Dans « En songeant à un art poétique », Jules Supervielle définit sa poésie comme une entreprise d’humanisation. Quelle acception convient-Il de donner à ce terme, et en quoi se révèle-T-Il pertinent pour aborder l’œuvre de l’écrivain ? C’est à cette question que tente de répondre cette thèse, en cherchant à déterminer le sens qu’il convient de donner à l’humanisation à partir du double héritage de l’humanisme de la Renaissance et de l’humanitarisme romantique, et en s’appuyant sur des manuscrits et des correspondances en partie inédits. Dans une première partie, l’étude de la théorisation de l’humanisation chez Supervielle nous amène à mener une réflexion ressortissant de l’histoire des idées et de l’histoire littéraire, en nous penchant sur l’idée de la littérature développée par l’écrivain, et en analysant le rôle joué par Jean Paulhan et par René Étiemble dans l’apparition de cette idée. La seconde partie analyse la genèse diachronique de l’humanisation, au sein d’un essai de géographie poétique qui se focalise sur le tournant que constituent les années 1920 et 1930. La troisième partie est consacrée à l’étude de la genèse synchronique, considérant l’apparition de l’humanisation dans les divers états d’un texte, en poésie, en prose et au théâtre. L’étude de l’humanisation dans l’œuvre de Jules Supervielle permet ainsi de préciser le paysage littéraire et l’interpénétration des idées de la littérature qui se développent dans la première moitié du XXe siècle, en marge du surréalisme. / In « En songeant à un art poétique », Jules Supervielle defines his poetry as an attempt at humanization. How should this term be understood, and how does it enlighten Supervielle’s work ? In order to answer this question, this dissertation sets out to define the meaning of humanization through the lens of the double legacy of the humanism of the Renaissance and the humanitarianism of Romanticism, and in the light of partly unpublished manuscripts and letters. In the first part, this dissertation studies how Supervielle theorizes humanization. It leads to an analysis of a history of ideas and of literature, in order to define Supervielle’s conception of literature and in order to assess Jean Paulhan’s and René Étiemble’s roles in this theorization. The second part is a chronological study of humanization that takes the form of an essay of poetic geography. It focuses particularly on the work of the 1920’s and 1930’s. The third part is a genetic one : we study how humanization appears in the different states of a poem, a prose and a drama. The Study of humanization in Supervielle’s works enables us to have a better understanding of the literary landscape and of the entanglement of literary ideas in the first half of the twentieth century, in the margins of Surrealism.

The diploma thesis deals with architecture of financial institutions in Prague - banks, savings banks and insurance companies - from the middle of the 19th century (when the first representative headquarters of financial institution in Prague was built) to 1939. The research of the thesis is focused on territory of Prague New Town, which is included in town area of Prague 1, where the highest concentration of these financial buildings was in whole research period. The diploma thesis will register and interpret individual headquarters of financial institution in Prague in historical, economic and political context within the Czech lands and the Habsburg monarchy, then also within the Czechoslovak Republic; and in the context of urban and wider architectural development in Prague and Europe too. Key words: Architecture, urbanism, banks, savings banks, insurance companies, 19th and 20th century, Prague, Bohemia, Czechoslovakia, historic style, Art Nouveau, cubism, neo-classicism, functionalism.

The subject of this master’s thesis is depictions of Old Norse mythology and related motifs in the visual arts during the period 1775–1855. The main question of this research is how the motifs were visualized and how the depictions are related to the classical tradition. Three artworks are objects of detailed study: Johann Heinrich Füssli’s painting Thor Battering the Midgaard serpent (1790), Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg’s The death of Balder (1817) and Nils Jacob Blommér’s painting Näcken and the daughters of Ägir (1850). The paintings are compared with literary sources and analyzed in relation to classicism as well as ideas about history and the Old Norse. It is argued that symbols, themes and compositions from the classical tradition, such as the heroic nude, were used by artists to visualize motifs from Old Norse mythology. It is also argued that the depictions, which by previous scholars have been considered primarily classical, are in fact characterized by a resistance against likeness with the Olympic gods and antique costume.

The diploma thesis deals with the creation of a design of a new apartmen building in the city of Brno on the plot expected to be completed by the city block. Typologically it deals with the current design possibilities of gallery apartment buildings / porch houses, implementation of space-demanding grocery stores and commercial areas into urban structures. Architecturally explores the possibilities of designing new constructions with citation of architectural language a tectonics of past styles.

Ce mémoire traite de l’influence des Lumières sur la pensée philosophique et musicale du compositeur et guitariste Fernando Sor (1778-1839). Cette influence peut être déclinée en trois thèmes, autour desquels le présent travail est structuré. Le premier thème, qui est omniprésent dans la Méthode pour la guitare de Sor (Paris, 1830), est celui de l’usage de la raison opposé à l’obéissance aveugle à une autorité. Le deuxième thème, présent lui aussi dans la Méthode, est celui de l’harmonie conçue comme une science permettant d’établir les rapports naturels qui existent entre les sons. Le troisième thème, présent quant à lui dans des chansons à caractère politique composées par Sor entre 1808 et 1832, est celui de la recherche de liberté face à l’oppression. Nous verrons dans ce mémoire que la manière dont la raison, l’harmonie et la liberté se manifestent dans les écrits et les œuvres de ce pionnier de la guitare classique est similaire à la manière dont ces trois mêmes notions sont représentées dans l’Encyclopédie de Diderot et d’Alembert, Sor faisant d’ailleurs référence à cet ouvrage emblématique du siècle des Lumières dans sa Méthode. D’autre part, nous verrons que le guitariste a aussi été influencé par les écrits de figures importantes associées au classicisme français, comme Descartes en ce qui concerne la raison et Rameau en ce qui concerne la notion de basse fondamentale (ces deux auteurs étant d’ailleurs cités dans l’Encyclopédie). En somme, ce mémoire permet de mieux définir le concept d’« influence des Lumières chez Sor » qui restait autrement plutôt flou dans la littérature secondaire publiée à ce jour. / This master’s thesis deals with the influence of the Enlightenment on the philosophical and musical thought of the composer and guitarist Fernando Sor (1778-1839). This influence can be divided into three themes, around which this project is structured. The first theme, which is omnipresent in Sor’s Méthode pour la guitare (Paris, 1830), is that of the use of reason opposed to a blind submission to authority. The second theme, also present in the Méthode, is that of harmony seen as a science that establishes the natural relationships that exist between sounds. The third theme, present in political songs composed by Sor between 1808 and 1832, is that of the struggle of freedom against tyranny. In this thesis, we will see that the way reason, harmony and freedom are conceived in Sor’s work is heavily influenced by Diderot and d’Alembert’s Encyclopédie, which is mentioned in the Méthode. On the other hand, we will see that the guitarist was also influenced by the writings of major figures associated with French classicism, such as Descartes when it comes to reason and Rameau when it comes to the notion of basse fondamentale (both of whom are mentioned in the Encyclopédie). In short, this master’s thesis helps to better understand how the Enlightenment influenced Sor, a subject that was otherwise mostly absent from the secondary literature.

Mon travail cherche à mettre en valeur la richesse de la Scuola Napoletana du XVIIème siècle (qui prend vie après les deux séjours du Caravage à Naples, entre 1606 et 1610). L'art napolitain est injustement sous-estimé ; la première moitié du Seicento est pourtant extrêmement importante puisque Naples est le seul centre artistique qui continue à considérer le caravagisme comme une force vitale de la peinture, et ce jusqu'en 1656 (année de la Grande Pestequi emporte avec elle les derniers peintres d'"origine" caravagesque). Je mets donc en exergue la période méridionale du Caravage (qui est trop souvent délaissée par rapport à sa période romaine), ainsi que l'extrême diversité des peintres caravagesques qui composent le milieu artistique napolitain, unis par une passion commune pour le langage du Caravage mais dont l'expression artistique intègre peu à peu d'autres influences. Le caravagisme méridional se distingue par son polymorphisme et par la diversité des influences extérieures avec lesquelles les artistes enrichissent leur caravagisme originel : si les premiers naturalistes (tels que Battistello) restent toujours fidèles au Maître, nombreux sont ceux qui suivront le courant ribéresque (Ribera, Fracanzano, le Maître de l'Annonce aux Bergers...) qui se caractérisepar sa portée sociale. Mais, parallèlement, certains peintres tissent des liens entre caravagisme et classicisme (Stanzione, Guarino), tandis que d'autres se focalisent sur un caravagisme narratif (Artemisia Gentileschi est réputée pour son talent de storyteller) ; dans le domaine chromatique, de nombreux artistes (dont Pietro Novelli ou Ribera) succombent au néovénétisme et au vandyckianisme en vogue à partir des années 1630. Enfin, le caravagisme se fait plus raffiné avec Bernardo Cavallino, qui apparaît comme un précurseur du goût rococo, tandis que l'oeuvre de Mattia Preti oscille entre caravagisme et baroque. / The aim of this work is to emphasize the richness of the Scuola Napoletana in the 17th Century (after it came to life following Caravaggio†s two stays in Naples between 1606 and 1610). Neapolitan art does not get the appreciation it deserves, and yet the first half of the Seicento was an extremely important period as Naples was the only major artistic centre where Caravaggism was still a driving force of painting, and would do so until 1656 (the year of the Great Plague that wiped out the last "original" Caravaggesque painters). I am therefore emphasizing Caravaggio†s Southern period, which is all too often neglected as compared to his Roman period, as well as the great diversity of Caravaggesque painters making up the artistic milieu in Naples, united by a shared passion for Caravaggio's language but progressively incorporating other influences into their artistic expression. Southern Caravaggism stands out because of its polymorphism and the highly diverse outer influences with which these artists enhance their original Caravaggism: while the first naturalists, such as Battistello, are always true to the Master, many will follow into Ribera's footsteps (Ribera,Fracanzano, the Master of the Announcement to the Shepherds...) and adopt a more socially oriented stance. At the same time, some painters draw links between Caravaggism and Classicism (Stanzione, Guarino), while others focus on narrative Caravaggism (Artemisia Gentileschi is famed for the storytelling talent). In the field of colour, many artists (including Pietro Novelli and Ribera) yield to the Neo-venetism or Vandyckianism that were fashionable as of the 1630†s. Finally,Caravaggism becomes more refined with Bernardo Cavallino, who appears to be a precursor of Rococo taste, while Mattia Preti balances on the verge between Caravaggism and Barocco.

The Sixth, Seventh, and E Piano Sonatas of Prokofiev illustrate the composer's more mature style. In these works there is a definite return to the classic forms and contrapuntal devices which have been called Neo-classicism. Prokofiev, himself, has said that form is one of the basic elements of his style. It is the purpose of this thesis to discover the' formal organization and make a comparison of these sonatas with the works of Beethoven and his contemporaries.

The subject of this paper is the study of history of the Kačina Chateau from the point of view of its inspiration from the art and architecture of the ancient world. The introductory chapters were dedicated to the general atmosphere of the time in which the castle was designed and built, the general ideas of the Enlightenment, and also to its relations to Count Chotek. There is an unresolved problem whether its relations to Classical antiquity monuments existed directly, or if they were mediated by other sources. While working on the theme it turned out that the foundation of Kačina Chateau derived from earlier models that were developed during centuries. The work of Marcus Vitruvius Pollio was of substantial importance for all Classicist architecture and especially the architects of the Renaissance knew it very well and used it frequently. For the architecture of Kačina Chateau the most important stimuli were those of Andreas Palladio who transformed earlier patterns according to his own artistic views. One of the following chapters concentrates on the personality of the owner of the estate, the Count Jan Rudolf Chotek, and then on the architects and builders of the castle. Following chapters are dedicated to the description of the castle, of its exterior, the segmentation of its interior...

Cette thèse remet en question le soupçon pesant sur les catégories de « classique » et « classicisme ». Centrales dans les manuels, ces notions sont pourtant renvoyées par les spécialistes à de purs anachronismes, et jugées impertinentes pour caractériser le XVIIe siècle et sa littérature. Marqués par la rhétorique et la sociologie historique, les travaux actuels écartent l’opposition idéologique entre classicisme et modernité. Mais l’analyse de l’antagonisme chez Barthes, et l’étude des querelles impliquant les Classiques de 1898 à 1966, permettent de donner un contenu inattendu au classicisme, très éloigné de l’irénisme dont on l’a accusé.La notion, son antonyme et ses parasynonymes (antimodernisme et post-classicisme) circonscrivent d’abord, pour la littérature, différents « régimes d’historicité » dont débattent les polémistes. Le terme reste également associé à l’élaboration d’un « dispositif » utopique, où écrire, critiquer et enseigner iraient de pair : cette configuration, essentielle au XVIIe siècle, est sans cesse « remise sur le métier » dans les querelles postérieures entre Anciens et Modernes. De 1666 à 1694, semblent surgir en réalité la plupart des questions que les critiques continueront de poser à la littérature. C’est le cas, notamment, chez Barthes, Gide et Valéry, quand ils cherchent à en déterminer les fonctions et les prérogatives. Parce que le concept d’autonomie n’est pas pour eux détaché de toute exemplarité, il s’avère utile, bien qu’anachronique, pour lire les textes du XVIIe siècle. L’art de la « disponibilité », que Barthes reconnaissait chez Racine, serait alors l’autre nom de la littérarité, le nom d’une littérarité autre – non formaliste – que les Classiques auraient bel et bien inventée et qui autoriserait leur lecture « vivante, concernée ». / This dissertation interrogates the scepticism that falls on the categories of “classics” and “classicism”. Though they are considered key concepts in textbooks, these notions are viewed by many specialists as pure anachronisms, and declared irrelevant in defining the 17th century and its literature. Drawing influences from rhetoric and historical sociology, recent work dismisses the ideological divide between classicism and modernity, but an analysis of this opposition in Barthes’s corpus, supported by a study of the quarrels involving the Classics from 1898 to 1966, endows classicism with an unheralded substance, far from the irenicism for which it has been condemned. The notion of classicism, its antonym, and its parasynonyms (anti-modernism and post-classicism) first and foremost delineate, as far as literature is concerned, different regimes of historicity that are debated by the polemicists. The term ‘classicism’ is continuously associated with the establishment of a utopian apparatus within which writing, criticism and teaching go hand in hand. This blueprint was essential in the 17th century and is revisited again and again in the subsequent quarrels between Ancients and Moderns. In fact, most of the questions that critics continue to ask literature seem to arise between 1666 and 1694. Case in point, Barthes, Gide and Valéry all sought answers to these age-old questions in their attempts to determine both the functions and the prerogatives of literature. According to them, the concept of autonomy in literature cannot be separated from exemplarity. Thus, it proves useful, although anachronistic, in the reading of 17th-century texts. The art of “availability”, which Barthes recognized in the works of Racine, would then be the other name of literariness, a distinct – non formalist – literariness that the Classics have invented which allows their “vital, concerned” reading.

This thesis on historical development of the construction of residential buildings and its effect on market prices of dwellings currently in Liberec accompanies the issue of correlation between architectural styles and price currently. It is divided into two parts, theoretical and practical. The theoretical part is focused on explaining concepts such as housing, housing stock, housing market and its failure, which follows the historical description of the construction of residential buildings. In other chapters of this part is talking about urban planning and housing policy. The practical part looks at this issue from the perspective of a particular town, which is Liberec. For him the basic information about the local conditions, history of architecture and subsequently through the commodities market tested real estate prices mentioned correlation and era of construction. The main source of research is in the thesis comparing average prices per m2 for each building type. During and at the end, the results are commented and compared.