LUÍS ANTÓNIO VERNEY. Then, the influence of VERNEYS ideas and the reforms that took place by the hands of the Marquês de Pombal in Portugal was showed. The second chapter demonstrates the social and political modifications that happened in the Portuguese Empire after the opening of the Brazilian ports to the trade of the world. At this point, there was also a study on the impact of the these developments in the History of the Brazilian Commercial Law. The third and last chapter attempts to prove the influx of Enlightenment demonstrating that the Code of Commerce of 1850 adopts the subjective theory of cause which is the same as in the French Code Civil of 1804. Therefore, this work demonstrated how the Brazilian Commercial Law followed different juridical tradition in comparison with the Brazilian Civil Law.

Existem inúmeras evidências que permitem caracterizar o papel do álcool como fator de risco para doenças e morte, além de diversas consequências sociais negativas. Assim, o consumo de bebidas alcoólicas tem se tornado uma preocupação em âmbito mundial, sendo apontado como um importante problema de saúde pública. Considerando as limitações das estatísticas de saúde que levam em conta apenas a causa básica, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi descrever a mortalidade relacionada ao consumo de álcool, segundo causas múltiplas de morte da microrregião de Ribeirão Preto-SP por residência e/ou ocorrência, no período de 1996 a 2007. Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico do tipo descritivo que utilizou como fonte dados secundários do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade do Ministério da Saúde (SIM/MS). Foi realizado o download de 100% dos arquivos de óbito ocorridos no Brasil de 1996 a 2007 através do banco de dados do SIM disponível no site do DATASUS (http://www.datasus.gov.br), sendo importados 324 arquivos referente às Declarações de Óbito (DOs). Utilizando o programa APPENDA, o banco de dados passou por diversos processos de filtragem sendo obtidos 1800 DOs que possuem menção álcool (F10) como causa básica ou associada. Observou-se nas 1800 DOs que 90,1% eram do sexo masculino, 56,9% estavam na faixa etária de 40-59 anos, 65,7% era da raça /cor branca, a análise de escolaridade esteve prejudicada devido ao número de ignorados (78,8%). Passaram pelo exame de necropsia 43,7% e, em 56,3% não foram colhidos exames ou quando colhidos não foram informados. Os capítulos da CID-10: IX - Doenças do aparelho circulatório, X - Doenças do aparelho respiratório e XI - Doenças do aparelho digestivo foram os três mais frequentes, totalizando 56,2% das causas básicas e praticamente a metade de todos os diagnósticos informados (48,7%). Entre as principais causas de morte destacam-se as doenças do fígado (K70-K77), pneumonias (J12-J18) e outras doenças do aparelho respiratório (J22, J66-J99), pancreatite aguda e outras doenças do pâncreas (K85-K86), transtornos mentais e comportamentais devido ao uso de outras substâncias psicoativas (F11-F19), outras doenças do aparelho digestivo (K82-K83, K87-K93), outras doenças do coração (I27-I43, I51-I52) e outras doenças hipertensivas (I11-I15). Apenas 1% dos óbitos com menção álcool estavam no capítulo de causas externas e a análise por agrupamento da CID-10 permitiu constatar a ausência dos diagnósticos de acidentes de transporte e agressões como causa básica, apontando a existência de um viés importante no fluxo de informação entre os Institutos de Medicina Legal - IMLs e o SIM. Os resultados deste estudo indicam que o IML dispõe de informações de que o setor da saúde necessita, não as transcrevendo, entretanto, na DO o que significa que não constam nas estatísticas oficiais. Dessa forma, levantou-se a necessidade de aprimoramento no fluxo de informação entre as unidades notificadoras e o SIM. / There are great number of evidences the allow to characterize the role of alcohol as a risk factor for diseases and death, besides several negative social consequences. Thus, consumption of alcoholic beverages has become a worldwide concern, being hailed as a major public health problem. Considering the limitations of health statistics that take into consideration only the basic cause, the purpose of this study was to describe the mortality related to alcohol consumption, according to multiple causes of death of the Ribeirão Preto micro region - SP for residence and/or occurrence from 1996 to 2007. This is a descriptive epidemiological study that used as a source the secondary data from the Mortality Information System of the Ministry of Health (SIM / MS). It was downloaded 100% of the files of deaths occurred in Brazil from 1996 to 2007 through available database on the SIM DATASUS (http://www.datasus.gov.br), and it was imported 324 files relating to declaration of death (DD). Using the APPENDA program, the database has gone through several filtering processes and 1,800 DDs were found mentioning alcohol (F10) as basic or associated cause of death. In the 1,800 DD documents refering to \'alcohol\', there was predominance of males (90.1%), between 40-59 years old (56.9%), and of Caucasian ancestry (\'White\', 65.7% ). Analysis of educational level attained was confounded due to the high number where this parameter was classed as \'unknown\' (78.8%). Post mortem examinations had been undertaken in 43.7% of cases and in 56.3% of these no laboratory tests were requested. The ICD-10 Chapters: IX- Diseases of the circulatory system, X- Diseases of the respiratory system and XI- Diseases of the digestive system were the three most frequently assigned causes of death, totaling 56.2% of basic causes and 48.7% of all recorded diagnoses. Among the main causes of death include diseases of the liver (K70-K77), pneumonia (J12-J18) and other respiratory diseases (J22, J66-J99), acute pancreatitis and other diseases of the pancreas (K85-K86 ), mental and behavioral disorders due to use of other psychoactive substances (F11-F19), other diseases of the digestive system (K83-k82, K87-K93), other heart diseases (I27-I43, I51-I52) and other diseases hypertension (I11-I15). Only 1% of deaths due to alcohol were mentioned in the chapter on external causes, and the analysis of the group ICD-10 revealed the absence of diagnoses of traffic accidents and violence as a basic causes, pointing to the existence of an important bias in the information flow between Institutes of Forensic Medicine - IMLS and the SIM. These results indicate that IML has information that the health sector needs, and they don´t pass this information through. Because of this, the DDs are incomplete, which means they are not included in official statistics. Thus, it was aroused the necessity of improvement on information flow between the reporting units and the SIM.

Introdução: Um dos índices mais utilizados como indicador das condições de saúde de uma determinada área é o Coeficiente de Mortalidade Infantil (CMI). A mortalidade é condicionada por diversos fatores, como, os fatores biológicos, políticos e sociais, bem como por comportamentos culturalmente definidos e atitudes que historicamente caracterizam o estágio de desenvolvimento de um país ou de uma região. Objetivo: Analisar as causas de mortalidade infantil tardia, com ênfase nas causas básica de óbito e fatores a ela relacionados na Subprefeitura da Capela do Socorro, região sul do município de São Paulo, Brasil nos anos de 2007, 2008 e 2009. Métodos: Estudo observacional, descritivo do universo de óbitos de crianças com idade de 28 dias a 364 dias, ocorridos de janeiro a outubro dos anos de 2007, 2008 e 2009, na Subprefeitura da Capela do Socorro, do Município de São Paulo. Os óbitos ocorridos na região nos períodos de estudo escolhidos foram identificados a partir do SIM, Foram analisados 113 óbitos. As variáveis das características de pré-natal, parto, nascimento, maternas e de assistência foram levantadas a partir do SINASC e da Declaração de Óbito. Resultados: O CMI na Subprefeitura da Capela do Socorro no ano de 2007 foi 17,1 por cento, tendo uma diminuição do CMI para os anos de 2008 e 2009, ficando em torno de 12 por cento. O coeficiente de mortalidade pós-neonatal no mesmo período, nos anos de 2007, 2008 e 2009 foi respectivamente de 4,9 por cento, 4,0 por cento e 4,6 por cento. As causas de óbitos pós-neonatais mais freqüentes foram: as Malformações Congênitas, as Afecções do Período Perinatal e as Doenças do Aparelho respiratório. Conclusão: Apesar do Coeficiente de mortalidade infantil e seus componentes (neonatal e pós-neonatal) evidenciarem uma tendência de redução durante os períodos analisados, a região apresenta sempre coeficientes mais elevados do que os do Município de São Paulo. / ntroduction: One of the most widely used index as an indicator of the health status of a given area is the Infant mortality rate (IMR). The mortality is conditioned by several factors, such as biological factors, political and social as well as culturally defined behaviors and attitudes that have historically characterized the stage of development of a country or a region. Objective: analyze the causes of late mortality, with emphasis on basic causes of death and related factors in the region of Capela do Socorro, south of São Paulo city, Brazil in 2007, 2008 and 2009. Methods: Descriptive study of the universe of deaths of children aged 28 to 364 days, which occurred from January to October of the years 2007, 2008 and 2009 in the Chapel of the Municipality of Socorro, the city of São Paulo. The deaths occurred in the region during the study periods chosen were identified from the SIM, 113 deaths were analyzed. The variables of the characteristics of prenatal care, childbirth, birth and care received were taken from SINASC and Death Certificates. Results: The Municipality of CMI in Capela do Socorro in 2007 was 17.1 per cent, with a decrease in the CMI for the years 2008 and 2009 and stayng around 12 per cent. Post-neonatal mortality coefficient of the same period in the years 2007, 2008 and 2009 was respectively 4.9 per cent, 4.0 per cent and 4.6 per cent. The most frequent causes of post-neonatal deaths were: congenital malformations, disorders of the Perinatal Period and Respiratory Diseases. Conclusion: Although the infant mortality rate and its components (neonatal and postneonatal) revealed a declining trend during the periods examined, the region always showed higher coefficients than those of São Paulo.