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Syftet med denna studie är att ta fram ett förbättringsförslag för avvikelsehanteringsprocessen hos organisationen Green Landscaping AB. Organisationen har ett regelbundet arbete med förbättringar och det finns ett engagemang om att utveckla och förbättra processen för avvikelsehantering. Detta tillsammans med tidigare genomförd förstudie har legat till grund för denna studie. Den teoretiska bakgrunden innefattar process, processkartläggning, processutveckling, arbetsdelning, samordning, ansvar, ledarskap och benchmarking. Datamaterialet som används i denna studie har samlats in genom kvalitativa metoder i form av intervjuer, en visuell dokumentation samt en benchmarking. Resultatet redogör för att det finns en nuvarande visualiserad process för avvikelsehanteringen, i analysen framgår det dock att verkligheten inte stämmer helt överens med den visualiserade processen. Vikten av produktionschefernas arbete inom avvikelsehanteringen framgår även vara värdefullt för att motivera och engagera medarbetarna. Av analysen framgick även att det saknas en helhetsförståelse för avvikelsehanteringsprocessen på alla plan i organisationsstruktur. Högre upp i organisationen var processen mer välkänd till skillnad från lägre ned i hierarkin. Utifrån analysen av nuläget framgick det att främst processkartan var i behov av förbättring, förhoppningsvis genererar en ny processkarta ett större värde och förståelsen för avvikelsehanteringsprocessen ökar. Den förbättrade avvikelsehanteringsprocessen innehåller en visualisering av en ny processkarta som inspirerades av modellen, blueprinting. Den nya processkartan tydliggör vad som skall genomföras, var och vem som ska genomföra det, delprocesser, återkoppling och även en definition av avvikelser. / The purpose of this study is to produce an improvement proposal for the deviation management process at Green Landscaping AB. The organization regularly works with improvements and there is a commitment to develop and improve the deviation management process. This commitment alongside a previously conducted study analyzing the organization circumstances, has been the basis for this study. The theoretical background consists of concepts such as process, process mapping, process development, division of labor, coordination, responsibility, leadership and benchmarking. The data used in this study was collected through qualitative methods in the form of interviews, a visual documentation and a benchmarking. The result presents the current visualized process for deviation management, however, the analysis shows that the reality does not fully match the visualized process. The importance of the production managers work in deviation management appears to be a key factor to motivate and engage the employees. The analysis also showed that there is no comprehensive understanding of the deviation management process at all levels in the organizational structure. The process was more familiar higher up in the organization then further down the company ladder. Based on the analysis of the current situation, it was found that the process map was in need of improvement. A new process map could generate a greater value and increase the understanding of the deviation management process. The improved deviation management process includes a visualization of a new process map, inspired by blueprint. The new process map defines activities and responsibilities, sub-processes, feedback and clarifies the definition of deviations.

This thesis is an implementation project of a portfolio optimization model, with the purpose of creating a decision support tool. It aims to provide quantitative input to the portfolio construction process at Handelsbanken Fonder, by applying Konno & Yamazaki’s Mean Absolute Deviation method, with a Feinstein & Thapa modification. Additionally, the Black-Litterman model is implemented to approximate the input of expected return. The linear optimization problem was then solved by the Simplex algorithm. The main deliverable is a model that can assist portfolio managers in making investment decisions. Back-testing of the model showed that it did not outperform the benchmark portfolios, which is likely a result of only allowing long positions in the model. Nevertheless, the model provides value by giving the user a second opinion on the efficient frontier, for any given investment decision. / Den här uppsatsen är ettimplementationsprojekt av enportföljoptimerings-modell, med syftet att skapaett beslutsstödjande verktyg. Den strävar efter att ge ett kvantitativt bidragtill portföljallokerings-processen på Handelsbanken Fonder, genom att användaKonno & Yamazaki’s Mean Absolute Deviation-metod med en Feinstein &Thapa-modifiering. Vidare har Black-Littermanmodellen implementerats för attapproximera den förväntade avkastningen. Det linjära optimeringsproblemetlöstes sedan med Simplex-algorithmen. Det huvudsakliga resultatet är en modellsom kan assisterafondförvaltare i investeringsbeslut. Utförda utfallstestvisade att modellen inte överträffade de använda benchmark-fonderna, vilketsannolikt är ett resultat av att modellen enbart tillåterlånga positioner.Likväl, kan modellen vara värdefull genom att erbjuda användaren ett alternativpå den effektiva fronten, för ett givet investeringsbeslut.

This article deals with deviation in Euphrase Kezilahabi´s novel Gamba la Nyoka (1979). We analyse four different types of deviation, namely grammatical, lexical, phonological, and semantic deviation. The objective of this study is to combine linguistic analysis with literary riticism, in order to show how these different types of deviation correspond with the overall message the author conveys in this novel, which is a political novel dealing with the era of establishing Ujamaa policies in rural Tanzania.

This article deals with deviation in Euphrase Kezilahabi´s novel Gamba la Nyoka (1979). We analyse four different types of deviation, namely grammatical, lexical, phonological, and semantic deviation. The objective of this study is to combine linguistic analysis with literary riticism, in order to show how these different types of deviation correspond with the overall message the author conveys in this novel, which is a political novel dealing with the era of establishing Ujamaa policies in rural Tanzania.

O modo de produção vigente exige cada vez mais rapidez, precisão e eficiência nos processos. Em resposta a essas tendências, constituem-se desafios à área de Metrologia a obtenção de sistemas de medição e algoritmos de avaliação de erros mais precisos; a avaliação de incertezas com precisão; e a execução de medições com rapidez. Neste trabalho apresenta-se um Sistema Automatizado de medição para avaliação dos desvios de forma e orientação de componentes. O sistema é baseado na utilização de um robô industrial com seis graus de liberdade e sensores de deslocamento do tipo LVDT. O emprego de sistemas como o proposto para a avaliação de desvios geométricos está condicionado à utilização de um modelo matemático de separação de erros, uma vez que a acurácia de posicionamento e a repetibilidade dos robôs disponíveis atualmente não são adequadas à medição de grandezas micrométricas. Além da aplicação do modelo de separação de erros, este trabalho inclui a elaboração modelos e rotinas de processamento de dados para a avaliação de desvios geométricos. Sistemas similares desenvolvidos foram aplicados principalmente à medição de desvios de retilineidade, e em alguns casos, circularidade. Neste trabalho, buscou-se ampliar o escopo de aplicações deste tipo de sistema, de forma a abranger não só a avaliação dos desvios de retilineidade, mas também a avaliação dos desvios de planicidade e perpendicularismo. Além disso, o enfoque da pesquisa foi dirigido à avaliação do desempenho do sistema e do modelo de separação de erros, por meio da realização de testes experimentais com três peças distintas e por meio de análise comparativa com sistemas convencionais de medição. Os resultados obtidos comprovaram a eficiência do sistema proposto, que destacou-se também por apresentar boa repetibilidade. / The current production system demands fast, efficient and precise processes. In order to address these issues, most of the research efforts in the Metrology area have been focused into the development of faster and more accurate measuring systems as well as into the definition of methods to better evaluate uncertainties in measurement. This work presents an automated system for the evaluation of form and orientation deviations of mechanical components. A six-degree-of-freedom industrial robot and LVDT sensors are used to take the measurements. The implementation of the proposed system depends on the application of a mathematical model for error separation since the accuracy of positioning and repeatability presented by the currently available industrial robots are not suitable for measuring micrometric deviations. Besides the application of the error separation model, this work also includes the development of data processing algorithms for the evaluation of geometrical deviations. Few similar systems to the proposed one were developed and applied mainly for straightness and, in some cases, roundness measurements. This work aimed at broadening the range of applications of this kind of measuring systems, making them suitable for the evaluation of flatness and orthogonality deviations. Additionally, the focus of the research was set to the performance evaluation of the system and the error separation model. In order to do that, experimental tests with three different parts were carried out. The values found were compared to the values of the deviations measured with conventional GD&T practice. The obtained results showed the efficiency of the proposed system, which also presented good repeatability.

O modo de produção vigente exige cada vez mais rapidez, precisão e eficiência nos processos. Em resposta a essas tendências, constituem-se desafios à área de Metrologia a obtenção de sistemas de medição e algoritmos de avaliação de erros mais precisos; a avaliação de incertezas com precisão; e a execução de medições com rapidez. Neste trabalho apresenta-se um Sistema Automatizado de medição para avaliação dos desvios de forma e orientação de componentes. O sistema é baseado na utilização de um robô industrial com seis graus de liberdade e sensores de deslocamento do tipo LVDT. O emprego de sistemas como o proposto para a avaliação de desvios geométricos está condicionado à utilização de um modelo matemático de separação de erros, uma vez que a acurácia de posicionamento e a repetibilidade dos robôs disponíveis atualmente não são adequadas à medição de grandezas micrométricas. Além da aplicação do modelo de separação de erros, este trabalho inclui a elaboração modelos e rotinas de processamento de dados para a avaliação de desvios geométricos. Sistemas similares desenvolvidos foram aplicados principalmente à medição de desvios de retilineidade, e em alguns casos, circularidade. Neste trabalho, buscou-se ampliar o escopo de aplicações deste tipo de sistema, de forma a abranger não só a avaliação dos desvios de retilineidade, mas também a avaliação dos desvios de planicidade e perpendicularismo. Além disso, o enfoque da pesquisa foi dirigido à avaliação do desempenho do sistema e do modelo de separação de erros, por meio da realização de testes experimentais com três peças distintas e por meio de análise comparativa com sistemas convencionais de medição. Os resultados obtidos comprovaram a eficiência do sistema proposto, que destacou-se também por apresentar boa repetibilidade. / The current production system demands fast, efficient and precise processes. In order to address these issues, most of the research efforts in the Metrology area have been focused into the development of faster and more accurate measuring systems as well as into the definition of methods to better evaluate uncertainties in measurement. This work presents an automated system for the evaluation of form and orientation deviations of mechanical components. A six-degree-of-freedom industrial robot and LVDT sensors are used to take the measurements. The implementation of the proposed system depends on the application of a mathematical model for error separation since the accuracy of positioning and repeatability presented by the currently available industrial robots are not suitable for measuring micrometric deviations. Besides the application of the error separation model, this work also includes the development of data processing algorithms for the evaluation of geometrical deviations. Few similar systems to the proposed one were developed and applied mainly for straightness and, in some cases, roundness measurements. This work aimed at broadening the range of applications of this kind of measuring systems, making them suitable for the evaluation of flatness and orthogonality deviations. Additionally, the focus of the research was set to the performance evaluation of the system and the error separation model. In order to do that, experimental tests with three different parts were carried out. The values found were compared to the values of the deviations measured with conventional GD&T practice. The obtained results showed the efficiency of the proposed system, which also presented good repeatability.

This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of speech disorder in a sample of children from a public state school, verify the prevalence of disorder in according to sex; classify the deviation according to type and severity; verify the occurrence of delay in language acquisition in children with phonological disorder; characterize the phonetic inventory and the phonological system of this sample, and verify which the most altered phonemes are. The sample was composed of 91 subjects of both sex, ranging from 5:7 and 7:5. All of them were submitted to speech-language evaluations and phonological assessments that were applied to determine the type and degree of severity of speech disorder as well as the phonetic inventory and the phonological system. For the statistical analysis Qui-Quadrado Test, Variance analysis, t-test and Kruskal-Wallis were used, with level of significance of 5% (p<0,05). Analyses were developed using SPSS 8.0 software. Amongst the 91 subjects 46 (70,3%) had speech disorder and the 27 other (29,7%) presented appropriate speech acquisition (GAFN). Considering the obtained on deviation type, the prevalence was of 18,55% for phonological deviation (GDFo), 2,10% for phonetic deviation (GDFe) and of 5,24% for phonological-phonetic deviation (GDFoFe). Association between delay in language acquisition process and the disorder type was not observed. It was noticed significant statistic association between: masculine gender and the group with speech disorder; the feminine gender and GAFN; GDFe and the tongue altered posture; GDFo and the incomplete phonetic inventory; GAFN and the complete phonetic inventory; GDFo and phonological system altered; GDFe and GAFN and the appropriate phonological system. The sounds with highest omission in the inventory were: /з /, /z/, /r/, /λ / e /g/ and /g/ for GDFo; and /r/,/g /, /z/, /∫/ and /λ / for GDFoFe. The groups GDFe and GAFN presented PCC significantly higher than GDFoFe. The phonemes with most alterations in the phonological system were: /r /, /λ/, /з /∫ / and /z/ for GDFo and /∫ /λ /, /, /r/, /g/ for GDFoFe. In both groups, the majority of subjects presented difficulties with the complex onset, and with the erasure of the rhotic consonants /r/ e /l/. As for the distinctive features it was verified that: GDFo and GDFoFe presented significant statistically altered number of features, more than GAFN; the most altered features for: [+voz] ®-voz], [-ant] ®[+ant], [+cont] ®[-cont], [-voc] ®[+voc] in GDFo and [-ant] ®[+ant], [+voz] ® [-voz], [+ant] ® [-ant] in GDFoFe. Therefore, this research shows that there is high prevalence on speech deviation/disorder in the group of preschoolers studied, and that the larger the number of missing sounds in the phonetic inventory the higher the disorder severity. Furthermore, the high number of alterations in the fricative class and the rhotic consonants suggest that the subjects who present phonological or phonological-phonetic disorders/deviations adopt similar strategies, however not identical to the ones used by children with appropriate phonological development because these classes of phonemes are, according to literature, the last to be acquired. / Este estudo teve por objetivos estimar a prevalência de desvio de fala em uma amostra de pré-escolares de escolas públicas, verificar a prevalência do desvio quanto ao sexo, classificar os desvios quanto ao tipo e à severidade, verificar se em crianças com desvios fonológicos há presença de atraso na aquisição da linguagem, caracterizar o inventário fonético e o sistema fonológico e verificar quais os fonemas mais alterados. A amostra foi formada por 91 sujeitos, de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 5:7 e 7:5. Todos foram submetidos às avaliações fonoaudiológicas e fonológica, realizadas para determinar o tipo e o grau de severidade do desvio de fala, bem como o inventário fonético e o sistema fonológico. Para análise estatística, foram utilizados o Teste Qui-quadrado, a análise de variância, o teste Kruskal-Wallis e o teste t, com nível de significância de 5% (p<0,05). Os dados foram submetidos ao software SPSS 8.0. Dos 91 sujeitos, 46 (70,3%) apresentaram fala com desvio, e os outros 27 (29,7%) apresentaram aquisição de fala normalizada (GAFN). Ao considerar os resultados obtidos por tipo de desvio, a prevalência foi de 18,55% para os desvios fonológicos (GDFo), 2,10% para o desvio fonético (GDFe) e 5,24% para o desvio fonológico-fonético (GDFoFe). Não foi constatada associação entre atraso no processo de aquisição da linguagem e tipo de desvio. Verificou-se associação estatisticamente significativa entre o sexo masculino e o grupo com desvio de fala, o sexo feminino e GAFN, o GDFe e a postura alterada de língua, o GDFo e inventário fonético incompleto, o GAFN e o inventário fonético completo, o GDFo e sistema fonológico alterado e os GDFe e GAFN e o sistema fonológico adequado. Os sons com maior número de omissões no inventário fonético foram: /з /, /z/, /r/, /λ / e /g/ no GDFo, e /r/, /g/, /z/, / ∫ / e / λ / no GDFoFe. Os grupos GDFe e GAFN apresentaram PCC significativamente maior que o do GDFoFe. Os fonemas com mais alterações no sistema fonológico foram: /r/, /λ /, /з / ∫ / e /z/ no GDFo, e / ∫ /, /λ /, /r/, /g/ no GDFoFe. Em ambos os grupos, a maioria dos sujeitos apresentou dificuldades com o onset complexo, com apagamento das líquidas /r/ e /l/. Quanto aos traços distintivos, foi verificado que os GDFo e o GDFoFe apresentaram número de traços alterados estatisticamente significativo e maior que o GAFN e que os traços mais alterados foram [+voz] ®[-voz], [-ant] ®[+ant], [+cont] ®[-cont], [-voc] ®[+voc], no GDFo, e [-ant] ®[+ant], [+voz] ®[-voz], [+ant] ®[-ant], no GDFoFe. Conclui-se, dessa forma, que há alta prevalência de desvios de fala em pré-escolares na população estudada, e quanto maior o número de sons ausentes no inventário fonético, maior pode ser a severidade do desvio. Além disso; o maior número de alterações na classe das fricativas e líquidas sugere que os sujeitos com desvios fonológico ou fonológico-fonético utilizam estratégias semelhantes, embora não idênticas, às das crianças com desenvolvimento fonológico adequado, pois essas classes de fonemas são, de acordo com a literatura consultada, as últimas a serem adquiridas.

The thesis deals with design of suitable methods to determine space relations of the particular crane tracks. These methods are investigated within the accuracy analysis. Test measurements using the designed methods are described and their results are analysed and compared with the applicable standards.

Inom den statliga förvaltningen skall ansvarsutkrävande fungera som en garant för tjänstemännens myndighetsutövning. Det har emellertid anförts kritik mot att ansvarsutkrävandet har minskat på grund av ineffektiva processer inom den statliga förvaltningen. Det tillsynes minskade ansvarsutkrävandet avser att tydliggöras utifrån två kategorier av teoretiska förklaringar; om det föreligger en slapphetskultur eller om ansvarsutkrävandet sker på ett mer ändamålsenligt sätt. Denna uppsats syftar till att undersöka om minskningen av ansvarsutkrävande vid tjänsteförseelser inom den statliga förvaltningen är reell eller chimär. Studiet av ansvarsutkrävande har fordrat en kvalitativ metod och sker genom en fallstudie inom Försäkringskassan på lokal nivå. För att undersöka vilka uppfattningar i ansvarsfrågan som styr tillämpandet av ansvarsutkrävande inom myndigheten har tio intervjuer genomförts. Intervjupersonerna representerar olika yrkesroller som innefattas i den ansvarsutkrävande processen. De har utifrån sina erfarenheter beskrivit hur ansvarsutkrävande i praktiken sker inom myndigheten. Det empiriska materialet har analyserats utifrån tre teoretiska perspektiv; det rationella, det kulturella och det symboliska. Vilket har fört oss till slutsatsen att minskningen är chimär då myndigheten funnit mer ändamålsenliga sätt att utkräva ansvar. Det tillsynes minskade ansvarsutkrävandet kan förklaras av att myndigheten väljer att hantera tjänsteförseelser med kompetensutvecklande insatser. / Within the functions of government agencies, accountability is a necessity for civil servants to ensure that appropriate levels of authority are being exercised. However criticism has been raised, that inefficient processes within the government agencies have led to reduced accountability. This is to be explained from two categories of theoretical explanations; whether there exists a cultural looseness, or if accountability occurs in a more utilitarian way. The purpose of this study is to examine when misconduct takes place in a government agency, if reduced accountability is imminent or chimera. In order to better understand the perception of accountability in government agencies, the question has been examined regarding The Social Insurance Agency on a local level. The study requires a qualitative method and a case study limited to The Social Insurance Agency. Ten interviews were conducted. The respondents represent several different professions, with differing levels of accountability. Their perceptions have illustrated how accountability takes form in a government agency. The empirical material has been analyzed through three theoretical perspectives; the Rational, the Cultural, and the Symbolic. The conclusion is that the reduction is chimera. The Social Insurance Agency have found more utilitarian ways to hold civil servants accountable for their actions. The seemingly reduced accountability can be explained by an agency´s choice to deal with misconduct by using competence to improve actions.This study is written in Swedish.