A partir da Revolução Industrial, a exploração do trabalho infanto-juvenil se configura como um elemento mutilador da vida (Fonseca, 2008) de crianças e adolescentes, perpetuando-se até hoje. No Brasil atualmente, cerca de 2,97 milhões de pessoas entre 5 e 17 anos exercem algum tipo de trabalho (PNAD,2011). A materialidade da exploração da força de trabalho de crianças e adolescentes é um fenômeno social que tem seus atravessamentos no processo educacional. Nesta faixa-etária, estes sujeitos devem encontrar-se em processo de formação na educação básica, lócus de nossa profissão. Este trabalho de mestrado configura-se enquanto uma sequência de uma pesquisa de Iniciação cientifica BIC/UFRGS relacionada ao grupo de Pesquisa NIEPE/FACED/UFRGS. O estado da arte é uma metodologia utilizada com objetivo principal de organização teórica de um campo e/ou temática específica; que comporta também a utilização de metodologia revisão bibliográfica, revisão teórica e análise de conteúdo. O objetivo foi apontar mediações possíveis para apreender o fenômeno trabalho infanto-juvenil , a partir da análise da produção acadêmica entre 1990 (promulgação do ECA) e 2011 (ano em que se inicia este trabalho) de nível de pós-graduação nas Universidades do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul sobre o tema trabalho infanto-juvenil. Como eixos temáticos que fazem parte da construção do trabalho infanto-juvenil nas produções discentes analisadas temos questões como: programas sociais, sentidos e representações, escola, brinquedo, trabalho educativo, saúde e velhice.Ao final buscamos apontar emergências que surgem da estruturação do campo de pesquisa, a partir de vinte e um anos analisados de produções sobre o tema em nosso Estado. / After the Revolution, the exploitation of the child labor is considered to mutilate the lives of children and adolescents, a practice still perpetrated nowadays. In Brazil currently, an estimate of 2.97 milion people aging from 5 to 17 are employed in some kind of labor (PNAD,2011). The materiality of the exploration of the labour-power of children and adolescents is a social phenomenon that has its crossings in the educational process. In this age range, these subjects are usually students at basic education schools, locus of our research. This dissertation set up as a result of a scientific research Initiation BIC/UFRGS related to the Research Group NIEPE/FACED/UFRGS. The state of the art is a methodology used with the main objective of organizing the theory, a field and/or specific thematic; which involves usage of the methodology review of the bibliography, review of the theory and content analysis. The goal was to point to possible mediation to apprehend the phenomenon of child labor, from the analysis of research conducted from 1990 (promulgation of the ECA) to 2011(year that this work begun) on graduate level at the Universities of the State of the Rio Grande do Sul on the topic child labor. As themes that are part of the construction of the child labor in the analyzed students productions we posed questions regarding: social programs, directions and representations, school, toys, educational work, health and old age. At the end we seek to point out emergencies that arise from the structuring of the research field, from twenty-one years of the productions on the topic analyzed in our State.

O presente trabalho analisa o impacto do trabalho infantil no desempenho escolar das crianças e adolescentes que trabalharam e frequentaram a escola no período entre 2007 e 2011. A Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios - PNAD de 2011 mostra que 6,9% das crianças e adolescentes em idade escolar, ou seja, entre 6 e 17 anos de idade, conciliavam o seu tempo entre estudo e trabalho, representando cerca de 2,7 milhões de indivíduos nesta faixa etária. Ademais, o Sistema Nacional de Avaliação da Educação Básica - SAEB, responsável pelas aplicações das provas de conhecimentos gerais e específicos aos alunos das 4ªs e 8ªs séries do Ensino Fundamental e da 3ª série do Ensino Médio, nas escolas públicas e privadas do Brasil, mostra que o nível de conhecimento em testes de proficiência nas disciplinas de Língua Portuguesa e Matemática encontra-se aquém do satisfatório em cada série avaliada. Assim, na medida em que a universalização do ensino ocorre, torna-se importante verificar não só o impacto do trabalho infantil na frequência escolar, mas também no desempenho escolar. O objetivo desse estudo foi verificar qual o impacto do trabalho das crianças e adolescentes (aqui segregado por suas ocupações: trabalho fora do domicílio, trabalho dentro do domicílio e trabalho em ambos os locais) na proficiência nos testes de Língua Portuguesa e Matemática. Para tanto, utilizaram-se microdados da Prova Brasil/SAEB de 2007 e 2011. A segunda base de dados utilizada foi o Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio - ENEM, que contém testes e informações dos alunos do Ensino Médio. Foi criado um pseudo painel e estimado o modelo de Efeitos Fixos, além de se utilizar o método de Propensity Score Matching. Concluiu-se que o trabalho exercido por crianças tem um efeito negativo no desempenho acadêmico, sendo esse efeito ainda pior para os alunos que trabalham fora do próprio domicílio ou que conciliam o trabalho fora do domicílio com os afazeres domésticos comparado aos que trabalham somente no domicílio. Os resultados mostram que as diferenças das médias nos testes de proficiência podem reduzir em até 10% a Média Mínima Satisfatória - MMS dada pelo SAEB para as crianças que trabalham em relação às que não trabalham. / This paper analyzes the impact of child labor on school performance between 2007 and 2011. The Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílio - PNAD, Brazilian annual household survey of 2011 estimated that 6.9% of children in school age, between 6 and 17 years old, allocated their time between study and work, represented by, nearly 2.7 million people at this age range. In addition, the Sistema Nacional de Avaliação da Educação Básica - SAEB, Brazilian biannual education survey, responsible for the application of the tests of general and specific knowledge of students in the 4th and 8th grades of elementary school and senior high school, in public and private schools in Brazil, shows that the proficiency in Portuguese Language and Mathematic tests is below de adequate level for each grade evaluated. Considering that 94% of school-age children are in school, it is important to analyze the impact of child labor not only on attainment in school but also on their performance. Therefore, this paper aims to verify the impact of child labor (here treated as nondomestic work, domestic work and work in both places) in learning. Standardized test scores in Portuguese and Mathematics are available from Prova Brasil microdata, as well as information on socioeconomic characteristics of each student who attended school in Brazil from 2007 to 2011. The second database consists of National Examination for High School - ENEM with test scores and information about student´s characteristics in Senior High School in 2011.The impact was estimated by two different econometric methods: creating a pseudo panel using fixed effects model and Propensity Score Matching. The results show that child labor has a negative effect on student´s achievement. Additionally, this effect is worse for students who work outside their house or work both inside and outside their houses compared to those that only work in the household. The reduction in the average proficiency tests for those working can reach up to 10% of the minimum satisfactory mean given by SAEB.

Orientador: Paulo Celso Miceli / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T11:29:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Crudo_MatildeAraki_D.pdf: 21264379 bytes, checksum: e2fc3ae54348963a1d2d89b15b184ebf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Durante quase 50 anos, centenas de meninos pobres, órfãos ou abandonados, viveram internados no Arsenal de Guerra de Mato Grosso, onde estudaram e trabalharam. Analisar esta iniciativa militar de articular trabalho e educação para disciplinar a população livre pobre, na segunda metade do século XIX, em meio a uma sociedade escravista, é o objetivo desta tese. Na primeira parte, após um rápido histórico do Arsenal de Guerra, criado em 1832 na província de Mato Grosso, para armazenar e produzir objetos necessários à manutenção de tropas militares em área de fronteira, apresento sua estrutura burocrática e examino suas finalidades como unidade complexa que reunia armazéns, oficinas, prisão e escola. Nessa trama complexa de relações sociais, os aprendizes interagiram com soldados artífices e mestres de oficina, professores e guardas, presos civis e militares, escravos e serventes aprenderam os oficios de sapateiro, tanoeiro, funileiro, entre outros, mas assimilaram também comportamentos considerados inadequados pelas autoridades imperiais. Ainda na primeira parte, analiso as atitudes contraditórias da população livre pobre, de rejeição e de submissão, ao projeto disciplinar. A inserção dos aprendizes no trabalho das oficinas e o aprendizado dos conteúdos necessários à formação de um trabalhador disciplinado são abordados na segunda parte. A terceira parte examina outros mecanismos de controle utilizados para submeter os aprendizes à disciplina do trabalho e evidencia o êxito da estratégia imperial ao demonstrar que o Arsenal de Guerra conseguiu formar não só bons operários, como também preparar mestres de oficinas. Mas nem tudo foi submissão. Descrevo também os mecanismos de resistência dos trabalhadores à disciplina, destacando as fugas dos aprendizes. Finalmente, evidencio como as atitudes de resistência provocaram o efeito perverso de reiterar o preconceito contra a infancia pobre, por meio da construção das categorias de aprendiz para designar a que se submete à disciplina do trabalho e a de menor para discriminar a criança insubmissa / Abstract: For almost 50 years, hundreds of orphaned or abandoned poor children were housed in the War Arsenal ofthe State of Mato Grosso where they studied and worked. To analyse this military initiative of providing work and education to discipline the poor, free population in the second half of the 19th century is the aim of this thesis. In the first part, after a brief history ofthe War Arsenal, which was created in 1832 in the then province of Mato Grosso to store and produce objects necessary for the maintenance of military troops in the border areas, I present its bureaucratic structure and examine its objectives as a complex unit that combined depots, workshops, a prison and a school. In the midst of complex social relationships where the apprentices interacted with trained soldiers and master tradesman, teachers and guards, civilian and military prisoners, slaves and servants; they learnt the trades of shoemakers, tanners and tinkers among others. But they also adopted types of behaviour considered to be inappropriate by the imperial authorities. Still in the first part, I analyse the contradictory behaviour of the poor, free population of rejecting and submitting to the disciplinary regime. The inclusion of the apprentices in the workshops and the learning of the necessary skills to become a disciplined worker are approached in the second part after a brief review of the literature on work and education. The third part examines other control mechanisms used to submit the apprentices to the work discipline regime and shows the success achieved by the imperial strategy by demonstrating that the War Arsenal managed to train not only good workers but also produced master tradesman. But it wasn't alI about submission. I also describe the resistance mechanisms used by the workers against the strict discipline, particularly the escape of apprentices. Finally, I show how this resistance provoked the perverse effect of reiterating the prejudice against the poor children by means of establishing categories for the a.pprenticesto designate those that submitted to the work discipline regime to a higher category and those that refused to a lower category who were thus subjected to discrimination / Doutorado / Historia Cultural / Doutor em História

This thesis investigates the relationship between success and access to children, slaves, and kin as labor sources during the period of 1833 to 1865 in northeast Mississippi. The theoretical concepts of agricultural intensification and relative intensity were used to measure variability among the households. Artifacts from seven archaeological sites were used to establish mean dates. These sites were tied to their original occupants through historic records. A historic document search revealed the number of slaves and children each family had, and whether they had kin living nearby. Agricultural census records showed the productivity of each farm during the study period. Families were considered successful if they stayed in the study area until death, increased the number of slaves or land owned, or increased their agricultural output. This thesis concluded that the relationship between success and the availability of labor is complex with no one strategy ensuring success.

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Management, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Management (in the field of Public Policy) , April 2016 / Child labour is a social problem that affects several countries worldwide, and South Africa is not an exception. It is the result of adverse economic conditions in the country, where children feel they have to resort to finding employment in order to support their families. There is a general consensus that child labour in South Africa needs to be dealt with, and this is seen via the ratification of the two most important ILO conventions that speak to child labour. The ratification of these conventions led to the development of a child labour policy for South Africa; the Child Labour Programme of Action. However, despite the existence of this policy and its implementation, child labour continues. This report looked at how the child labour policy was implemented, and to verify if the continued occurrence of child labour was due to a disconnection between the policy as it is presented on paper, and those who are supposed to implement the policy on the ground. The report used qualitative methods, specifically documentary analysis and interviews. The documents that were analysed included the Child Labour Programme of Action, as well as its follow up documents. Meanwhile, government officials as well as members of civil society were the interview subjects. The main finding of the research is that the implementers of the policy do not have a full understanding of the policy and what it entails. And because of this they are unable to properly implement the policy to produce an effective solution against child labour. The report concludes with recommendations intended to help the government to get more out of the Child Labour Programme of Action. / MT2018

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Child labor is a complex global phenomenon. Though poverty is widely accepted as the primary cause of child labor, there are many dimensions of the phenomenon that still remain to be explored. Very little attention has been given to the policies that drive efforts to address child labor and how they are framed. Of particular interest is how we determine who is a child, and the notions of childhood underpinning these policies. Less attention has been given to the relationships and power dynamics underlying the policy-making process that surrounds this discourse. A qualitative method, namely, critical discourse analysis (CDA) was used to examine the discursive construction of children and childhood in child labor discourse. Underlying power dynamics through the analysis of diverse child labor-related policies at the global (ILO), regional (OAU/AU), sub-regional (ECOWAS), global/sub-regional (Harkin-Engel Protocol), and local (Ghana) levels was explored. Findings revealed that homogenized and hegemonic trends are visible in child labor discourse. While the ILO's discourse on child labor was either reproduced or referenced in the other policies, there was generally a homogenized definition of children based on Western social constructions and views of children. Child labor policies were not fully cognizant or sensitive to local constructions and conceptions of how we define children and what we determine are appropriate roles at various ages. In particular reference to Ghana, the Government of Ghana's child labor policies did not reflect the sociological and cultural realities of the nation. Findings of the study also suggest that for some organizations and countries, especially in the Global South, political and economic considerations influenced whose voices were included in child labor policy creation. Critical discourse implications for social work education, policy analysis, practice and research are discussed.

La croissance économique du Vietnam depuis la politique de Doimoi (Renouveau) en 1986a créé un contexte favorable à l’extension du phénomène des migrations de travail. Les enfants migrants économiques sont de plus en plus visibles dans les ateliers privés de production industrielle, surtout dans les ateliers de couture à Ho Chi Minh ville. En essayant de répondre aux questions pourquoi les enfants migrent et acceptent de vivre et de travailler dans un environnement défavorable, cette thèse analyse la migration des enfants, comme acteurs dans la mise en œuvre de stratégie pour le travail ; elle analyse aussi les stratégies des différents acteurs impliqués dans la migration des enfants pour le travail. Elle part de deux interrogations : d’une part, la stratégie de subsistance et de développement des foyers villageois, surtout des foyers pauvres dans le contexte de changements socio-économiques au Vietnam et, d’autre part, la diversité des logiques migratoires des enfants, intéressés non seulement par les revenus de la migration mais aussi par la recherche de leur autonomie. La thèse cherche surtout à rester centrée sur les propres attentes des enfants en dévoilant la façon dont ils s’engagent dans des relations de dette vis-à-vis de leurs parents et de leurs employeurs. Bien que les enfants migrants soient considérés comme acteurs stratégiques de leur migration de travail, ils sont toujours victimes des exploitations. Cette réalité nous conduit à une réflexion sur leur futur incertain. La relation entre le développement économique et le développement social et humain est, dans ce cas, la grande question posée à des pays en développement. / In the context of expedited labor migration since the Doimoi (Renovation) policies in 1986, economic child migrants are becoming more visible in the private industrial production workshops, especially in the garment sector in Ho Chi Minh City. Aiming to answer the question: why children migrate and agree to live and work in an unfavorable environment, the thesis analyzes the child labor migration by considering children as actors implementing the strategies. In addition to that, it scrutinizes the other actors involved in migrant working children. Therefore, the thesis focuses on two issues: on the one hand, the strategies for subsistence and development of rural households, particularly the poor households in the context of socio-economic changes in Vietnam. On the other hand, the study examines the diversity of the rationales and logic behind children migration: not solely their interests in income generation but also their search for autonomy. Their personal expectations from labor migration are also investigated. Moreover, the findings on how they are engaged to the debt - related issues with their parents and employers are revealed. Although economic child migrants are considered as strategic actors responsible for their migration, children are always the victims of exploitation. This reality makes us think about the sources of social supports regarding to the supports from government and government organizations. Additionally, the unguaranteed future of these children needs more concerns.

[pt] Essa dissertação é resultado de um estudo sobre o trabalho infantil da zona sul do município do Rio de Janeiro, realizado junto a um grupo de crianças e adolescentes participantes do Programa de Erradicação do Trabalho Infantil (PETI) do CEMASI Maria Lina de Castro Lima. O estudo teve como objetivo identificar as especificidades deste tipo de trabalho infantil, tendo como base indicadores sócio-econômico e cultural das famílias atendidas pelo Programa. Desta forma, utilizou-se como técnica, a pesquisa documental, a observação e as entrevistas com as crianças, os adolescentes e seus responsáveis. Como ponto de partida, procedeu-se um resgate da trajetória do trabalho infantil no Brasil e no Rio de Janeiro, bem como da atuação do governo brasileiro no enfrentamento desta problemática, identificando seus marcos legais e as estratégias governamentais utilizadas, com destaque para a implementação do PETI e suas reformulações atuais. Quanto aos resultados da pesquisa que subsidiaram esta dissertação, estes reforçam os estudos sobre trabalho infantil no Brasil, os quais, além da questão da pobreza, apresentam outros determinantes para explicar a incidência do trabalho precoce de crianças e adolescentes. / [en] This dissertation is the result of a study about child work in the south zone of the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, held with a group of children and adolescents, who took part in the Program of Eradication of Child Work (PETI) of CEMASI Maria Lima de Castro. The study had as an objective the identification of the features of this type of child work, based on socio-economic and cultural indicators of the families assisted by the Program. In this way, documental research, observation, and interviews with the children, adolescents and their parents were used as technique. As a starting point, a rescue of the trajectory of child work in Brazil was carried out, as well as the Brazilian government acting in the confrontation of this problematic, identifying its legal marks and governmental strategies used, with emphasis on the implementation of PETI and its current reformulations. As for the results of the research which helped this dissertation, these reinforce the studies about child work in Brazil, which, aside from the issue of poverty, present other determinants to the incidence of precocious work of children and adolescents.

O trabalho infantil é hoje bastante discutido nas agendas de governo do mundo inteiro. Desde que as primeiras discussões e debates acerca do tema começaram, obteve-se um grande avanço a partir da ratificação da convenção nº. 182 da OIT, que versa sobre as piores formas de trabalho infantil. Cerca de 87% dos Estados membros já ratificaram a Convenção n.º 182, incluindo o Brasil. Em 2010, firmou-se um compromisso, no âmbito da OIT, que estabelece como prioridade a eliminação das piores formas de trabalho infantil até 2016. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa é identificar os determinantes da redução do trabalho infantil no Brasil, especificamente entre os anos 2000 e 2010, tendo como foco o trabalho nas atividades enquadradas na categoria \"piores formas de trabalho infantil\". Buscou-se identificar as características atuais deste tipo de trabalho no que se refere à: características da própria criança, isto é, gênero, cor e idade; características regionais de onde a criança trabalhadora está inserida, abrangendo as cinco grande regiões do Brasil, e características locais, em termos de zona rural e urbana e zona metropolitana e não-metropolitana, entre outras. Dentre os modelos econométricos disponíveis na literatura, optou-se por utilizar o modelo probit. Como variável dependente definiu-se trabalho perigoso. Esta variável assume valor 1 se a criança ou adolescente realiza algum trabalho perigoso e 0 se realiza algum outro tipo de trabalho. Fez-se também uma ampla análise descritiva do trabalho infantil ao longo da década de 2000, inclusive das piores formas de trabalho infantil. Utilizou-se os dados do Censo Demográfico 2000 e do Censo Demográfico 2010. Foram analisadas crianças nas faixas etárias de 10 a 15 anos e adolescentes ou jovens na faixa etária de 16 a 17 anos. A década de 2000 foi de mudanças para o mercado de trabalho infantil. Neste período o trabalho infantil diminui substancialmente, em todas as regiões, porém em algumas mais que em outras. As regiões Norte e Nordeste foram as que apresentaram maiores reduções relativas em casos de trabalho infantil. As regiões Sul e Centro-Oeste são as que proporcionalmente concentram mais casos de trabalho infantil. Um fato importante ocorrido ao longo da década foi que o trabalho infantil passou a ser proporcionalmente maior em zonas urbanas do que em zonas rurais, e neste movimento, os casos de trabalho infantil tenderam a se concentrar mais em regiões metropolitanas. Em geral, os casos de piores formas de trabalho infantil diminuíram ao longo da década. a face da crianças ou jovem que exerce alguma das piores formas de trabalho infantil é negra, feminina e mais próxima dos 16 ou 17 anos de idade. / Child labor is now discussed in government agendas around the world. Since the first discussions and debates on the subject began, great advance has been achieved with the ratification of Convention 182, related to the worst forms of child labor. About 87% of the country members have ratified the Convention 182, including Brazil. In 2010, a commitment was firmed in order to prioritize the elimination of the worst forms of child labor by 2016. The overall aim of this research is to identify the determinants of the reduction of child labor in Brazil, specifically between 2000 and 2010, focusing on the work activities included in the category \" worst forms of child labor \". Efforts were made to identify the current characteristics of child labor in relation to: the child\'s own characteristics, i.e., gender, race and age; regional characteristics where the working children live, covering the five major regions of Brazil, and local characteristics such as rural and urban areas and metropolitan and non- metropolitan areas. Among the econometric models available in the literature, the probit model was chosen. The dependent variable was defined as harzadous work. This variable assumes value 1 if the child works in some dangerous activity and 0 if a child works in some other activity. Furthermore, an extensive descriptive analysis of child labor throughout the 2000s was carried out, including an analysis of the worst forms of child labor. The data used in this work was extracted from the Brazilian Population Census for the years 2000 and 2010. Children were divided in two different age groups, one for those aged 10 to 15 and the other for those aged 16-17. The last decade experienced changes in the child labor market. During this period, child labor decreased substantially in all regions, but more intensively so in some regions. The North and Northeast regions showed the largest relative reductions in cases of child labor. The South and Midwest regions registered proportionately more cases of child labor. An important fact occurred during the decade was that child labor became proportionally greater in urban in comparison with rural areas, and within this movement, child labor cases tended to focus more on metropolitan areas. In general, the worst forms of child labor declined over the decade as well. The face of the child or young person who exercises some of the worst forms of child labor is black , female and closer to 16 or 17 years old.

[pt] A dissertação Trabalho Infantil: análise da percepção das famílias e crianças envolvidas, tem como proposta analisar o significado deste tipo de trabalho na realidade cotidiana de crianças, adolescentes e famílias envolvidas.Este trabalho reúne os resultados de uma pesquisa qualitativa com um grupo de mães e crianças que exercem atividades laborativas identificadas como trabalho precoce. O estudo teve como ponto de partida a configuração atual do trabalho infantil no Brasil e no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, com base em dados estatísticos, embora a sua ênfase recaia sobre os aspectos simbólicos e culturais desse fenômeno. A pesquisa teve como referência empírica o município de Itaguaí no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, em particular, um segmento específico da população composto por famílias ribeirinhas e de assentamentos rurais e urbanos que enfrentam situações de vulnerabilidade social. / [en] The dissertation Child work: analysis of perception of involved families and children, proposes to analyse the significance of this type of work in the daily reality of involved children, adolescents and families. This work gathers the results of a qualitative research with a group of mothers and children who carry out labor activities identified as precocious work. The study had as a starting point the present configuration of child work in Brazil and in the state of Rio de Janeiro, based on statistic data, however, its emphasis relies on the symbolic and cultural aspects of this phenomenom. The research had as empiric reference, the municipality of Itaguaí in the state of Rio de Janeiro, particularly, a specific segment of the population made up of riverside, and rural and urban settled families who face situations of social vulnerability.