O trabalho infantil é hoje bastante discutido nas agendas de governo do mundo inteiro. Desde que as primeiras discussões e debates acerca do tema começaram, obteve-se um grande avanço a partir da ratificação da convenção nº. 182 da OIT, que versa sobre as piores formas de trabalho infantil. Cerca de 87% dos Estados membros já ratificaram a Convenção n.º 182, incluindo o Brasil. Em 2010, firmou-se um compromisso, no âmbito da OIT, que estabelece como prioridade a eliminação das piores formas de trabalho infantil até 2016. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa é identificar os determinantes da redução do trabalho infantil no Brasil, especificamente entre os anos 2000 e 2010, tendo como foco o trabalho nas atividades enquadradas na categoria \"piores formas de trabalho infantil\". Buscou-se identificar as características atuais deste tipo de trabalho no que se refere à: características da própria criança, isto é, gênero, cor e idade; características regionais de onde a criança trabalhadora está inserida, abrangendo as cinco grande regiões do Brasil, e características locais, em termos de zona rural e urbana e zona metropolitana e não-metropolitana, entre outras. Dentre os modelos econométricos disponíveis na literatura, optou-se por utilizar o modelo probit. Como variável dependente definiu-se trabalho perigoso. Esta variável assume valor 1 se a criança ou adolescente realiza algum trabalho perigoso e 0 se realiza algum outro tipo de trabalho. Fez-se também uma ampla análise descritiva do trabalho infantil ao longo da década de 2000, inclusive das piores formas de trabalho infantil. Utilizou-se os dados do Censo Demográfico 2000 e do Censo Demográfico 2010. Foram analisadas crianças nas faixas etárias de 10 a 15 anos e adolescentes ou jovens na faixa etária de 16 a 17 anos. A década de 2000 foi de mudanças para o mercado de trabalho infantil. Neste período o trabalho infantil diminui substancialmente, em todas as regiões, porém em algumas mais que em outras. As regiões Norte e Nordeste foram as que apresentaram maiores reduções relativas em casos de trabalho infantil. As regiões Sul e Centro-Oeste são as que proporcionalmente concentram mais casos de trabalho infantil. Um fato importante ocorrido ao longo da década foi que o trabalho infantil passou a ser proporcionalmente maior em zonas urbanas do que em zonas rurais, e neste movimento, os casos de trabalho infantil tenderam a se concentrar mais em regiões metropolitanas. Em geral, os casos de piores formas de trabalho infantil diminuíram ao longo da década. a face da crianças ou jovem que exerce alguma das piores formas de trabalho infantil é negra, feminina e mais próxima dos 16 ou 17 anos de idade. / Child labor is now discussed in government agendas around the world. Since the first discussions and debates on the subject began, great advance has been achieved with the ratification of Convention 182, related to the worst forms of child labor. About 87% of the country members have ratified the Convention 182, including Brazil. In 2010, a commitment was firmed in order to prioritize the elimination of the worst forms of child labor by 2016. The overall aim of this research is to identify the determinants of the reduction of child labor in Brazil, specifically between 2000 and 2010, focusing on the work activities included in the category \" worst forms of child labor \". Efforts were made to identify the current characteristics of child labor in relation to: the child\'s own characteristics, i.e., gender, race and age; regional characteristics where the working children live, covering the five major regions of Brazil, and local characteristics such as rural and urban areas and metropolitan and non- metropolitan areas. Among the econometric models available in the literature, the probit model was chosen. The dependent variable was defined as harzadous work. This variable assumes value 1 if the child works in some dangerous activity and 0 if a child works in some other activity. Furthermore, an extensive descriptive analysis of child labor throughout the 2000s was carried out, including an analysis of the worst forms of child labor. The data used in this work was extracted from the Brazilian Population Census for the years 2000 and 2010. Children were divided in two different age groups, one for those aged 10 to 15 and the other for those aged 16-17. The last decade experienced changes in the child labor market. During this period, child labor decreased substantially in all regions, but more intensively so in some regions. The North and Northeast regions showed the largest relative reductions in cases of child labor. The South and Midwest regions registered proportionately more cases of child labor. An important fact occurred during the decade was that child labor became proportionally greater in urban in comparison with rural areas, and within this movement, child labor cases tended to focus more on metropolitan areas. In general, the worst forms of child labor declined over the decade as well. The face of the child or young person who exercises some of the worst forms of child labor is black , female and closer to 16 or 17 years old.

Among the multitude of interventions to address the worst forms of child labor (WFCL), one of the responses to the presence of WFCL has been the institution of child labor monitoring (CLM). While systems to systematically monitor children with respect to their exposure and risks have been implemented, the degree of their efficacy and ultimately their effect on the targeted populations begs academic scrutiny. This dissertation seeks to provide an empirical view of the community-level dynamics that emerge in response to a community-based CLM program and their effects, in turn, on the CLM itself. An embedded multiple case study methodology, surveying longitudinally at two points in time using a mix of purposive and probability sampling techniques, was employed for this study. Two communities, Ahokwa in the Western Region, and Dwease in the Ashanti Region of Ghana, were selected as cases. The study finds that between the two points of observation - before and after the introduction of CLM - a profound reduction of WFCL is observed in Dwease, whereas much less reduction was observed in Ahokwa. A point-by-point analysis within and between the two villages reveals that individual, social and institutional factors worked together to transform behavior in Dwease. The principal change catalysts in Dwease were (a) a heightened awareness of child work hazards and a deepened parental investment in child education working at the individual level, coupled with (b) new norms created by the town’s opinion leaders and the emergence of peer accountability at the social level, and (c) monitoring carried out by the Community Data Collection (CDC) and enforcement carried out by the Community Child Protection Committee (CCPC) - the two new institutions constituting CLM at the community-level. The underlying social dynamic proved to be decisive: a tipping point was crossed in Dwease whereby progressive opinion leaders in the community, who, once sensitized to recognize the pejorative effects of CL/WFCL, created new social norms and spurred a critical mass of community members to rid their community of CL/WFCL. This study shows that with sufficient local ownership, and if properly instituted, the tandem operation of child protection committees and child labor monitoring enables a community to effectively detect, police and mitigate the practice of child labor and WFCL. / acase@tulane.edu

Microfinance has become one of the most promising tools for development and poverty alleviation over the past two decades. Millions of borrowers around the globe have utilized microcredit to start or expand their small businesses and raise their household income. One poverty-induced problem microfinance could potentially alleviate is child labor. Despite international legislation prohibiting it, child labor continues to deprive millions of children of their right to education. Without education, there is little hope for a country to increase productivity and wealth in the future. A number of scholars have highlighted a negative correlation between credit rationing and child labor. However, there are no studies that examine whether or not children are less likely to work in households that participate in microfinance programs. In some circumstances, microcredit may increase household income and induce parents to withdraw their children from work while in others, raising the household income level may lead children to work more. In low-income countries with numerous microfinance institutions, many children work despite their parents’ access to credit. In order to examine this paradoxical phenomenon, this thesis presents a number of econometric models which analyze both child labor and credit at the household level. Though these models are vital in explaining the relevant trends, a purely economic analysis fails to capture the political and cultural factors that also engender child labor. To illustrate this complex relationship between economics and mores, this thesis highlights the impact of microfinance on child labor in Bangladesh. Bangladesh is an ideal country for this study because microfinance and child labor are both endemic. Finally, conclusions drawn from this analysis inform policy recommendations to amplify the effectiveness of microfinance on diminishing child labor.

No description available.

Thesis (M.Ed. (Educational Management)--Mahidol University, 2008. / LICL has E-Thesis 0036 ; please contact computer services.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Uppsala Universitet, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 301-309).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 414-427).

This paper presents an expert system to monitor social sustainability compliance in supply chains. The system allows to continuously rank suppliers based on their risk of breaching sustainability standards on child labor. It uses a Bayesian network to determine the breach likelihood for each supplier location based on the integration of statistical data, audit results and public reports of child labor incidents. Publicly available statistics on the frequency of child labor in different regions and industries are used as contextual prior. The impact of audit results on the breach likelihood is calibrated based on expert input. Child labor incident observations are included automatically from publicly available news sources using text mining algorithms. The impact of an observation on the breach likelihood is determined by its relevance, credibility and frequency. Extensive tests reveal that the expert system correctly replicates the decisions of domain experts in the fields supply chain management, sustainability management, and risk management.

Submitted by Oliveira Santos Dilzaná (dilznana@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-06-27T17:03:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de Eliete da Silva Barros.pdf: 646611 bytes, checksum: e54aa3e40df4c88f3229042e6ad264d6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juarez Cardoso da Silva (juarez.cardoso@ufba.br) on 2016-06-27T17:08:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de Eliete da Silva Barros.pdf: 646611 bytes, checksum: e54aa3e40df4c88f3229042e6ad264d6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-27T17:08:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de Eliete da Silva Barros.pdf: 646611 bytes, checksum: e54aa3e40df4c88f3229042e6ad264d6 (MD5) / CAPES / Esta dissertação se propôs a compreender como se configuram as relações de trabalho da criança na Feira de São Joaquim em Salvador, Bahia. A pesquisa visa também contribuir e ampliar o entendimento do universo infantil da criança trabalhadora, dando “voz” à mesma, a fim de possibilitar discussões relevantes ao mundo do trabalho, conhecer os significados instituídos e instituicionalizados dentro da Feira de São Joaquim interpretados pelas crianças que ali trabalham, assim como a perspicácia delas dentro da sociedade moderna. Quanto à metodologia empreendida, fizemos uso da pesquisa bibliográfica e empírica e realizamos um grupo focal com crianças que trabalham na referida feira. A pesquisa revelou que o número de crianças que trabalham ou circulam na Feira de São Joaquim é bem menor, em relação à primeira visita que fizemos em 1993, provavelmente devido ao aumento das pressões contra o trabalho infantil. Os pais ou responsáveis pelas crianças que pesquisamos, também trabalham na feira e alguns destes confirmaram fazer uso do trabalho infantil por uma questão de necessidade e não o vêem como exploração. Acreditam que colocando as crianças próximas, trabalhando, não permitem que fiquem na rua em atividades prejudiciais à sociedade e a elas mesmas. A pesquisa também revelou que as crianças pesquisadas são oriundas da classe baixa e moram em bairros periféricos e que gostam de trabalhar, por terem a possibilidade de contribuir com sustento da família, entretanto, apesar disso, ficou claro que se pudessem escolher prefeririam somente estudar. As respostas durante o grupo focal demonstraram que apesar de menores de idade, as crianças possuem um senso de responsabilidade bem próximo ao que se espera de um adulto, entretanto ao se depararem com a possibilidade de momentos de diversão, não perderam a leveza e ingenuidade inerente à infância. This dissertation proposes to understand how children’s work relations are configured in Feira de São Joaquim at Salvador, Bahia. The research also aims at lengthening and contributing to the understanding of the work-children’s universe, giving them the “voice”, in order to provide relevant discussions to the world of work, know the established and institutionalized meanings within Feira de São Joaquim, interpreted by the children who work there, as well as their discerning within the modern society. As for the methodology applied, we made use of the bibliographical and empirical research and accomplished a focal group with children who work in the abovementioned open-air market. The research revealed that the number of children who work or stay at Feira de São Joaquim is much less in relation to the first visit that we made in 1993, probably due to the increase of pressure against child labor. The parents or the ones responsible for the children, whom we researched, also work in the open-air market and some of them confirmed that they make use of child labor for a matter of necessity and do not see this act as an exploration. They believe that by having children next to them, working, they do not allow them to stay in the streets involved in activities which are harmful to the society and to themselves. The research also revealed that the children whom we researched belong to a low class and live in the outskirts and that they like to work, since they have the possibility to contribute to support the family, however, in spite of that, it was clear to us that if the children could choose, they would prefer to study solely. The answers during the focal group showed that although they are under the age, the children have a sense of responsibility which is very close to what is expected from an adult, nevertheless, when they face the possibility of enjoying moments of fun, they do not lose the lightness and naivety inherent to the childhood. / This dissertation proposes to understand how children’s work relations are configured in Feira de São Joaquim at Salvador, Bahia. The research also aims at lengthening and contributing to the understanding of the work-children’s universe, giving them the “voice”, in order to provide relevant discussions to the world of work, know the established and institutionalized meanings within Feira de São Joaquim, interpreted by the children who work there, as well as their discerning within the modern society. As for the methodology applied, we made use of the bibliographical and empirical research and accomplished a focal group with children who work in the abovementioned open-air market. The research revealed that the number of children who work or stay at Feira de São Joaquim is much less in relation to the first visit that we made in 1993, probably due to the increase of pressure against child labor. The parents or the ones responsible for the children, whom we researched, also work in the openair market and some of them confirmed that they make use of child labor for a matter of necessity and do not see this act as an exploration. They believe that by having children next to them, working, they do not allow them to stay in the streets involved in activities which are harmful to the society and to themselves. The research also revealed that the children whom we researched belong to a low class and live in the outskirts and that they like to work, since they have the possibility to contribute to support the family, however, in spite of that, it was clear to us that if the children could choose, they would prefer to study solely. The answers during the focal group showed that although they are under the age, the children have a sense of responsibility which is very close to what is expected from an adult, nevertheless, when they face the possibility of enjoying moments of fun, they do not lose the lightness and naivety inherent to the childhood. Keywords: childhood; child labor; work relations; feira de São Joaquim.

MORAIS, Fernanda Kallyne Rego de Oliveira. Avaliação do Programa de Erradicação do Trabalho Infantil em Mossoró-RN. Fortaleza – Ceará 2008. 124 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Avaliação de Políticas Públicas) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Pró - Reitoria de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Avaliação de Políticas Públicas, 2008. / Submitted by Ana Paula Paula (mappufce@gmail.com) on 2012-04-18T17:42:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 _Fernanda_Kallyne.pdf: 2057487 bytes, checksum: 1ad1f8defa05a89a0196a209098b21a1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Josineide Góis(josineide@ufc.br) on 2012-04-20T13:36:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 _Fernanda_Kallyne.pdf: 2057487 bytes, checksum: 1ad1f8defa05a89a0196a209098b21a1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-04-20T13:36:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 _Fernanda_Kallyne.pdf: 2057487 bytes, checksum: 1ad1f8defa05a89a0196a209098b21a1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / This research aims to evaluate the Elimination of Child Labor Program – PETI in Mossoró-RN related to life style changes in families that have kids and teenagers trated by the program. Documentary and fields researches were made, the last one happened between march and August 2009. A questionary was given to the people responsible to the children and teenagers, who have been treated by the program for four years or longer, in two different steps. The quantitative information was submitted to a descriptive treatment, using absolut and relative frequency, simple tables, crossings, reference indicators andspecific tests. The quantitavie information was privided by the analisys of speech method and analysed taken into account the rules of the authors who discuss and theorize childlabor and its different sides. From all the 30 families that were interviewed in the first sample, most of the people that are responsible for the children and teenagers are young women, that live with their kids and husband, and have low education. Since tha registration in the PETI program until the date that this research was made, the percentage of employment and kids in school. Also in 33,4% of the families there were kids or teenagers working. The monthly income and expenditure with food, rent, kitchen gas, eletric power and house loan; more families purchased their own houses , less ones had to pay rent or borrowed houses,increased the numbers of masonry houses and their rooms; the number of appliances such as refrigerators, blenders, television sets, stereo systems, telephones, sewing machines,bicycles and radios. Most of the responsible for the children also worked when they were younger,come from large families, from the rural zone and appreciate things like honesty and integrity. They had nice memories about toys and plays between siblings, though there was an ambivalence related to their working during their childhood and about the bossy way that they were raised. They are aware that nowadays is more difficult to raise children comparing to when they were younger and they find positive the fact that they are in the program, even though we found a few misconception about that. Plans for the future are simple and care to having their kids studying and having a good job when they get older. The early employment lasted for three generation.We may conclude that families improved their life styles,with positive changes in the families profiles after applying to the PETI program and also that poverty is still strong. The inconsistencies found indicate the program managers in town need to look carefully and develop projects to help the families that still go through child labor and also to have those families more sociable.Besides all that, later on, it is important to go deeper in the evaluation of the program when related to some aspects. / A pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar o Programa de Erradicação do Trabalho Infantil - PETI de Mossoró-RN em termos de modificação das condições de vida das famílias que têm crianças e adolescentes assistidos. Foi realizada pesquisa documental e de campo, tendo esta última ocorrido no período de março a agosto de 2008. Foi aplicado um formulário em dois momentos distintos e realizadas entrevistas de aprofundamento com os responsáveis por crianças e adolescentes assistidos pelo programa há quatro anos ou mais. Os dados quantitativos foram submetidos a tratamento descritivo, usando freqüência absoluta e relativa, tabelas simples, cruzamentos, indicadores de referência e testes específicos. Os dados qualitativos foram abordados pelo método da análise do discurso e analisados com base nos marcos regulatórios vigentes e em autores que discutem e teorizam o trabalho infantil e suas interfaces. Entre as 30 famílias que compuseram a primeira amostra, a maioria dos identificados como responsáveis pelas crianças e adolescentes são mulheres relativamente jovens que moram com os filhos e respectivos cônjuges e têm baixa escolaridade. Da entrada no PETI até a realização da pesquisa decresceu o nível de emprego nas famílias e o percentual de filhos que estudavam, mas em 33,4% das famílias havia crianças ou adolescentes que ainda trabalhavam. Aumentou a renda mensal e a despesa com alimentação, aluguel, gás de cozinha, energia elétrica e prestação da casa própria; mais famílias tornaram-se proprietárias da casa, diminuiu o número das que pagavam aluguel ou moravam em casa cedida, aumentou o número de casas de alvenaria e o número de cômodos; aumentou o número de eletrodomésticos como refrigeradores, liquidificadores, televisores, aparelhos de som, telefones, máquina de costura, bicicleta e rádios. A maioria dos responsáveis entrevistados trabalhou quando criança, vêm de famílias numerosas, de origem rural e migrantes e têm apreço a valores como honestidade e retidão. Predominaram lembranças agradáveis sobre as brincadeiras e união entre irmãos, mas houve ambivalência em relação a terem trabalhado na infância e ao modo autoritário como foram educados. Percebem como mais difícil a tarefa de educar filhos hoje comparativamente a quando eram crianças e consideram positivo o fato de estarem integrados ao programa avaliado, embora tenham sido constatadas algumas incoerências em relação a isto. Os planos para o futuro são modestos e quase se resumem aos filhos estudarem e terem um trabalho quando adultos. O trabalho precoce atravessou o tempo, fazendo-se presente em três gerações. Concluímos que melhoraram as condições de vida, com mudanças positivas no perfil das famílias após serem integradas ao PETI e que ainda é grave seu estado de pobreza. Incoerências e inconsistências encontradas indicam que os gestores do programa no município necessitam estar mais atentos e desenvolver medidas concretas para superação do trabalho infantil ainda presente nas famílias estudadas e para avançar no âmbito da sociabilidade. Além do mais, em momento posterior, faz-se importante aprofundar a avaliação do programa em relação a alguns aspectos.