Les marques cherchent des stratégies afin de rester compétitives et légitimes envers leurs parties prenantes dont les consommateurs de plus en plus vigilants face à leurs agissements et leurs conséquences sociales et environnementales. La RSE permettrait de répondre à cette double exigence. Elle peut s’inscrire dans la formation d’alliances, dont l’un des buts est le maintient ou l’amélioration des images des marques partenaires, développant ainsi un marketing responsable en s’engageant en faveur d’une cause : marketing de cause encore peu étudié. Notre recherche vise à examiner les conséquences d’une alliance entre des marques et une cause sur les réponses (émotionnelles, évaluatives, comportementales) des consommateurs. Des recherches antérieures se sont concentrées sur les perceptions des consommateurs et leurs effets sur leurs attitudes et intentions d’achat ; sur le choix de la cause et sur les motivations perçues des marques et leur crédibilité en matière de RSE. L’analyse de la littérature montre la nécessité d’étudier l’effet de ce type d’alliance sur la qualité de relation à la marque (QRM) (confiance, identification), l’incidence sur les comportements des consommateurs (boycott) et le rôle des émotions (scepticisme, éveil). Un modèle et des hypothèses, complétés par une analyse exploratoire qualitative sont présentés, testés empiriquement. Les résultats montrent l’influence des congruences sur les comportements et la QRM, l’incidence des émotions et du type d’alliance, l’importance de l’écologie et des interactions : QRM et émotions ; congruence entre les marques et colère ; secteur et degré d’homogénéité interne des alliances. Ils sont discutés et conduisent à des implications théoriques et managériales. Puis, plusieurs voies de recherche sont proposées. / Brands try to find new strategies enable to provide competitiveness and legitimacy from stakeholders like consumers, who are increasingly attentive to brands behaviors and their social and environmental consequences. In that context CSR, (Corporate Social Responsibility) appears to be able to answer both demands on competitiveness and legitimacy. It has been integrated to alliance strategies and aims at improving or maintain the image of brand partners by engaging alone or with brand partners in cause related marketing (CRM), which has not been so much studied for the moment. So our research aims at studying the consequences of an alliance between several brands and a cause on consumer (emotional, evaluative or behavioral) responses. Prior researches have focused on consumers’ perceptions of CRM and their consequences on their attitudes and purchase intentions, but also on the cause choice, the perceived motivations of brands and their credibility about CSR. The analysis of literature on CSR and alliances shows a need to study the effect of that kind of alliance on brand quality relation (BRQ) (identification, confidence), on behaviors (boycott) and the role of emotions (skepticism, arousal). A model and hypothesis, completed through an exploratory qualitative research are presented and tested. Our results show the influence of fits on post-alliance BRQ and behaviors, the importance of ecological factor, interactions between emotions and BRQ, between brands fit and anger and between sector and internal homogeneity of alliance. Our results are then discussed. Academic and managerial implications are developed and several research directions are proposed.

Neotropical deer have important functions for the sustainability and health of their ecosystem. The investigation of pathological processes and the respective etiologic agents is a critical part of the conservation programs involving these species. In addition, wild animals and in particular deer, play an important role in the transmission and spread of infectious agents, some of them relevant to human health, companion animals and livestock health. The present study describes gross and histological lesions of brown brocket deer BBD (Mazama gouazoubira) and marsh deer MD (Blastocerus dichotomus) from São Paulo state (Brazil), collected during a 21-year period (1995-2015). Major causes of death in MD were respiratory (53.3% 40/75), alimentary (4.0%; 3/75), nutritional (4.0%; 3/75), trauma (4.0%; 3/75) and euthanasia (4.0%; 3/75). In BBD, the main causes of death were respiratory (25.2% 33/131), euthanasia (12.2%; 16/131) and trauma (9.2%; 12/131). This study shows the importance of respiratory disturbances in these two species of South American deer. In this work, despite no etiologic agents were identified, histopathological findings suggest the presence of infectious etiologies including bacterial, viral and fungal. We have described characterized and evaluated pathological processes in function with biological and epidemiological aspects. / Os cervídeos neotropicais desempenham funções de importância para a sustentabilidade e sanidade dos ecossistemas que habitam, e a investigação dos processos patológicos, assim como dos agentes causais envolvidos, é uma parte crítica dos trabalhos de conservação envolvendo estes animais. Além disso, os animais selvagens em geral, e em especial os cervídeos, têm um papel importante na transmissão e disseminação de agentes infecciosos, alguns deles relevantes à saúde humana, para os animais de companhia e de produção. O presente estudo descreveu as características macroscópicas e histológicas dos processos patológicos de duas espécies de cervídeos brasileiros: cervo do pantanal (Blastocerus dichotomus) e veado catingueiro (Mazama gouazoubira) no estado de São Paulo por um período de 21 anos (1995-2015). As principais causas de morte identificadas em cervo do pantanal foram classificadas como: respiratória 53,3% (40/75), nutricional (4,0%; 3/75), trauma (4,0%; 3/75) e eutanásia (4,0%; 3/75). Já em veado catingueiro foram identificadas as seguintes causas: respiratória (25,2%; 33/131), eutanásia (12,2%; 16/131) e trauma (9,2%; 12/131). O presente trabalho detalha a importância do sistema respiratório nestas duas espécies de cervídeos brasileiros. É importante destacar que apesar de não ter identificado agentes etiológicos, os achados histopatológicos são altamente sugestivos de etiologias bacteriana, viral e fúngica. O presente trabalho fornece informações sobre a ocorrência de diversos processos patológicos nestas duas espécies de cervídeos, e sua correlação com o grupo etário, gênero e condição corpórea dos espécimes analisados.

Introdução: A partir da introdução dos antirretrovirais altamente potentes (HAART), assistiu-se, nos países desenvolvidos, a mudanças nos padrões de morbimortalidade associado à aids. No entanto, no Brasil, tem-se poucos estudos analisando esta questão. Objetivo: Analisar as causas básicas e associadas de óbito entre pessoas com aids, residentes no município de São Paulo (MSP), nos períodos pré e pós a introdução da HAART e investigar possíveis disparidades, segundo a área de residência entre 2000 e 2006. Métodos: Estudo descritivo. Os dados foram analisados segundo três períodos: pré-HAART (1991-1996), pós-HAART precoce (1997-1999) e pós-HAART tardio (2000-2006). Fontes de dados: Base Integrada Paulista de Aids (BIPAIDS), do Programa Estadual de DST/Aids-SP e Fundação SEADE e Fundação SEADE para estimativas populacionais. A classificação das causas de óbito foi feita de acordo com a CID-9 (1991-1995) e CID-10 (1996-2006). Foram estimadas as taxas de mortalidade ajustadas por idade para as principais causas básicas de morte, para o período de 1996 a 2006 e efetuada análise descritiva dos óbitos, segundo causas básicas e associadas de morte (1991 a 2006). As causas básicas foram classificadas em: definidoras e não definidoras de aids. Variáveis de interesse: características sociodemográficas, categorias de exposições hierarquizadas e causas básicas e associadas de morte. Para a análise comparativa das variáveis categóricas utilizou-se o teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson, ou o exato de Fisher, e para as variáveis contínuas, o teste t-Student. Para a análise segundo a área de residência, os distritos administrativos foram classificados de acordo com o Índice Paulista de Vulnerabilidade Social. Resultados: Após a HAART, comparando 1995 e 2005, houve declínio de 66,2% na mortalidade por aids no MSP. As causas básicas de morte por doenças não definidoras de aids aumentaram de 0,2% para 9,6% (p<0,001) entre o primeiro e terceiro períodos, respectivamente. As causas básicas de morte com maior aumento, no terceiro período, se comparado ao primeiro, foram: as doenças cardiovasculares, elevando-se de 0,01% para 1,7% (p<0,001), as pneumonias bacterianas/inespecíficas, de 0,01% para 1,6% (p<0,001) e as neoplasias não definidoras de aids, de 0,03% para 1,5% (p<0,001). As causas associadas de morte mais mencionadas no período pós-HAART tardio, se comparado ao préHAART, foram: pneumonias bacterianas/inespecíficas, elevando-se de 25,8% para 35,9%, as septicemias, de 14,5% para 33,5%, as doenças cardiovasculares, de 3,0% para 10,1% e as doenças do fígado, de 2,2% para 8,0%. No pós-HAART tardio, as causas básicas que se destacaram, além da aids, e se distribuíram de forma heterogênea, segundo local de residência, foram as neoplasias não definidoras de aids nas áreas predominantemente ricas, as doenças cardiovasculares nas áreas predominantemente de classe média e as agressões nas áreas predominantemente pobres. Conclusões: A HAART alterou o perfil da mortalidade associada à aids, refletindo, possivelmente, mudanças de igual importância nas características da morbidade, porém esse processo se mostrou heterogêneo, segundo área de residência. Será necessária a elaboração de políticas públicas para adequação dos serviços de saúde, frente a este novo cenário de morbimortalidade da infecção pelo HIV / Background: Since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), developed countries have witnessed changes in the patterns of morbidity and mortality associated with AIDS; however, there are only a few studies assessing this issue in Brazil. Objective: To analyze the underlying and associated causes of death among individuals with AIDS, living in the city of São Paulo, before and after the HAART era (1991-2006), and to investigate possible differences according to the area of residence, from 2000 to 2006. Methods: A population-based study among persons with AIDS, residents in the city of São Paulo who died from any cause, in three periods, according to the date of death: pre-HAART (1991-1996), early HAART (1997-1999) and late HAART (2000-2006) eras. Data sources: cases of AIDS reported to the São Paulo State STD/AIDS Program, and mortality and population data for the study periods obtained from the State Data Analysis System Department (Fundação SEADE). Causes of death were coded according to the Ninth (1991-1995) and Tenth (1996-2006) Revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). Age-adjusted mortality rates of the main underlying causes of death from 1996 to 2006 were estimated and a descriptive analysis of the underlying and associated causes of death in the study period (1991-2006) was performed. Causes of death were classified in AIDS-defining and non AIDS-defining. Variables: age, gender, HIV transmission category, underlying and associated causes of death. Descriptive analyses were performed. Comparisons of the proportions of deaths in the pre-HAART and post-HAART eras used the Pearson\'s chi-square test or Fisher\'s exact test. Residence areas were classified into four groups of homogeneous areas according to the state of São Paulo Social Vulnerability Index. Results: Between 1995 and 2005, the AIDS mortality rate declined to 66.2%. The percentage of non AIDS-defining causes of death increased from 0.2% in the pre-HAART era to 9.6% (p&lt;0.001) in late HAART era. The underlying causes of death that increased in the late HAART era compared to the pre-HAART era were: cardiovascular diseases, from 0.01% to 1.7% (p&lt;0,001); pneumonia (bacterial or unspecified organism), from 0.01% to 1.6% (p&lt;0,001) and non-AIDS defining cancers, from 0.03% to 1.5% (p&lt;0,001). The main associated causes of death mentioned in death certificates, in the pre-HAART versus the late HAART era were: bacterial or unspecified organism pneumonia (25.8% vs 35.9%), septicemia (14.5% vs 33.5%), cardiovascular diseases (3.0% vs 10.1%) and liver disease (2.2% vs 8.0%). In the late HAART era, after AIDS, the leading underlying causes of death, according to the area of residence were: non-AIDS-defining cancers in predominantly rich areas; cardiovascular diseases in predominantly middle class area; and aggressions in predominantly poor areas. Conclusions: HAART not only increased survival of people living with AIDS significantly, but changed the profile of mortality, possibly reflecting the equally important changes in disease patterns. This process was not homogeneous according to the area of residence. The development of public policies to adjust health services to this new scenario of morbidity and mortality of HIV infection is required

Os Serviços de Verificação de Óbitos fornecem informações complementares para a epidemiologia e políticas de saúde pública que servem de instrumentos para medir a situação da saúde de uma comunidade e também para a elaboração e avaliação dos programas de saúde. A comparação entre o diagnóstico clínico de causa mortis e o diagnóstico após a autópsia é uma ferramenta utilizada para a auditoria de serviços médicos, e apesar dos avanços tecnológicos as discrepâncias ainda continuam altas. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a casuística do Serviço de Verificação de Óbitos do Interior (SVOi), localizado no município de Ribeirão Preto, SP, no período de 2008 a 2012 e compará-la com as estatísticas gerais de mortalidade do município, disponibilizadas pelo Ministério da Saúde. Além disso, foi feita a classificação das discrepâncias diagnósticas entre os diagnósticos anotados nos pedidos de necropsias e laudos finais do exame nos óbitos ocorridos utilizando o critério Goldman modificado e a partir dos dados obtidos a fim de realizar uma análise crítica do impacto do SVOi no esclarecimento diagnóstico e sua importância nas estatísticas de mortalidade. Para a aplicação do critério foram utilizados dados secundários do encaminhamento de solicitação da necropsia, dos relatórios finais e dos dados sobre as estatísticas de mortalidade do Município obtidos do Ministério da Saúde, sendo que a análise dos dados foi realizada por meio de análise estatística descritiva. Os resultados evidenciaram que nos períodos do estudo foram realizadas 4464 necropsias no serviço, com predomínio de pacientes do sexo masculino e faixa etária dos 51 aos 90 anos. As doenças do aparelho circulatório foram as mais prevalentes registradas como causas de óbitos, seguidas das doenças respiratórias e neoplasias. Dentre todos os casos necropsiados, foi possível a aplicação do critério Goldman modificado em 3895 (83,28%) deles e as discrepâncias maiores foram atribuídas em 26,39% após o uso de critérios de analise, o que sugere a existência de alto grau de discrepâncias entre a hipótese diagnóstica e a real causa do óbito. Pode-se concluir que o SVOi desempenha um importante papel na auditoria diagnóstica, fato esse evidenciado pelos casos que não apresentaram correlação entre hipótese no encaminhamento e relatório final da necropsia. Além disso, 1228 (31,53%) casos foram encaminhados sem a hipótese, ou seja, sem suspeita da causa básica de morte, destacando a importância do SVOi para a sua definição. Ademais, a causa básica foi solucionada após a realização da necropsia em 99,54% do total dos casos analisados nesse estudo, o que revela a importância desse serviço para a elucidação dos casos e para a contribuição dos dados para as estatísticas de mortalidade. / The Death Verification Service provides complementary information for public epidemiology services and public health policies that are useful as tools for measuring the health status of a community and for the elaboration and evaluation of health programs. Diagnostic comparison between cause of death clinical diagnosis and the autopsy is a tool used for auditing medical services, and despite technological advances, discrepancies are still high. The present study sought to evaluate the casuistry in the Death Verification Service - Interior (DVSi) from 2008 to 2012 and to compare them with the general mortality statistics of the Ribeirão Preto municipality, which were made available by the Ministry of Health. In addition, it aimed to classify the diagnostic discrepancies between the requests for autopsies and final results of examinations in deaths using the Goldman revised criteria and, from the obtained data, to make a critical analysis of the DVSi impact on diagnostic clarification and its importance in mortality statistics. For the application of the criteria, secondary data from the cadaver referral, final reports and mortality data of the Ministry of Health were used, and data analysis was performed through descriptive statistical analysis. The results showed that during the study periods, 4464 autopsies were performed in the service, with a predominance of male patients and age range from 51 to 90 years. Circulatory system diseases were the most prevalent causes of death, followed by respiratory diseases and neoplasms. Among all autopsied cases, it was possible to apply the Goldman revised criteria in 3895 (83.28%) cases and large discrepancies were attributed in 26.39% cases after the use of analysis filter criteria, which suggests the existence of discrepancies between the diagnostic hypothesis and the actual cause of death. It can be concluded that the local DVSi plays an important role in the diagnostic audit, evidenced by the cases that did not present a correlation between the hypothesis in the referral and the final autopsy report. In addition, 1228 (31.53%) cases were referred without hypothesis, that is, without suspicion of the underlying cause of death, highlighting the importance of the DVSi for its definition. Furthermore, the basic cause was solved after performing the autopsy in 99.54% of the total cases analyzed in this study, which reveals the importance of this service for clarification of the cases and its contribution to mortality statistics.

Apesar dos avanços tecnológicos e terapêuticos para o manejo do HIV/aids, os óbitos pela doença em algumas realidades sócio sanitárias ainda representam um importante desafio. Em 2011, Ribeirão Preto se destacou dentre os municípios com maior número de óbitos pela doença no Estado de São Paulo. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se analisar os óbitos por aids ocorridos em Ribeirão Preto nos anos de 2012 e 2013. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, exploratório, de abordagem quantitativa. Foram incluídos os indivíduos que viviam com HIV/aids que foram a óbito pela doença no período supracitado, tendo como causa básica, segundo o código Internacional de Doenças, os códigos de B20 ao B24. Foram excluídos os casos com idade igual ou inferior a 18 anos e pertencentes ao sistema prisional. Elaborou-se um formulário específico para a coleta de dados, cujas fontes secundárias de informação utilizadas foram: Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade e Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação. Os dados foram analisados por meio do software Statística 9.1 da StatSoft, utilizando-se técnicas de análise exploratórias, incluindo proporções, medidas de tendência central e variabilidade. Os resultados sinalizaram possíveis fragilidades relacionadas à não integração dos sistemas de informação, bem como a qualidade dos dados inseridos nos mesmos. Quanto às características sociodemográficas, a maioria dos óbitos esteve relacionada ao sexo masculino (56,5%), sendo a razão entre os sexos de 1,3 homens/mulher. Houve um acometimento de faixas etárias mais velhas (40 a 59 anos, 56,5%) e, ao se considerar a composição étnico-racial do município para os anos estudados, identificou-se elevada taxa de mortalidade (52/100 mil hab.) entre as pessoas da cor preta. Houve predomínio de óbitos entre os indivíduos solteiros (61,1%) e com ensino fundamental (44,4%). Elevados percentuais de dados ignorados foram identificados nas variáveis ocupação (56,6%) e escolaridade (40,7%). O tempo mediano entre o diagnóstico da doença e o óbito foi de 61,5 meses, sendo que para os homens esse tempo foi de 16 meses (29,6% ocorreu em menos de um mês após o diagnóstico). Indivíduos na faixa etária de 21 a 39 anos morreram mais rápido após o diagnóstico da doença, com um tempo mediano de 19 meses (30,3% dos óbitos ocorreu em menos de um mês após o diagnóstico da aids. Entre as causas do óbito estão doenças não definidoras da aids e outras condições associadas, como a coinfecção de hepatites virais, outras comorbidades e condições de risco (uso de substâncias psicoativas). Espera-se contribuir com reflexões acerca do acesso ao diagnóstico precoce, tratamento oportuno e os desafios para a adesão terapêutica das pessoas que vivem com HIV/aids, além da necessidade de se repensar as práticas e políticas públicas em consonância com as demandas individuais e sociais em um determinado contexto, ampliando-se o escopo das ações e intervenções segundo perspectivas intersetoriais / Despite technological and therapeutic advances in the management of HIV/AIDS, the deaths from AIDS in some socio health institutions still represent a major challenge. In 2011, Ribeirão Preto stoodout among the municipalities with the highest number of deaths from AIDS in the São Paulo State. In this sense, it aimed to analyze deaths from AIDS occurred in Ribeirão Preto in the years 2012 and 2013. It was a descriptive, exploratory study with a quantitative approach. Individuals living with HIV/AIDS who died from the disease during the considered period were included, with the underlying cause, according to the International Classification of Diseases code, the codes B20 to B24. Cases aged under 18 and belonging to the prison system were excluded. A specific form was elaborated for data collection, the secondary sources of information used were: Mortality Information System and the Notifiable Diseases Information System. Data were analyzed using the Statistica 9.1 StatSoft software, by exploratory analysis techniques, including proportions, central tendency and variability. The results signaled possible weaknesses related to the non-integration of information systems and the quality of data entered in them. As for sociodemographic characteristics, most of the deaths was related to male (56.5%), and the sex ratio of 1.3 men/women. There was an involvement of older age groups (40 to 59 years, 56.5%) and, when considering the ethnic and racial composition of the municipality for the years studied, it was identified high mortality rate (52/100 thousand inhabitants) among people of black skin color. There was a predominance of deaths among single individuals (61.1%) and elementary education (44.4%). High percentages of missing data were identified in the occupation variables (56.6%) and education (40.7%). The median time between diagnosis of disease and death was 61.5 months, and for men this time was 16 months (29.6% of this deaths occurred in less than a month after diagnosis). Individuals aged 21 to 39 died soon after diagnosis of the disease, with a median time of 19 months (30.3% of deaths occurred in less than a month after diagnosis of AIDS). Among the causes of death are not defining disease of AIDS and other associated conditions such as viral hepatitis coinfection, other comorbidities and risk conditions (psychoactive substance). It is expected to contribute to reflections on the access to early diagnosis, timely treatment and challenges for adherence of people living with HIV/AIDS, and the need to rethink the practices and policies in step with the individual and social demands in a particular context, expanding the scope of actions and interventions according intersectoral prospects

Relying on computing systems that become increasingly complex is difficult: with many factors potentially affecting the result of a computation or its properties, understanding where problems appear and fixing them is a challenging proposition. Typically, the process of finding solutions is driven by trial and error or by experience-based insights. In this dissertation, I examine the idea of using provenance metadata (the set of elements that have contributed to the existence of a piece of data, together with their relationships) instead. I show that considering provenance a primitive of computation enables the exploration of system behaviour, targeting both retrospective analysis (root cause analysis, performance tuning) and hypothetical scenarios (what-if questions). In this context, provenance can be used as part of feedback loops, with a double purpose: building software that is able to adapt for meeting certain quality and performance targets (semi-automated tuning) and enabling human operators to exert high-level runtime control with limited previous knowledge of a system's internal architecture. My contributions towards this goal are threefold: providing low-level mechanisms for meaningful provenance collection considering OS-level resource multiplexing, proving that such provenance data can be used in inferences about application behaviour and generalising this to a set of primitives necessary for fine-grained provenance disclosure in a wider context. To derive such primitives in a bottom-up manner, I first present Resourceful, a framework that enables capturing OS-level measurements in the context of application activities. It is the contextualisation that allows tying the measurements to provenance in a meaningful way, and I look at a number of use-cases in understanding application performance. This also provides a good setup for evaluating the impact and overheads of fine-grained provenance collection. I then show that the collected data enables new ways of understanding performance variation by attributing it to specific components within a system. The resulting set of tools, Soroban, gives developers and operation engineers a principled way of examining the impact of various configuration, OS and virtualization parameters on application behaviour. Finally, I consider how this supports the idea that provenance should be disclosed at application level and discuss why such disclosure is necessary for enabling the use of collected metadata efficiently and at a granularity which is meaningful in relation to application semantics.

Os Serviços de Verificação de Óbitos fornecem informações complementares para a epidemiologia e políticas de saúde pública que servem de instrumentos para medir a situação da saúde de uma comunidade e também para a elaboração e avaliação dos programas de saúde. A comparação entre o diagnóstico clínico de causa mortis e o diagnóstico após a autópsia é uma ferramenta utilizada para a auditoria de serviços médicos, e apesar dos avanços tecnológicos as discrepâncias ainda continuam altas. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a casuística do Serviço de Verificação de Óbitos do Interior (SVOi), localizado no município de Ribeirão Preto, SP, no período de 2008 a 2012 e compará-la com as estatísticas gerais de mortalidade do município, disponibilizadas pelo Ministério da Saúde. Além disso, foi feita a classificação das discrepâncias diagnósticas entre os diagnósticos anotados nos pedidos de necropsias e laudos finais do exame nos óbitos ocorridos utilizando o critério Goldman modificado e a partir dos dados obtidos a fim de realizar uma análise crítica do impacto do SVOi no esclarecimento diagnóstico e sua importância nas estatísticas de mortalidade. Para a aplicação do critério foram utilizados dados secundários do encaminhamento de solicitação da necropsia, dos relatórios finais e dos dados sobre as estatísticas de mortalidade do Município obtidos do Ministério da Saúde, sendo que a análise dos dados foi realizada por meio de análise estatística descritiva. Os resultados evidenciaram que nos períodos do estudo foram realizadas 4464 necropsias no serviço, com predomínio de pacientes do sexo masculino e faixa etária dos 51 aos 90 anos. As doenças do aparelho circulatório foram as mais prevalentes registradas como causas de óbitos, seguidas das doenças respiratórias e neoplasias. Dentre todos os casos necropsiados, foi possível a aplicação do critério Goldman modificado em 3895 (83,28%) deles e as discrepâncias maiores foram atribuídas em 26,39% após o uso de critérios de analise, o que sugere a existência de alto grau de discrepâncias entre a hipótese diagnóstica e a real causa do óbito. Pode-se concluir que o SVOi desempenha um importante papel na auditoria diagnóstica, fato esse evidenciado pelos casos que não apresentaram correlação entre hipótese no encaminhamento e relatório final da necropsia. Além disso, 1228 (31,53%) casos foram encaminhados sem a hipótese, ou seja, sem suspeita da causa básica de morte, destacando a importância do SVOi para a sua definição. Ademais, a causa básica foi solucionada após a realização da necropsia em 99,54% do total dos casos analisados nesse estudo, o que revela a importância desse serviço para a elucidação dos casos e para a contribuição dos dados para as estatísticas de mortalidade. / The Death Verification Service provides complementary information for public epidemiology services and public health policies that are useful as tools for measuring the health status of a community and for the elaboration and evaluation of health programs. Diagnostic comparison between cause of death clinical diagnosis and the autopsy is a tool used for auditing medical services, and despite technological advances, discrepancies are still high. The present study sought to evaluate the casuistry in the Death Verification Service - Interior (DVSi) from 2008 to 2012 and to compare them with the general mortality statistics of the Ribeirão Preto municipality, which were made available by the Ministry of Health. In addition, it aimed to classify the diagnostic discrepancies between the requests for autopsies and final results of examinations in deaths using the Goldman revised criteria and, from the obtained data, to make a critical analysis of the DVSi impact on diagnostic clarification and its importance in mortality statistics. For the application of the criteria, secondary data from the cadaver referral, final reports and mortality data of the Ministry of Health were used, and data analysis was performed through descriptive statistical analysis. The results showed that during the study periods, 4464 autopsies were performed in the service, with a predominance of male patients and age range from 51 to 90 years. Circulatory system diseases were the most prevalent causes of death, followed by respiratory diseases and neoplasms. Among all autopsied cases, it was possible to apply the Goldman revised criteria in 3895 (83.28%) cases and large discrepancies were attributed in 26.39% cases after the use of analysis filter criteria, which suggests the existence of discrepancies between the diagnostic hypothesis and the actual cause of death. It can be concluded that the local DVSi plays an important role in the diagnostic audit, evidenced by the cases that did not present a correlation between the hypothesis in the referral and the final autopsy report. In addition, 1228 (31.53%) cases were referred without hypothesis, that is, without suspicion of the underlying cause of death, highlighting the importance of the DVSi for its definition. Furthermore, the basic cause was solved after performing the autopsy in 99.54% of the total cases analyzed in this study, which reveals the importance of this service for clarification of the cases and its contribution to mortality statistics.

There are over 3 million seasonal and migrant farmworkers in the U.S. agricultural industry with a significant percentage of farmworkers documented or native to the United States. Migrant farmworkers live below the federal poverty levels at high rates and experience low health care access and utilization. Guided by the fundamental cause theory, the purpose of this phenomenological study was to examine the lived experiences of migrant farmworkers and identify the factors impacting their health care access and utilization. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 12 migrant farmworkers who had worked in Southwest Texas agricultural stream. Data were analyzed and coded to identify themes. Findings indicated that although lack of health insurance was a decisive factor in whether migrant farmworkers accessed or utilized health care services, distance to services, inflexible working hours, and cultural factors related to seeking care also influenced participants' lack of access to and utilization of health care services. Results may be used to aid local, state, and federal agencies in assisting migrant farmworkers in bridging the gap in health care and obtaining needed services.

Lime-induced chlorosis has been recognized for many years as a problem where plants are grown on calcareous soils. There are many factors associated with and influencing this form of iron chlorosis and because of this it has been very difficult to determine the relationship between the factors and chlorosis. There are high concentrations of bicarbonate in calcareous soils. Because of this high concentration, it was believed that the presence of the bicarbonate ion was causing chlorosis. It has been proposed that the pH of the growth medium was the causitive factor of lime-induced chlorosis. Most calcareous soils have a pH range around 8.0. At this pH the solubility of iron is very low, and it was believed that chlorosis was a result of iron being insoluble at a high pH. Iron chlorosis has been induced in plants by increasing the phosphorus concentration in the growth medium. Iron phosphates have a low solubility and it was believed that the available iron was precipitated by the phosphates. The interference of metals such as calcium, nickel, cobalt, zinc, and copper appears to be a factor affecting the absorption of iron by plants. It was thought that an interfering ion (Ni, Co, Ca, Zn) may interfere with the translocation of iron in the malic or malonic acid complexes (Tiffin and Brown, 1962).

Botswana has been experiencing high rates of recidivism and prison overcrowding, but the causes of these problems have not been explored. Thus, this qualitative study was conducted to investigate whether the denial of legal representation to criminal defendants tried in the customary courts is one of the causes of high rates of recidivism, prison overcrowding, or both. The main research question addressed a possible relationship between these factors and the denial of legal representation, and the study was guided by the punctuated equilibrium theory and the policy feedback theory. Data were collected through semi structured interviews with 10 released first offender prison inmates, 10 released recidivist prison inmates, and 10 professional participants from disciplines in the criminal justice system in addition to reviewing statistics and scholarly research. Data were analyzed through detailed description, categorical aggregation, direct interpretation, which led to naturalistic generalizations and patterns. The results indicated that the denial of legal representation to criminal defendants tried by customary courts appeared to contribute to both recidivism and prison overcrowding, which may undermine public safety and security. The implications of the study for positive social change include informing policy-makers of the need to reform the policy on legal representation to ensure that criminal defendants tried in the customary courts receive fair trials. The additional implications for positive social change include impacting rates of recidivism and prison overcrowding and enhancing community safety and security.