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Τα τελευταία χρόνια, ιδιαίτερα μετά το 2000, έχει παρατηρηθεί μια αξιοσημείωτη αύξηση στις διαδικτυακές επιθέσεις εισβολής και στις DDoS επιθέσεις, με ιδιαίτερα σημαντικές οικονομικές επιπτώσεις. Στην παρούσα διπλωματική αναλύουμε εκτενώς το πρόβλημα των DoS και DDoS επιθέσεων και μελετάμε πιθανές μεθόδους αντιμετώπισης του. Ιδιαίτερα ασχολούμαστε με μια πρωτοποριακή μέθοδο ανίχνευσης DDoS επιθέσεων η οποία χρησιμοποιεί παραπλανητικούς υπερσυνδέσμους για να εντοπίζει πιθανά προγράμματα-χρήστες. Επίσης αναλύουμε τα πειραματικά αποτελέσματα που προέκυψαν από προσομοιώσεις επιθέσεων με χρήση αυτής της μεθόδου. / In recent years, especially after the year 2000, there has been observed a sudden increase of Network-based intrusion and DDoS attacks, causing very significant financial losses. The present thesis analyses thoroughly the DoS and DDoS attack problem and studies possible means of countering such attacks. Especially an innovative method is proposed, that uses decoy hyperlinks in order to trace possible attackers. Also the experimental results that derived from the use of this method are analysed.

Uppsatsen syftar till att jämföra svenska och finska förmågor rörande ett tröskelförsvar. Tröskelförsvaret bygger på strategin om anti-access/area denial, översatt till tillträdesförsvar och kontrollbestridande försvar. Tillträdesförsvaret syftar till att hindra en överlägsen motståndare att få tillträde till ett operationsområde och kontrollbestridande försvar syftar till att förneka motståndaren kontroll över operationsområdet i händelse av en väpnad konflikt. Denna strategi diskuteras flitigt i den internationella debatten men då främst hur stormakter som USA med allierade bäst skall bemöta de förmågor som svagare nationer bygger upp, inte hur det kan byggas upp. Detta tröskelförsvar har i uppsatsen tillämpats på Östersjön i vilket svenska och finska förmågor analyserats mot de grundläggande förmågorna verkan, rörlighet och skydd. Jämförelsen visar att Sverige har en tyngdpunkt i tillträdesförsvaret baserat på förmågan att möta en motståndare tidigt med sin offensiva undervattensförmåga, smyganpassade korvetter och flygburen sjömålsrobot. De brister som finns i Sverige utgörs främst av avsaknad av långräckviddig markattackförmåga samt förmågor i det kontrollbestridande försvaret. Finland har å andra sidan sin tyngdpunkt i det kontrollbestri-dande försvaret då de alltjämt har förmåga till markbaserad långräckviddig sjömålsbekäm-pande förmåga samt ett defensivt undervattensvapen i form av sjöminförmåga. Detta är för-mågor som Sverige avvecklat sedan 2000-talets inledning. Finlands brister är i tillträdesför-svaret där den offensiva undervattensförmågan saknas helt samt det begränsade antal platt-formar som kan verka framskjutet mot sjömål. Uppsatsen visar också att indelningen av till-trädesförsvar och kontrollbestridande försvar är en bra modell för att analysera nationers försvarsförmågor.

"Rumination" and "Silencing the Self" have both been theorised to explain women�s greater vulnerability to depression. Rumination (Nolen-Hoeksema, e.g., 1987, 1991) refers to a passive focus on mood and symptoms, while Silencing the Self (Jack, 1991) refers to the socially-based belief that, broadly speaking, one should actively suppress one�s negative emotions and thoughts within romantic relationships. This thesis proposes that frequent suppression of negative emotional material within romantic relationships (self-silencing) makes that material more likely to be a target for rumination, resulting in greater depressed mood and depressive symptoms. It seems paradoxical that the more one tries to suppress one�s thoughts, the more one thinks about them. Wenzlaff and Luxton (2003) have demonstrated that frequent suppression may make material more accessible and a more likely target of rumination. Study 1 was a pilot investigation. It was found that self-silencing (the broad construct) and thought suppression (a narrower construct) were related, and that both were positively correlated with rumination. Furthermore, thought suppression contributed to the relationship between self-silencing and rumination for women. It was hypothesised that the more women suppress their negative feelings in romantic relationships (what Jack, 1991, describes as "Silencing the Self"), the more they will ruminate about these feelings and experience symptoms of depression. In Studies 2 and 3, the correlations among rumination, self-silencing and depression in adults and high school students were investigated. There were positive correlations among all the measured variables for adults and teenage girls, supporting the hypotheses. Regression analyses showed that for female adults and teenagers, rumination and self-silencing made unique, additive contributions to the prediction of depressive symptoms. In Studies 4 and 5, the causal relationship among self-silencing, rumination and depressed mood was investigated. Participants were asked either to write about a sad event that had happened in their relationships, or a typical (neutral) event. In Study 4, participants were also instructed to write either factually about these events, or to write in a ruminative way about them. Participants� chronic tendencies to self-silence were measured and they were classed as "high" or "low" self-silencers based on a median split. Female participants who chronically self-silenced more frequently and who ruminated experienced the most dramatic decrease in mood. In Study 5 participants wrote factually or suppressed their feelings about sad or neutral events and their tendency to ruminate was measured. Participants were divided into "high" and "low" ruminators based on a median split of their rumination scores. There was no support for the alternative hypothesis that chronic ruminators who suppressed would report depressed mood. Study 6 confirmed that in women, the combination of both chronic self-silencing in romantic relationships and acute rumination resulted in more severe symptoms of depression. Participants were e-mailed daily for one month about their self-silencing, rumination and negative mood. Chronic self-silencing, rumination and depressive symptoms were measured at the start and end of the month. Again, the combination of chronic self-silencing and acute rumination emerged as a better predictor of depressive symptoms than either variable alone. The six studies reported in this thesis support the hypothesis that self-silencing and rumination together explain short term negative mood as well as depressive symptoms even after one month. These studies explain why certain women are more likely to experience depressed mood in the context of romantic relationships. In particular, the combination of being a high self-silencer and ruminating makes one especially vulnerable to depressed mood and depressive symptoms. Clinically, there are already interventions targeted at rumination that are effective in reducing distress. However, the current research demonstrates that self-silencing may also be a promising target for intervention. Self-silencing is based on a wider understanding of the social context of depression. By targeting self-silencing, as well as rumination, depression may be more effectively treated.

Thesis (PhD) -- University of Western Sydney, 2002. / "A thesis presented to the University of Western Sydney in the fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Arts (Honours), May 2002." Bibliography: p. 300-333.

Thesis (Th. M.)--Westminster Theological Seminary, Philadelphia, 1987. / This is an electronic reproduction of TREN, #036-0029. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 140-149).

Thesis (M. A.)--University of Western Sydney. / "May 2002." Title taken from title screen (viewed October 8, 2007). Includes bibliographical references and appendix.

Thesis (Th. M.)--Westminster Theological Seminary, Philadelphia, 1987. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 140-149).

Denial of Service (DoS) attacks remain a serious threat to internet stability. A specific kind of low bandwidth DoS attack, called a slow rate attack can with very limited resources potentially cause major interruptions to the availability of the attacked web servers. This thesis examines the impact of slow rate application layer DoS attacks against three different server solutions. The server solutions are a static cloud solution and a load-balancing cloud solution running on AmazonWeb Services (AWS) as well as a dedicated server. To identify the impact in terms of responsiveness and service availability a number of experiments were conducted on the web servers using publicly available DoS tools. The response times of the requests were measured. The results show that the dedicated and static cloud based server solutions are severely impacted by the attacks while the AWS load-balancing cloud solution is not impacted nearly as much. We concluded that all solutions were impacted by the attacks and that the readily available DoS tools are sufficient for creating a denial of service state on certain web servers.

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