Constant development of new technologies in a rapidly changing and globalized world decreases product life cycles. Time-to-market is crucial for commercial success. This development requires resources to create new knowledge and skills within organizations and together in networks with other firms. Open innovation is an alternative for developing innovative products and services that takes advantage of external knowledge and give access to new market channels. Even though services is vital for economic growth and fits well with the open innovation model, there is little research on open service innovation. The purpose of the thesis is to extend knowledge on how service innovations emerge and evolve in open innovation nets in industrial networks. It also aims to follow the development from idea to a commercial service. The thesis describes organization for service innovations to emerge and develop in open service innovation nets. It also explains the actors involved and their different innovator roles in the development from idea to commercial services. The present research provide insights how the organization of the development work might differ between incremental and radical service innovation. there is a range of organizing templates (archetypes) that fit different types of development work. Where previous research on open service innovation has focused on radical service innovation present research suggests that open service innovation also can be a strategy for incremental service innovation. Present research shows how actors take on multiple innovator roles in the innovation process of open service innovation. The more radical changes, the more roles each actor takes on. Present research add a new innovator role to previous research, The Constitutional Monarch. The Constitutional Monarch has a central position in all archetypes, but as the name implies, has no decision power. The research also sheds light on how the hub firm deploys not one but a portfolio of network orchestration processes dependent on the archetype used for open service innovation. / The development of new technologies in a rapidly changing and globalized world decreases product life cycles, time to market is crucial. Firms can no longer rely solely on internal knowledge in new product-/service development. They require external resources to create new knowledge and skills within their organizations. Developing innovative products and services that takes advantage of external knowledge and give access to new market channels is labeled open innovation. Even though the open innovation model is well known and widely spread, there is little research on open service innovation. The aim of the thesis is to understand and describe how service innovations emerge and evolve in open innovation nets (groups) in industrial networks, and to follow the development from idea to a commercial service. The thesis describes organization for service innovations to emerge and develop in open service innovation nets. It also explains the actors involved and their different innovation roles in the development of service innovations in open service innovation nets. The present research provide insights how the organization of the development work might differ between incremental and radical service innovation. It suggests that open service innovation can be a strategy not only for radical but also for incremental service innovation. The thesis also present a new innovator role to add to existing research, The Constitutional Monarch. The Constitutional Monarch has a central position as third-party facilitator catalyzing the innovation process but has no decision power.

Nossa proposta consiste em realizar uma investigação teórica em torno do conceito de trauma na obra freudiana, assim como das problemáticas a que responde. Objetivamos pesquisar se a teoria do trauma teria de fato desaparecido no período situado entre o abandono da teoria da sedução e os construtos de 1920, como defendem alguns autores na literatura psicanalítica. Nossa hipótese é que a noção de trauma teria continuado a sustentar a teoria freudiana do sofrimento psíquico, não só por meio de aparições esporádicas do conceito nesse período, mas também, implicitamente, por meio das problemáticas a ele relacionadas como a da etiologia das neuroses e dos grandes casos clínicos de Freud: Dora, Homem dos Ratos e Homem dos Lobos. Assim, primeiramente rastreamos a noção de trauma e suas ramificações ao longo da obra e, em seguida, fizemos um estudo desses três casos clínicos, em busca de possíveis configurações traumáticas na história de seus protagonistas. Chegamos ao entendimento de que Freud não trata sempre do mesmo tipo de trauma ao longo dos seus escritos: o termo se mantém, mas com acepções diferentes. Haveria, assim, subtipos do trauma implícitos no discurso freudiano trauma por efração, trauma como falta de mediação entre fantasia e realidade e, ainda, pistas para se pensar um trauma como falha narcísica. A partir desses subtipos, abordamos as consequências clínicas da releitura desse conceito, do ponto de vista do diagnóstico diferencial. Em seguida, apontamos como o aspecto eminentemente econômico que permeia a categoria de trauma influiu na visão de Freud sobre os dispositivos utilizados pelo analista na clínica. Acompanhar as ramificações, assim como o alcance clínico da noção de trauma, consiste em uma tarefa que pode nos oferecer ferramentas teóricas para compreensão dos tipos de constelações traumáticas subjacentes aos sofrimentos intoleráveis daqueles que procuram a clínica psicanalítica / Our proposal is to perform a theoretical investigation regarding the concept of trauma in Freuds work, as well as the set of problems it responds to. We aimed to research if the theory of trauma would have in fact disappeared in the period between the abandon of the seduction theory and the constructs of 1920, as defended by some authors in the psychoanalytic literature. Our hypothesis is that the notion of trauma would have continued to sustain the Freudian theory of psychic suffering, not only through sporadic appearances of this concept during this period, but also, implicitly, by means of the set of problems related to it as the etiology of neurosis and of the major clinical cases of Freud: Dora, Rat Man and Wolf Man. Thus, primarily we searched for the notion of trauma and its ramifications throughout the wok and, afterwards, we performed a study of these three clinical cases, looking up for possible traumatic configurations in the history of their protagonists. We came to the understanding that Freud does not always treat the same kind of trauma throughout his writings: the term remains, but with different meanings. There would be, therefore, implicit subtypes of trauma in the Freudian discourse trauma by rupture, trauma as lack of mediation between fantasy and reality and, yet, clues to think of a trauma as a narcissistic fault. From these subtypes, we approached the clinical consequences of the reinterpretation of this concept, from the differential diagnosis viewpoint. Next, we pointed out how the eminently economic aspect that permeates the category of trauma influenced in Freuds view about the devices used by the analyst in the clinic. Following the ramifications, as well as the clinical scope of the notion of trauma, consists in a task that may offer us theoretical tools for the understanding of the types of traumatic constellations underlying the intolerable suffering of those who look for the psychoanalytic clinic

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:58:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Walmir Thomazi Cardoso.pdf: 6739632 bytes, checksum: 1c5abc59a4709404ebee2cf65e51e7d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-09-28 / In this work I will show as I constructed, with the Brazilian Tukano Indians, a different concept in relation to the traditional calendars. The stellar dynamic calendars are constituted of circles with representations that if relate with the constellations observed in the Sky. Thus, to reach the objective to construct the dynamic calendars I studied the Tukano constellations and I used techniques of angular measures using the hands with students at Scholl Tukano Yupuri. I constructed with the students of the School Tukano Yupuri a notebook of constellations that served like a base for inquiries concerning the conceptions of this people, regarding the relations between the Nature and the constellations positions. The aboriginal constellations of the Tukano are associates with meteorological phenomena, the vegetal world, the animal world, and spiritual world also. In this study the tradition of the culture of the old aboriginals was congregated to the inquiries of the students to produce the stellar dynamic calendars. This is one of the points stronger than they associate this work with the Ethnomathematics Program / Ao longo desse trabalho, mostro como construí com os índios um calendário estelar dinâmico que consiste em um conceito diferente em relação aos calendários tradicionais Os calendários estelares dinâmicos são constituídos de círculos com representações que se relacionam com as constelações observadas no Céu. Assim, para atingir o objetivo de construir os calendários dinâmicos estudei as constelações Tukano e usei técnicas de medidas angulares usando as mãos. Construí com os estudantes da Escola Tukano Yupuri um caderno de constelações que serviu de base para investigações acerca das concepções desse povo, a respeito das relações entre a Natureza próxima e o ocaso das constelações. As constelações indígenas dos Tukano estão associadas com fenômenos meteorológicos, do mundo vegetal, animal, espiritual e socioambiental. Nesse estudo a tradição da cultura dos velhos indígenas foi reunida às investigações dos estudantes para produzir os calendários estelares dinâmicos. Esse é um dos pontos mais fortes que associam esse trabalho com o Programa Etnomatemática

du fait de l'explosion actuelle des télécommunications, les opérateurs sont victimes d'une crise de croissance les obligeant à installer toujours plus de relais, à découper les cellules (zone de couverture d'un relais) en micro-cellules dans les grandes villes, afin de faire face à la demande toujours grandissante de communications. Les concepteurs des nouveaux réseaux de transmission sont donc constamment à la recherche d'une utilisation plus efficace des ressources disponibles

El objetivo de esta tesis es definir códigos perfectos sobre diferentes espacios de señal multidimensionales. Para resolver este problema, esta memoria presenta una relación original entre las Teorías de Grafos, Números y Códigos. Uno de nuestros principales resultados es la propuesta de una métrica adecuada sobre constelaciones de señal de tipo cuadrático, hexagonal y cuatro-dimensional. Esta métrica es la distancia entre los vértices de una nueva clase de grafos de Cayley definidos sobre diferentes anillos de enteros, en concreto, los enteros de Gauss, Eisenstein-Jacobi y Lipschitz. Así, resolvemos el problema de Teoría de Grafos conocido como el cálculo del conjunto perfecto dominante sobre las familias de grafos definidas en esta memoria. Para cada caso, daremos una condición suficiente para obtener dicho conjunto. La obtención de estos conjuntos de dominación implica directamente la construcción de códigos perfectos sobre los alfabetos que se consideran.Además, se obtendrán algunos resultados de isomorfía y embebimiento de grafos. En particular, se establecerán las relaciones entre grafos circulantes, toroidales y los que se presentan en este trabajo. Más concretamente, se mostrará que siempre existen órdenes para los cuales un grafo Toro puede ser embebido en un grafo Gaussiano, de Esenstein-Jacobi o de Lipschitz. Esto implica que la conocida distancia de Lee es un caso particular de las métricas presentadas en este trabajo. / The aim of this work is to define perfect codes for different multidimensional signal spaces. To solve this problem, this thesis presents an original relationship among the fields of Graph Theory, Number Theory and Coding Theory. One of our main findings is the proposal of a suitable metric over quadratic, hexagonal and four-dimensional constellations of signal points. This metric is the distance among vertices of a new class of Cayley graphs defined over integer rings, namely Gaussian integers, the Eisenstein-Jacobi integers and the Lipschitz integers.A problem in Graph Theory known as the perfect dominating set calculation is solved over the families of graphs defined in this memory. A sufficient condition for obtaining such a set is given for each case. The obtention of these sets of domination directly yields to the construction of perfect codes for the alphabets under consideration. In addition, some isomorphism and graph embedding results are going to be obtained. Specially, the relations between circulant, toroidal and the graphs presented in this work are stated. In particular, there always exist orders for which a Torus graph can be embedded in Gaussian, Eisenstein-Jacobi and Lipschitz graphs. This implies that the well-known Lee distance is a subcase of the metrics presented in this research.

Nossa proposta consiste em realizar uma investigação teórica em torno do conceito de trauma na obra freudiana, assim como das problemáticas a que responde. Objetivamos pesquisar se a teoria do trauma teria de fato desaparecido no período situado entre o abandono da teoria da sedução e os construtos de 1920, como defendem alguns autores na literatura psicanalítica. Nossa hipótese é que a noção de trauma teria continuado a sustentar a teoria freudiana do sofrimento psíquico, não só por meio de aparições esporádicas do conceito nesse período, mas também, implicitamente, por meio das problemáticas a ele relacionadas como a da etiologia das neuroses e dos grandes casos clínicos de Freud: Dora, Homem dos Ratos e Homem dos Lobos. Assim, primeiramente rastreamos a noção de trauma e suas ramificações ao longo da obra e, em seguida, fizemos um estudo desses três casos clínicos, em busca de possíveis configurações traumáticas na história de seus protagonistas. Chegamos ao entendimento de que Freud não trata sempre do mesmo tipo de trauma ao longo dos seus escritos: o termo se mantém, mas com acepções diferentes. Haveria, assim, subtipos do trauma implícitos no discurso freudiano trauma por efração, trauma como falta de mediação entre fantasia e realidade e, ainda, pistas para se pensar um trauma como falha narcísica. A partir desses subtipos, abordamos as consequências clínicas da releitura desse conceito, do ponto de vista do diagnóstico diferencial. Em seguida, apontamos como o aspecto eminentemente econômico que permeia a categoria de trauma influiu na visão de Freud sobre os dispositivos utilizados pelo analista na clínica. Acompanhar as ramificações, assim como o alcance clínico da noção de trauma, consiste em uma tarefa que pode nos oferecer ferramentas teóricas para compreensão dos tipos de constelações traumáticas subjacentes aos sofrimentos intoleráveis daqueles que procuram a clínica psicanalítica / Our proposal is to perform a theoretical investigation regarding the concept of trauma in Freuds work, as well as the set of problems it responds to. We aimed to research if the theory of trauma would have in fact disappeared in the period between the abandon of the seduction theory and the constructs of 1920, as defended by some authors in the psychoanalytic literature. Our hypothesis is that the notion of trauma would have continued to sustain the Freudian theory of psychic suffering, not only through sporadic appearances of this concept during this period, but also, implicitly, by means of the set of problems related to it as the etiology of neurosis and of the major clinical cases of Freud: Dora, Rat Man and Wolf Man. Thus, primarily we searched for the notion of trauma and its ramifications throughout the wok and, afterwards, we performed a study of these three clinical cases, looking up for possible traumatic configurations in the history of their protagonists. We came to the understanding that Freud does not always treat the same kind of trauma throughout his writings: the term remains, but with different meanings. There would be, therefore, implicit subtypes of trauma in the Freudian discourse trauma by rupture, trauma as lack of mediation between fantasy and reality and, yet, clues to think of a trauma as a narcissistic fault. From these subtypes, we approached the clinical consequences of the reinterpretation of this concept, from the differential diagnosis viewpoint. Next, we pointed out how the eminently economic aspect that permeates the category of trauma influenced in Freuds view about the devices used by the analyst in the clinic. Following the ramifications, as well as the clinical scope of the notion of trauma, consists in a task that may offer us theoretical tools for the understanding of the types of traumatic constellations underlying the intolerable suffering of those who look for the psychoanalytic clinic

Detta arbetes syfte är att se vilka olika familjekonstellationer som existerar i ett urval av bilderböcker som utkommit mellan 1989 och 2015. Dessa familjekonstellationers framställning har jämförts med hjälp av ett normkritiskt perspektiv, analyserats utifrån rådande normer som gäller familj och familjeliv i samhället och den statistik som tagits fram över olika familjeformer i Sverige under början av 2000-talet. Resultatet visar att de fyra olika bilderböckernas familjer alla på något sätt går emot normen, men att den familj som stämmer bäst överens med bilden om hur kärnfamiljen ska se ut är den nyaste av de fyra utvalda bilderböckerna. / The aim of this study is to explore the different family constellations that exists in a selection of children’s picture books published between the years of 1989 and 2015. The representations of these family constellations have been compared by critically investigating norms that applies to families and they have been analyzed by these norms and the statistics that existed in society at the beginning of the 21th century. The result shows that all of the four chosen picture-books goes against the norm on some point, but that the newest of the four books is the one that most resembles the picture of a nuclear family.

This essay discusses women’s use of swear words in both single sex constellations and mix sex constellations. Its primary aim is to find out which swear words women use the most. The secondary aim is to see what communicative function they have in the women’s usage. As a final point, the tertiary aim is to discover in what gender constellation women swear the most. In this research, a combination of quantitative and qualitative methodology is used. The quantitative methodology is used to find out which words are the most common, and the qualitative methodology is used to examine which communicative functions they converse, as well as to study how the different gender constellations effect the usage of dirty language. The analysis of this essay is divided into these three parts - which words, which communicative functions, and the effect of gender constellations - and concludes and confirms previous research in this narrow and rare field of investigation. This paper shows that women swear less than men but more when they are in the company of their own gender. It also displays which words are the most common, both in tables and in discussion. Finally, this essay shows the most common functions of the chosen swear words women use.

This thesis aims to enhance the current literature by investigating the causes for the service paradox in service ecosystems and the capabilities required to avoid them. To fulfill this purpose the following research questions were derived: RQ 1: What are the possible key causes for the service paradox for integrated solution providers in a triadic value constellation? RQ 2: What key capabilities allow integrated solution providers to avoid the service paradox in a triadic value constellation? This study used an exploratory, qualitative, single-case study of a service ecosystem, with an abductive research approach. In total, 13 companies within the ecosystem took part in the research, and the data was collected through five unstructured interviews, 19 semi-structured interviews, and one workshop. The result from the interviews was derived using thematic analysis. The findings are divided into three parts. First, we identified four key causes of the service paradox for integrated solution providers in a triadic value constellation. The four key causes are: (1) Cost creep, (2) Unsustainable in-house costs, (3) Brand damage, and (4) Industry-specific factors. Second, we identified five key capabilities for integrated solution providers to mitigate the service paradox. The five key capabilities are: (1) Relational capabilities, (2) Technological capabilities, (3) Learning and communication capabilities, (4) Operational capabilities, and (5) Market capabilities. Finally, the two previous findings were combined into a framework that provides a guide for which key capabilities mitigate which key causes. This study contributes to current servitization literature by deepening knowledge on factors affecting the success of servitization efforts. Furthermore, this study extends the knowledge of how a dynamic and collaborative approach impacts the development of novel servitization solutions. For practitioners seeking to develop integrated solution offerings, the framework developed in this study provides a list of priorities for the servitization effort. The framework also allows managers to evaluate their servitization process and implement quick actions to improve performance. / Denna avhandling syftar till att bidra till den aktuella litteraturen genom att undersöka orsakerna till tjänsteparadoxen i tjänsteekosystem och de färdigheter som krävs för att undvika dem. För att uppfylla detta syfte formulerades följande forskningsfrågor: RQ 1: Vilka är de möjliga huvudorsakerna till tjänsteparadoxen för integrerade lösningsleverantörer i en triadisk värdekonstellation? RQ 2: Vilka nyckelfunktioner gör det möjligt för integrerade lösningsleverantörer att undvika tjänsteparadoxen i en triadisk värdekonstellation? För att besvara dessa frågor använde vi oss av en undersökande, kvalitativ, enfallsstudie av ett tjänsteekosystem, med en abduktiv forskningsmetod. Totalt deltog 13 företag inom ekosystemet och data samlades in genom fem ostrukturerade intervjuer, 19 semistrukturerade intervjuer och en workshop. Intervjusvaren analyserades med hjälp av tematisk analys och resultaten presenteras i tre delar. För det första identifierade vi fyra huvudorsaker till tjänsteparadoxen för integrerade lösningsleverantörer i en triadisk värdekonstellation. De fyra huvudorsakerna är: (1) Smygande kostnader, (2) Ohållbara interna kostnader, (3) Varumärkesskador och (4) Branschspecifika faktorer. För det andra identifierade vi fem nyckelfärdigheter för integrerade lösningsleverantörer för att motverka tjänsteparadoxen. De fem nyckelfärdigheterna är: (1) Relationskapacitet, (2) teknisk kapacitet, (3) inlärnings- och kommunikationskapacitet, (4) operativ kapacitet och (5) marknadskapacitet. Slutligen kombinerades de två tidigare resultaten till ett ramverk som ger en vägledning för vilken nyckelfunktionerna minskar vilka viktiga orsaker. Denna studie bidrar till aktuell tjänstefieringslitteratur genom att fördjupa kunskapen om faktorer som påverkar framgången för tjänstefieringsinsatser. Vidare utökar denna studie kunskapen om hur ett dynamiskt och samarbetsinriktat förhållningssätt påverkar utvecklingen av nya tjänstefieringslösningar. För utövare som försöker utveckla integrerade lösningserbjudanden ger ramverket som utvecklats i denna studie en lista över prioriteringar för tjänstefieringsarbetet. Ramverket gör det också möjligt för chefer att utvärdera sin egen tjänstefieringsprocess och vidta relevanta åtgärder för att undvika tjänsteparadoxen.

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