Doctor of Philosophy(PhD), / The confluence of a number of marketplace phenomena has provided the impetus for the selection and conduct of this research. The first is the so called value relevance of intangibles in determining share market performance of publicly listed companies. The growing gap between market and book values has been proposed as an indication of the impact of intangibles on share price values. A second related phenomenon is the increasing reliance on share price appreciation as the principal means for shareholder return as opposed to returns through dividends. This suggests that share prices are becoming an even more critical firm performance measure than traditional accounting-based firm performance measures like return on investment (ROI). A third phenomenon is the rapid growth in marketplace alliances and joint ventures, the number of which has grown rapidly over the past 30 years. The explanation for these phenomena may lie in the concept of corporate social capital (CSC) which, as an intangible asset (IA), has been proposed in several normative studies. CSC has been defined as “the set of resources, tangible or virtual, that accrue to a corporate player through the player’s social relationships, facilitating the attainment of goals” (Leenders & Gabbay, 1999, p3). However, constructs for CSC have only been loosely defined and its impacts on firm performance only minimally empirically tested. This research addresses this gap in the literature. The key aim of this research is to explore the impact of CSC on firm performance. Through the use of CSC as a lens for viewing a firm’s intangibles, several important sub-components of the CSC formulation are exposed. These include a firm’s market centrality (CENT), absorptive capacity (AC), internal capital (INC), human capital (HC) and financial soundness. Therefore, an extended aim for this research is to identify the differential impacts of the CSC sub-components on firm performance. Firm performance was measured as ROI, market-to-book ratios (Tobin’s Q) and total shareholder return (TSR). Overall, the research results indicate that CSC is a significant predictor of firm performance, but falls short of fully explaining the market-to-book value disparity. For this research an innovative computer-supported content analysis (CA) technique was devised to capture a majority of the data required for the empirical research. The use of a commercial news aggregation service, Factiva, and a standard taxonomy of terms for the search, allowed variables for intangible constructs to be derived from a relatively large sample of firms (n=155) from the global information technology services (ITS) sector from 2001 to 2004. Data indices for joint venture or alliance activity, research and development (R&D) activity, HC, INC and external capital (EC) were all developed using this CA approach. The research findings indicated that all things aren’t equal in terms of how the benefits of CSC accrue to different firms in the sector. The research indicated that for larger, more mature firms, financial soundness does not necessarily correlate with improved shareholder return. The inference is that these firms may have reached a plateau in terms of how the market is valuing them. In terms of market centrality, the research indicates that software firms could benefit from building a larger number of alliances and becoming more centrally connected in the marketplace. The reverse is true, however, for larger, more established firms in the non-software sectors. These companies can be penalised for being over-connected, potentially signalling that they are locked into a suite of alliances that will ultimately limit their capacity to innovate and grow. For smaller, potentially loss-making firms, the research indicates that investments in HC are potentially the only investment strategy that could result in improvements in profitability and shareholder return. Investments by such firms in R&D or INC developments are likely to depress shareholder value and therefore should be minimised in favour of HC investments. For larger, more established firms, investment in HC is beneficial for both ROI and TSR. Investments in areas like R&D and INC were found to be only beneficial to those firms who have the financial capacity to afford it. Firms that don’t appear to have the financial resources to support the level of investments they are making in R&D and/or INC were penalised by the market. Overall, the research provides specific insights into the links between firms and their performance, through appropriate investments in CSC. In terms of research practice, this research demonstrates the viability of computer-supported CA. Progress in the development of more intelligent search technologies will provide increasing utility to CA researchers, promising to unlock a vast range of textual source data for researchers that were previously beyond manual CA practices.

This study is undertaken in response to the issue of incorporating traditional arts management effectively in online arts management via the websites of arts organizations. The aim is to investigate the introduction and implementation of websites in order to suggest effective and efficient approaches of management. This thesis contributes to online management and will enhance its perspective and enlarge its practice. The study presents the design and development of content analysis to analyse the content of websites in order to create both quantitative and qualitative measuring tools that are unlike currently available commercial evaluation tools, which use purely quantitative and automatic measures. The sample consists of 102 arts organization websites from six countries: Australia, Canada, France, South Korea, UK, and USA. In total seventeen arts organization websites from each country from the Yahoo regional directory have been examined. In this study, the website content analysis applied describes preliminary data that will shed some light on the current state of arts management, combining both on and offline application. The thesis articulates the three key functions that online and offline integrated arts management must incorporate in order to increase the value of utility and quality of their services delivered to audiences via the website. The framework of this study provides: 1. interactive communication dimensions between arts organizations and audiences via the website, 2. e-commerce features applicable to the website of arts organizations, and 3. other important and relevant features relating to arts management in websites in order to enforce the appropriate selection and allocation of different services, and to dynamically adapt to changes within those organizations. One of the most important contributions of this study may be that it has value for both academic and practical purposes in the implementation of arts management. As a result of this study, low levels of interactivity were identified in arts websites. This result suggests that online arts marketing is not as interactive as it could be, but undergoes a technological innovation phase towards more developed exploitation. In terms of e-commerce, successful introduction and adoption of websites has been identified. Other traditional arts management features that were not included in interactivity and e-commerce were well represented in the content of websites. The outcome confirms the potential of the website in arts management as an indispensable venue for interactive communication, e-commerce, and other important arts management tasks, such as arts education. By using content analysis, this study provides an evaluative measure for arts organizations that wish to use their websites more effectively, and it also affords a perspective on the current state of online and offline integrated arts management. The result of this study shows that arts management in the virtual venue is the same, or at least similar, to the real venue, and that websites allow arts organizations to coordinate online and offline integrated marketing management. This exploration of little known areas shows what visitors to the website actually communicate and contribute, which indicates that there is ample room for development and research in this area.

The issues of zakah and interest for IFIs have been highlighted for several years and attracted many arguments among Islamic scholars and public. The increasing public interest on the Islamic Banking since 1970s has been driven by the increasing sensitivity among Muslims to the relationship between religion and economic activities. With the emergence of IFIs, Muslims community has demanded for an establishment of an accounting body to develop a set of accounting standards that adhere to the Islamic tenets, hence AAOIFI was established. However, the journey of AAOFI in achieving such objective has not been smooth. This paper intended to study the effectiveness of AAOIFI in dealing with the issues of zakah and riba for IFIs by examining the disclosure practice of 25 IFIs worldwide. Based on the analysis conducted, it is concluded that the extents of disclosure by the IFIs are much lower than the AAOIFI requirements. The study also found that leverage and origin factors might contribute to the level disclosures of zakah and financial products. In addition, the test performed also revealed that the adopters of AAOIFI do provide more disclosure as compared to the non-adopters. However, the mean result is relatively low to suggest full compliance with the AAOIFI standards.

<p>I Sverige drabbas varje år cirka 7000 kvinnor av bröstcancer. Antalet kvinnor som insjuknar i bröstcancer ökar, men fler botas för att tumörer upptäcks tidigare genom mammografiscreening. Bröstcancer påverkar människan som helhet både fysiskt, psykiskt och socialt. Syftet med studien var att beskriva upplevelser av hälsa och lidande hos bröstcancersjuka kvinnor som var mammor till yngre barn. Fyra självbiografier analyserades till resultatet. De fyra självbiografierna valdes att analyseras genom en manifest innehållsanalys. Fyra kategorier framkom ur analysen och dessa var: lycka och sorg med att vara mamma, känslor av att inte räcka till, känslomässigt kaos och att försonas ger livskraft. Det framkom i resultatet att kvinnorna kämpade för barnen i kampen mot sjukdomen, trots att de var sårbara i sitt lidande. De satte barnens behov före sina egna vilket ledde till lidande eftersom de åsidosatte sina egna känslor. Barnen gav mammorna styrkan att kämpa mot sjukdomen och hälsa upplevdes då barnen var lyckliga. Kunskapen från resultatet kan vara av betydelse i mötet med kvinnor i hälso- och sjukvården. En sjuksköterska bör vara medveten om att kvinnor med barn kan uppvisa ett falskt tillstånd av hälsa. Om barnen inte var närvarande skulle kvinnorna möjligtvis visa äkta känslor och lidande.</p><p> </p> / <p>Every year approximately 7000 women in Sweden are affected by breast cancer. The number of women who get affected by breast cancer is increasing, but more women are cured by early discovery of tumour through breast screening. The effects are physical, psychic and social on the human being as whole because of breast cancer. The aim with the study was to describe the women, whom were mothers to younger children, experiences of health and suffering due to breast cancer. In the result four autobiographies was studied. The four autobiographies were analyzed through a manifest content analysis. From the analyze four categorize were found and those were: happiness and sadness in being a mother, feelings of insufficient, emotional chaos and vitality as atonement. In the result it was found that even though the women were vulnerable in their suffering they fought for their children in the struggle against the disease. They placed the children’s need before their own needs and ignored their own feelings which lead to suffering. In their children the mothers found the strength to struggle against the disease and health was experienced when the children were happy. In health care the knowledge from the result can have a meaning in the meeting with women. A nurse should be aware that women with children can show a false state of health. The women would probably show true feelings and suffering if the children were not present.</p>

<p><strong>Abstrakt</strong></p><p><strong>Bakgrund: </strong>Det är nödvändigt att skydda patienten<strong> </strong>och dess omgivning vid maniska tillstånd. Personer i maniskt skede är ytterst känsliga för både inre och yttre stimuli. Omvårdnadspersonalen behöver använda olika metoder i omvårdnaden för att kunna förstå, närma sig och arbeta med patienter som lider av mani.</p><p><strong>Syfte: </strong>Syftet med denna studie var att belysa omvårdnadspersonalens syn på faktorer som är viktiga i omvårdnaden av patienter i maniskt skede.</p><p><strong>Metod: </strong>Studien utfördes med kvalitativ ansats där tre semistrukturerade fokusgruppintervjuer genomfördes med omvårdnadspersonal på psykiatriska avdelningar. Intervjuerna analyserades med innehållsanalys.</p><p><strong>Resultat:</strong>.Resultatet i studien visade att ett gemensamt förhållningssätt hos omvårdnadspersonalen är en viktig faktor i omvårdnaden av patienter i maniskt skede. Olika omvårdnadsåtgärder såsom att begränsa, minska stimuli, tydlighet och att tillgodose sömnbehovet är delar som är betydande i omvårdnaden. Att agera på ett etiskt sätt med respekt för patienten är ett förhållningssätt som omvårdnadspersonalen framhäver.</p><p><strong>Slutsats: </strong>Använder sig omvårdnadspersonal av ett gemensamt förhållningssätt med olika omvårdnadsstrategier skapas bättre möjligheter till god omvårdnad vid manisk episod. Omvårdnadsplaner som alla berörda parter kan ta del av är nödvändigt för att kunna ha ett gemensamt förhållningssätt och följa olika uppsatta mål och riktlinjer i omvårdnaden.</p><p><strong> </strong></p>

<p>The prehospital management of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI)now includes 12-lead electrocardiogram transmission directly from the ambulance to hospital.If the ECG shows ST-elevated myocardial infarction the patient should be transported directlyto a hospital with capability for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).                                               Aim: The aim of this study was to describe how ambulance nurses experienced the prehospital management of patients with AMI who are transported by ambulance directly to hospital for PCI.                                                Method: Semi structured interviews were conducted with eight ambulance nurses. Data were analysed using qualitative content analysis. The categories that emerged were: Use ofcompetence, Responsibility and Insufficiency. Result: The result showed that the ambulance nurses felt secure when they cared for patients transported directly to PCI. The nurses assessed the patient and decided how he or she should be cared for. The contact with doctors was considered good. However the nurses discussed the noisy environment in ambulances and bad connection in the cellular phone network as a source of insecurity when prescriptions were given to them. They would like to have a written prescription as a text message from the doctor. The nurses also felt that they had the sole responsibility for the patient.                      Conclusions: The capability of working alone, ability to act in complex situations andspecialist knowledge in order to assess the patient correctly is important. Prescriptions should be verified with a text message to the ambulance from prescribing doctor.</p> / <p>Prehospital omvårdnad av patienter med akut hjärtinfarkt innefattar numera att 12-avledningsleds elektrokardiogram (EKG) sänds från ambulansen till sjukhus. Om EKG visar ST-höjningsinfarkt skall patienten transporteras direkt till sjukhus med möjlighet att utföra perkutan coronar intervention.          Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva hur sjuksköterskor i ambulans upplever den prehospitala omvårdnaden av patienter med akut hjärtinfarkt som transporterats med ambulans direkt till sjukhus för perkutan coronar intervention (PCI).                                                                            Metod: Semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med åtta sjuksköterskor inom ambulansverksamheten. Kvalitativ innehållsanalys valdes för att analysera data och utmynnade i tre kategorier: Kompetensnyttjande, Ansvarstagande och Otillräcklighet.                                                  Resultat: Resultatet visade att sjuksköterskorna upplevde trygghet i uppdraget att omhänderta patienter med hjärtinfarkt som transporteras direkt till PCI. Sjuksköterskorna bedömde patientens tillstånd och tog ställning till hur den fortsatta omvårdnaden skulle utformas. Kontakten med mottagande läkare upplevdes mycket bra. Något som upplevdes som mindre positivt var dels den bullriga miljö som förekom i några ambulansmodeller, samt när det var dålig mottagning i mobiltelefonnätet. Båda dessa störningsmoment upplevdes som en källa till osäkerhet när det gällde läkemedelsordinationer från mottagande läkare. Det fanns önskemålom att dessa ordinationer borde verifieras med ett textmeddelande till ambulansen. Vidare visade resultatet att sjuksköterskorna kunde uppleva ensamhet med omvårdnadsansvaret för patienten.    Slutsatser: Vikten av att kunna arbeta ensam, ha handlingsberedskap i komplexa situationer och specialistkunskaper för att kunna göra korrekta bedömningar är av stor betydelse. Läkemedelsordinationer till sjuksköterskan ska verifieras genom att ordinerande läkare skickar ordinationen skriftligt via textmeddelande till ambulansen.</p>

<p>Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka förekomsten av värden och värderingar i matematikläroböcker för gymnasieskolans kurs Matematik A. En modell som tidigare använts vid analys av värden i matematikläroböcker i Singapore och Australien ligger till grund för granskningen. Modellen utvecklas och tillämpas för analys av sammanlagt 472 övningsuppgifter i tre kapitel i tre utvalda matematikläroböcker. De utvalda kapitlen behandlar området algebra. Modellen visade sig vara tillämpbar i en svensk utbildningskontext. Resultatet av innehållsanalysen visar på förekomst av värden och värderingar. Av resultatet framkommer även att vissa värden ges mer utrymme än andra och att en diskrepans finns mellan det erhållna resultatet och de värden som lyfts fram i kursplanen för Matematik A. Avslutningsvis förs en diskussion kring det erhållna resultatet i förhållande till en demokratisk matematikutbildning.</p>

<p>I denna uppsats studeras förekomsten av värden i geometrikapitel i läromedel för gymnasieskolans Matematik A. En metod baserad på innehållsanalys som använts i en tidigare studie om förekomst av värden i algebrakapitel har vidareutvecklats. Sammanlagt 955 uppgifter i geometrikapitlen i fem olika läroböcker har analyserats. Resultatet visar på en skillnad mellan intentionerna i gymnasieskolans styrdokument och det utrymme olika värden ges. Även skillnader mellan det utrymme studerade läromedel ger åt olika värden har påvisats.</p>

<p>Objective: To explore views of medical doctors, veterinarians and drug sellers on use of antibiotics on humans and nonhumans and on factors that influences the development of resistance to antibacterial agents. Further, to look at the bi-directional relationship between antibiotic use and environment. </p><p>Methods: The study was a qualitative explorative interview study, analysed using conventional content analysis. It was conducted in Orissa, India. Data were collected by face to face semi structured interview. The interviews were tape recorded and transcribed into Oriya, then translated in to English. Each paragraph or sentence was coded. Similar codes were clustered together and collapsed into sub categories and categories. The main themes were allowed to emerge, based on the relationship between categories.</p><p>Findings: The main finding of the study was mishandling and abuse of antibiotics in patients as well as at professional level due to weak implementation of legislation, which appears to be the major cause of antibacterial agent resistance. Incomplete course or dose due to poverty in rural area and self medication in urban area are more common. The study also showed that climatic factors, pollution and population density are the major ecological factors which influence antibiotic prescriptions. Another major finding of this study was that, due to improper disposal system of pharmaceuticals; antibiotics are contaminating air, water and terrains which can cause major risk to aquatic and grazing animals. </p><p>Conclusion: This study emphasises the need for comprehensive actions including information, training, legislation and education at all levels of drug delivery system to rationalize antibiotic use by improving prescribing pattern and creating awareness among consumers. Proper disposal of pharmaceutical wastes is required to prevent the contamination of environment from pharmaceutical pollutants. Further study is essential concerning environmental impact of antibiotics.</p><p>Key words: Antibiotic use; antibiotic resistance; environment; qualitative; conventional; content analysis; veterinarians; medical doctors; drug sellers; Orissa; India.</p>

<p>Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur manliga elitfotbollspelare (1) upplever stress under sin rehabilitering samt (2) vilka typer av strategier de använder sig av för att minska den upplevda stressen under sin rehabilitering. Elitfotbollspelarna (N=11) med en medelålder på 22 år besvarade en semistrukturerad intervjuguide gällande stress och coping under rehabilitering. Intervjuerna analyserades genom tematisk innehållsanalys. Resultatet visade att elitfotbollspelare upplever störst press och stress från sig själva och att det sociala nätverket är en viktig del för att handskas med upplevd stress. Resultatet visade även att positiv inställning är en viktig komponent för att få ett bra rehabiliteringsutfall. Resultatet från studien diskuterades i relation till relevant litteratur samt fyra utvalda teorier som tar upp de centrala begreppen i studien.</p> / <p>The purpose of this study was to examine how male elite soccer players (1) experience stress during their rehabilitation, and (2) what types of coping strategies they use to reduce the perceived stress during their rehabilitation. Elite soccer players (N = 11) with a mean age of 22 years responded to a constructed interview guide about current stress and coping during rehabilitationperiod. The interviews were analyzed by qualitative content analysis. The results showed that elite soccer players are experiencing the greatest pressure from themselves and to the social network is an important part to deal with the resulting pressure. The results also showed that positive attitudes are an important part leading to adaptive rehabilitation outcome. Results of the study were discussed in relation to relevant literature, and four selected theories that address the key concepts in the study</p>