Utvecklingen av tekniken sker i snabb takt vilket gör att människors vetskap om OBA inte alltid hänger med, inte heller lagar och regler som ska skydda deras integritet. Därför är det intressant att undersöka hur effektiv marknadsföringstypen OBA är beroende av konsumenternas medvetenhet om fenomenet. Syftet är att analysera hur hög, respektive låg medvetenhet hos konsumenter om online behavioral advertising påverkar deras köpintentioner, med fokus på Generation Ys uppfattningar. Denna studie visar på samband mellan lägre medvetenhet om OBA och högre köpintentioner. Lägre medvetenhet om denna typ av marknadsföring förknippas även med en högre oro kring integriteten. / The development of technology takes place at a rapid pace, which means that people's knowledge of OBA does not always keep up, nor laws and regulations that supposed to protect their privacy. Therefore, it is interesting to investigate how effective online behavioral advertising is as a marketing strategy, based on consumers’ awareness of the phenomenon. The purpose is to analyze how a high and a low level of consumers’ awareness about OBA affects their purchase intentions, focusing on Generation Y’s perceptions.This paper reveals a connection between lower awareness of OBA and higher purchase intentions. Even a higher concern about integrity in the context is associated with lower awareness about this type of marketing.

Após a criação do Acordo Geral Sobre Pautas Aduaneiras e Comércio (GATT) em 1947, as barreiras não tarifárias passaram a ser o principal instrumento utilizado pelos países para a proteção do mercado nacional. Os países que buscavam a liberalização do comércio internacional passaram, então, a buscar soluções a fim de conter tais barreiras. Havia uma dificuldade em identificar quando uma medida que restringia o comércio internacional era uma proteção disfarçada ao comércio de quando ela perseguia fins legítimos como a proteção da saúde humana e animal. Com o advento da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC), alguns acordos anexos foram assinados que visavam diferenciar essas medidas e proteger a liberdade comercial alcançada nas rodadas do GATT. Entre esses acordos, entrou em vigor o Acordo sobre Barreiras Sanitárias e Fitossanitárias (SPS) que trata de medidas que visam proteger a vida e a saúde humana, animal e vegetal. Esse acordo, apesar de essencial para um país exportador de commodities como o Brasil, recebeu pouca atenção da academia jurídica brasileira. Buscando amenizar essa lacuna, o presente trabalho se propôs a aprofundar o estudo do acordo sob uma perspectiva jurídica. Assim, sua origem, seu escopo de aplicação, seus princípios e características, e sua aplicação no Sistema de Solução de Controvérsias (SSC) da OMC são explanados no primeiro capítulo dessa dissertação O Acordo SPS também estabeleceu a criação do Comitê sobre Barreiras Sanitárias e Fitossanitárias (Comitê SPS) que administra a aplicação e o debate dos temas relacionados ao acordo. E é sobre esse comitê que o segundo capítulo dessa pesquisa se debruça. O objetivo da dissertação é demonstrar e melhor compreender que, apesar do comitê possuir diversas funções, duas são de extrema relevância, a saber, seu papel como harmonizador internacional e como solucionador de conflitos. Na persecução desses objetivos, o comitê conta com diversos instrumentos como as notificações e as preocupações comerciais específicas (PCEs) que são estudadas e detalhadas no presente trabalho. Para desenvolver essa pesquisa, foram realizados levantamentos bibliográficos, documentais e jurisprudenciais junto à OMC e a outras instituições e, a partir dos dados coletados, foi aplicado o método hipotético-dedutivo. Os resultados vieram a comprovar e a limitar o escopo da natureza harmonizadora e solucionadora de conflitos do Comitê SPS, esclarecendo os meandros do trabalho diplomático no seio do comitê. Resta claro que o comitê é um ator essencial e ativo no comércio internacional. / After the creation of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1947, the non-tariff barriers have become the main instrument used by countries to protect their national markets. Countries seeking liberalization of international trade began, then, to seek solutions in order to restrain such barriers. There was a difficulty in identifying when a measure that restricting the international trade was a disguised trade protection from when it pursued legitimate purposes such as the protection of the human and animal health and lives. With the advent of the World Trade Organization (WTO), some attachments agreements were signed in order to differentiate between these measures and to protect the free trade achieved in the GATT rounds. Among these agreements, entered into force the Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Barriers (SPS) that deals with measures to protect human, animal and plant health and lives. This agreement, although essential to a commodities exporter such as Brazil, received little attention from the Brazilian legal academia. Seeking to mitigate this gap, this study aimed to further study the agreement in a legal perspective. Thus, its origin, its scope of application, its principles and features, and its application in the WTO Dispute Settlement System (SSC) are explained in the first chapter of this dissertation. The SPS Agreement also established the creation of the Committee on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Barriers (SPS Committee) that manages the application and discussion of issues related to the agreement. Moreover, it is on this committee that the second chapter of this research focuses The purpose of this research is to demonstrate and to understand that, although the committee has several functions, two are of utmost importance, namely its role as international harmonizer and as conflict solver. In pursuing these objectives, the committee uses several instruments such as the notifications and the specific trade concerns (STCs) that are studied and detailed in this paper. To develop this research, bibliographical, documentary and jurisprudential surveys within the data of WTO and other institutions were conducted, and based on the data collected, it was applied the hypothetical-deductive method. The results came to prove and to define the scope of the SPS Committee as an international harmonizer and as a conflict solver, explaining the intricacies of diplomatic work within the committee. Therefore, it is clear that the committee is an essential and active player in international trade.

Les risques perçus associés aux achats en ligne ont un effet critique sur la prise de décision du consommateur. En outre, étant donnée la mondialisation rapide des achats en ligne, une compréhension des raisons pour lesquelles les risques perçus varient en fonction de différentes cultures dans les achats en ligne est pertinente. La question de recherche qui motive cette étude est la suivante: « Quelles sont les différences significatives dans les effets de plusieurs déterminants des risques perçus dans les achats de vêtements en ligne en fonction des différences culturelles entre la Chine et la France ? » Un modèle d'équations structurelles est développé sur les relations hypothétiques entre les construits de l'étude. La recherche a apporté quelques résultats. Tout d'abord, nous avons constaté que les répondants chinois et français perçoivent de faibles niveaux de risques non-personnels et personnels dans leurs achats de vêtements sur Internet, mais les répondants chinois perçoivent un niveau plus élevé de risques non-personnels et personnels que les français. Le deuxième résultat principal est que le rôle des déterminants des risques perçus (la préoccupation des informations personnelles, la protection de la sécurité et la réputation des vendeurs en ligne) sur les risques perçus dans les achats en ligne varient selon les cultures. La réputation du site Web est plus valorisée dans les cultures collectivistes (Chine), tandis que la préoccupation des informations personnelles et la protection de la sécurité sont plus valorisées dans les cultures individualistes (France). Enfin, à la fois pour l'échantillon chinois et français, les risques perçus non-personnels ont un effet significatif sur l'intention à racheter. D'autre part, en ce qui concerne l'effet des risques perçus personnels, nous avons constaté qu'il y avait un effet négatif des risques perçus personnels sur les consommateurs chinois. / The perceived risks associated with online shopping have a critical effect on consumer decision making. In addition, cultural values provide a good theoretical basis for understanding perceived risk. Given the rapid globalization of online shopping, an understanding of the reasons why perceived risk vary in different cultures regarding online shopping should be crucial. The research question furnishing the main impetus for this study is: What are the significant differences in the effect of several determinants of perceived risk of online clothing shopping depending on cultural differences between China and France? Structural equation models with the maximum likelihood estimation method are employed to test all the hypothesized relationships. The research puts forth some findings. First, it is interesting to note that both the Chinese and French respondents perceive low levels of non-personal and personal risk regarding their online clothing purchases, but the Chinese respondents perceive higher non-personal risk than the French respondents and higher personal risk than the French respondents. The second key finding is that privacy concerns, security protection, and reputation have different effects on both consumer perception of non-personal risk and personal risk depending on cultural differences. Reputation is more valued in collectivist cultures (China), while privacy concerns and security protection are more valued in individualist cultures (France). Additionally, for both the Chinese and French samples, non-personal perceived risk significantly effects intention to repurchase. We found personal perceived risk has a significant effect only on Chinese consumer intention to repurchase.

Social Network Site (SNS) users’ disclosed personal information is beneficial for marketers, as targeted advertising can be provided accordingly. This study identifies the three privacy concepts of concerns, attitudes and intentions, along with culture (i.e. Hofstede’s masculinity) to be key drivers of users’ self-disclosure on SNSs. Hence, this study evaluates these antecedents and their potential effect on self-disclosure, considering Facebook as the SNS of choice. To account for potential cross-cultural differences, data has been gathered via two online questionnaires, resulting in one German and one Norwegian sample of respondents. Multiple regression analyses were carried to evaluate the antecedents of self-disclosure and one-way ANOVA to examine potential differences amongst Germans and Norwegians. Results indicate that privacy intention is the strongest predictor of self-disclosure on SNSs; whereas privacy concerns and attitudes only reveal an indirect effect on self-disclosure. In addition, significant differences have been found for all of the constructs, indicating that there exist fundamental differences between Germans and Norwegians with regards to their cognitive processing behind personal information disclosure on SNSs.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:06:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6078.pdf: 14032295 bytes, checksum: 116eccd4fd841045293650d9b4779ff3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-22 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / A goal of the Object-Oriented Programming is to develop software with better modularization and separation of concerns, although tangling and scattering of some of these concerns cannot be prevented. The Aspect-Oriented Programming was proposed to solve this problem. However, the identification of the scattering and tangling concerns, also known as crosscutting concerns (CC), is not simple. To assist this identification, it is recommended the use of CC Mining tools (MT), but some MTs do not properly display these CCs in the source code. One way to improve the presentation of this CCs is displaying them through software visualization tools. Software visualization aims to abstract the structural information of the software through visual metaphors. However, it is not always simple to integrate CC and visualization tools, because each tool store their results in a specific format that is usually not recognized by the others. In order to solve this problem, this work created a metamodel that facilitates this integration. The results obtained from a MT are transformed to this metamodel format, so they can be processed by a software visualization tool. Presenting the results of a MT through software visualization tools helps the comparison of these results, facilitating the detection of false negatives and the identification of visual patterns that indicate false positives. Four MT and two software visualization tools were integrated to demonstrate the benefits of an integrated environment. Moreover, two experiments were conducted: one to evaluate the use of the proposed metamodel; and another to evaluate the use of the integrated environment. The results revealed that the use of the proposed metamodel facilitates this integration and the software engineer must be a specialist of each of the integrated tools in order to enjoy the benefits from this integration. / Um dos objetivos do desenvolvimento Orientado a Objetos é a construção de software com melhor modularização e separação de interesses, porém não há como evitar que haja entrelaçamento e espalhamento de alguns desses interesses. O desenvolvimento Orientado a Aspecto é uma proposta de solucionar esse problema. Entretanto, a identificação de interesses entrelaçados e espalhados pelo código fonte, conhecidos como interesses transversais (IT), não é simples. Para auxiliar essa identificação é recomendado o uso de ferramentas de mineração de interesses transversais (MIT). Após esses interesses serem identificados, muitas vezes, persiste a dificuldade de visualizá-los adequadamente no código fonte. Uma forma de melhorar a apresentação dos ITs é exibir os resultados das ferramentas de MIT usando as ferramentas de visualização de software. A visualização de software tem como objetivo abstrair as informações estruturais de um software por meio de metáforas visuais. Porém, nem sempre é possível integrar facilmente essas ferramentas, pois cada uma armazena seus resultados em um formato específico que normalmente não é reconhecida pelas demais. Para solucionar esse problema, neste trabalho foi criado um metamodelo que facilita essa integração. Os resultados obtidos a partir de uma ferramenta de MIT são transformados para o formato desse metamodelo, para que sejam processados por uma ferramenta de visualização de software. A exibição dos resultados das ferramentas de MIT por meio das ferramentas de visualização facilita a comparação desses resultados, sendo evidenciados os falsos negativos e facilitada a identificação de novos padrões visuais para falsos positivos. Para mostrar a utilidade de um ambiente integrado, foram utilizadas quatro ferramentas de MIT e duas de visualização de software. Além disso, dois experimentos foram conduzidos: um para avaliar a utilização do metamodelo proposto, e outro para avaliar a utilização do ambiente integrado. Os resultados apontaram que a integração é facilitada com a utilização do metamodelo proposto e que é necessário que o engenheiro de software tenha pleno domínio de cada uma das ferramentas envolvidas, a fim de beneficiar-se dessa integração.

Após a criação do Acordo Geral Sobre Pautas Aduaneiras e Comércio (GATT) em 1947, as barreiras não tarifárias passaram a ser o principal instrumento utilizado pelos países para a proteção do mercado nacional. Os países que buscavam a liberalização do comércio internacional passaram, então, a buscar soluções a fim de conter tais barreiras. Havia uma dificuldade em identificar quando uma medida que restringia o comércio internacional era uma proteção disfarçada ao comércio de quando ela perseguia fins legítimos como a proteção da saúde humana e animal. Com o advento da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC), alguns acordos anexos foram assinados que visavam diferenciar essas medidas e proteger a liberdade comercial alcançada nas rodadas do GATT. Entre esses acordos, entrou em vigor o Acordo sobre Barreiras Sanitárias e Fitossanitárias (SPS) que trata de medidas que visam proteger a vida e a saúde humana, animal e vegetal. Esse acordo, apesar de essencial para um país exportador de commodities como o Brasil, recebeu pouca atenção da academia jurídica brasileira. Buscando amenizar essa lacuna, o presente trabalho se propôs a aprofundar o estudo do acordo sob uma perspectiva jurídica. Assim, sua origem, seu escopo de aplicação, seus princípios e características, e sua aplicação no Sistema de Solução de Controvérsias (SSC) da OMC são explanados no primeiro capítulo dessa dissertação O Acordo SPS também estabeleceu a criação do Comitê sobre Barreiras Sanitárias e Fitossanitárias (Comitê SPS) que administra a aplicação e o debate dos temas relacionados ao acordo. E é sobre esse comitê que o segundo capítulo dessa pesquisa se debruça. O objetivo da dissertação é demonstrar e melhor compreender que, apesar do comitê possuir diversas funções, duas são de extrema relevância, a saber, seu papel como harmonizador internacional e como solucionador de conflitos. Na persecução desses objetivos, o comitê conta com diversos instrumentos como as notificações e as preocupações comerciais específicas (PCEs) que são estudadas e detalhadas no presente trabalho. Para desenvolver essa pesquisa, foram realizados levantamentos bibliográficos, documentais e jurisprudenciais junto à OMC e a outras instituições e, a partir dos dados coletados, foi aplicado o método hipotético-dedutivo. Os resultados vieram a comprovar e a limitar o escopo da natureza harmonizadora e solucionadora de conflitos do Comitê SPS, esclarecendo os meandros do trabalho diplomático no seio do comitê. Resta claro que o comitê é um ator essencial e ativo no comércio internacional. / After the creation of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1947, the non-tariff barriers have become the main instrument used by countries to protect their national markets. Countries seeking liberalization of international trade began, then, to seek solutions in order to restrain such barriers. There was a difficulty in identifying when a measure that restricting the international trade was a disguised trade protection from when it pursued legitimate purposes such as the protection of the human and animal health and lives. With the advent of the World Trade Organization (WTO), some attachments agreements were signed in order to differentiate between these measures and to protect the free trade achieved in the GATT rounds. Among these agreements, entered into force the Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Barriers (SPS) that deals with measures to protect human, animal and plant health and lives. This agreement, although essential to a commodities exporter such as Brazil, received little attention from the Brazilian legal academia. Seeking to mitigate this gap, this study aimed to further study the agreement in a legal perspective. Thus, its origin, its scope of application, its principles and features, and its application in the WTO Dispute Settlement System (SSC) are explained in the first chapter of this dissertation. The SPS Agreement also established the creation of the Committee on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Barriers (SPS Committee) that manages the application and discussion of issues related to the agreement. Moreover, it is on this committee that the second chapter of this research focuses The purpose of this research is to demonstrate and to understand that, although the committee has several functions, two are of utmost importance, namely its role as international harmonizer and as conflict solver. In pursuing these objectives, the committee uses several instruments such as the notifications and the specific trade concerns (STCs) that are studied and detailed in this paper. To develop this research, bibliographical, documentary and jurisprudential surveys within the data of WTO and other institutions were conducted, and based on the data collected, it was applied the hypothetical-deductive method. The results came to prove and to define the scope of the SPS Committee as an international harmonizer and as a conflict solver, explaining the intricacies of diplomatic work within the committee. Therefore, it is clear that the committee is an essential and active player in international trade.

Requirement engineering is the most important phase within the software development phases since it is used to extract requirements from the customers which are used by the next phases for designing and implementation of the system. Because of its importance, this thesis focuses on the term aspect oriented requirement engineering, which is the first phase in aspect oriented software development used for the identification and representation of requirements gathered in the form of concerns. Besides the overall explanation of aspect oriented requirement engineering phase, detail attention is given to a specific activity within AORE phase called conflict resolution. Several techniques proposed for conflict resolution between aspects is discussed along with an attempt to give a new idea in the form of an extension of the already proposed model for conflict resolution. The need for extension to the already proposed model is justified by the use of a case study which is applied on both the models i.e. on the original model and on the extended model to compare the results. / Krav engineering är den viktigaste fasen inom mjukvaruutveckling faser eftersom det är användas för utvinning av krav från kunder som används av de följande faserna för utformning och genomförandet av systemet. På grund av dess betydelse, denna avhandling fokuserar på sikt aspekt orienterade krav på teknik, som är den första fasen i aspekt Orienten mjukvaran utveckling används för identifiering och representation krav som samlats in i form av oro. Förutom det övergripande förklaring av aspekt oriented Kravet tekniska fasen, detalj uppmärksamhet ges till en specifik verksamhet inom AORE fasen kallas konfliktlösning. Flera metoder som föreslås för konfliktlösning mellan aspekter diskuteras tillsammans med ett försök att ge en ny idé i form av en utvidgning av redan föreslagna modellen för konflikt resolution. Behovet av förlängning av redan föreslagna modellen är motiverad av att använda en fallstudie som appliceras på båda modellerna dvs i den ursprungliga modellen och om den utvidgade modell för att jämföra resultat. / faysal_hameed@hotmail.com, ijazbutt1@hotmail.com

The thesis is focused on the analysis of the attitudes of teachers from the district Trutnov to inclusive education. The theoretical part is dedicated to people with special educational needs, the legal grounds, inclusive education and the teaching of curricula and counseling system in the Czech Republic. In the practical part we were surveyed attitudes of primary school teachers from the district Trutnov to the education of pupils with special educational needs. Above all, the degree of awareness of teachers, their concerns and comments on the amendment to the Education Act. Methods were used questionnaire and interview. It is therefore a combination of quantitative and qualitative research. KEYWORDS inclusive education, inclusive education, teacher, pupil with special educational needs, attitudes, concerns, information, benefits

The University of Pretoria (UP) implemented an upgraded version of the institutional learning management system (LMS) (called “new clickUP”) from June 2011 to December 2012. The purpose of the study is to determine the levels of use (LoU), stages of concern (SoC), and perceived expressed needs of health professional educators (HPEs) in the Faculty of Health Sciences as they adopt and implement the new LMS in their teaching. The rapid development of educational technology for teaching and learning is a cause of constant change in higher education institutions. In particular, regular upgrades to an LMS put pressure on lecturers, forcing them to learn to implement upgraded versions. Although LMSs are viewed as an essential part of technology-enhanced learning, the literature seems to be silent about widespread fidelity of use and how this may be achieved, particularly in a medical education context. The study follows an eclectic research design utilising the Concerns Based Adoption Model (CBAM) with its diagnostic tools (SoC and LoU) to evaluate both the concerns of HPEs and the extent of implementation of the LMS. The perceived expressed needs of HPEs in this context were explored further through interviews. The rationale for the study is that the levels of implementation of the LMS could be improved if professional staff development interventions address specific training and support needs of lecturers. The results of the study show that HPEs at UP have not yet completed the journey across the bridge of implementation. Based on the results of the SoC and LoU instruments, HPEs consistently rated concerns at the Unconcerned stage as the highest, and Management concerns as second highest. Informational and Personal stage concerns were rated not much lower than Management concerns. Detailed information regarding the context-specific needs of HPEs was collected from the perceived expressed needs interview, to supplement the needs obtained through the SoC questionnaire. The results reveal some variation from the SoC, as well as additional needs HPEs have with regard to the implementation of an LMS. Four core needs of the HPEs were identified: (i) to know the reason for the change to the new LMS; (ii) to have time available to learn, practice and implement the system; (iii) to have access to training and support resources; and (iv) to understand the functionalities available and associated possibilities for application in their teaching practice. By integrating the results of research question 1 (SoC) and research question 2 (LoU), the fidelity of implementation was ascertained, utilising a fidelity matrix based on the highest SoC and LoU achieved by HPEs. To accomplish the stated rationale (i.e. to facilitate the journey across the implementation bridge) the study recommends that attention should be paid to the Unconcerned and Management stages of concern. Specific training and support interventions should address these concerns, without neglecting Informational and Personal concerns that are still prevalent. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / gm2014 / Science, Mathematics and Technology Education / unrestricted

Cette recherche s’intéresse aux mouvements de contestation à l’égard du système marchand et de ses dispositifs, ayant pour mobile les préoccupations sociales et environnementales. Ce travail vise à rendre compte de l’existence du phénomène de la résistance socialement responsable (RSR) à la consommation et de son intérêt, compte tenu de sa singularité et des enjeux managériaux qu’il implique. A travers une approche netnographique non participante mobilisant une méthode interprétativiste d’analyse des données, la recherche repose sur l’étude de trois communautés distinctes et représentatives du phénomène étudié, débouchant sur deux résultats majeurs. D’une part, la recherche aboutit à l’élaboration d’une conceptualisation compréhensive du phénomène, explicitant les facteurs déclencheurs, les caractéristiques, ainsi que le répertoire des manifestations de la RSR. D’une autre part, le travail de recherche met en exergue les perspectives d’évolution et de réforme des pratiques, méthodes et stratégies du marketing. / This research focuses on protest movements towards market system and its devices, having for main motive the social and environmental concerns. This work aims at underlining the existence of the socially responsible resistance (SRR) and therefore its interest, considering its uniqueness and the managerial challenges that it implies. Through an observational netnography approach using an interpretativist method for data analysis, the research is based on a study of three virtual different communities’representative of the investigated phenomenon and leads to two major results. On the first hand, the research end in an understanding conceptualization of the phenomenon, stressing its initiator factors, caracteristics, but also the SRR wide range of expression forms. On the other hand, this work emphasizes evolution and reform perspectives of marketing practices, methods and strategies.