This dissertation is a multi-sited ethnographic study of the cultural formations of moral and political community among Tamils displaced and dispersed by three decades of war and political violence in Sri Lanka. Drawing on twenty months of field research among Tamils living in Toronto, Canada and Tamil Nadu, India, I inquire into the histories, discourses, and practices of diasporic activism at the end of war between the Government of Sri Lanka and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). Tamils abroad were mobilized to protest the war, culminating in months of spectacular mass demonstrations in metropolitan cities around the world. Participant-observation among activists and their families in diaspora neighborhoods and refugee camps, and their public events and actions, as well as semi-structured interviews, media analysis and archival work, reveal how “diaspora” has become a capacious site of political becoming for the identification and mobilization of Tamils within, across, and beyond-nation states and their borders. Part One of this study considers how migration and militancy have historically transformed Tamil society, giving rise to a diasporic politics with competing ethical obligations for Tamils living outside Sri Lanka. Chapters One and Two describe and analyze how distinct trajectories of migration and settlement led to diverse forms of social and political action among diaspora Tamils during Sri Lanka’s 2002 ceasefire and peace process. Chapter Three turns to the history and historiography of Sri Lanka to contrast narratives about the emergence of Tamil politics, nationalism and militancy with diaspora narratives developed through life history interviews with activists. Taken together, these chapters provide a layered social and historical context for the ethnography of Tamil diaspora life and activism. Part Two of the dissertation ethnographically explores how and why Tamils in Canada and India protested the recent war, soliciting their states, national and transnational publics, and each other to “take immediate action” on behalf of suffering civilians. Chapter Four examines diaspora community formation and activism in Toronto, a city with the largest population of Sri Lankan Tamils outside Asia, in the wake of Canada’s ban on the LTTE. Chapter Five turns to refugee camps in Tamil Nadu, India, to discuss how camp life shaped refugee politics and activism, while Chapter Six follows the narratives of two migrants waiting and preparing to migrate from India to the West. Chapter Seven examines how Tamil activists in Toronto and Tamil Nadu publicly invoked, represented, and performed suffering to mobilize action against the war. The dissertation concludes with a discussion of the modes of Tamil migration, asylum-seeking, and diaspora activism that emerged in response to the war’s end and its aftermaths. In their actions of protest and dissent, I argue that Tamils from Sri Lanka create new modes of belonging and citizenship out of transnational lives forged from wartime migration and resettlement in multicultural and pluralist states. A political subject of “Tamil diaspora” has thus emerged, and continues to shape Sri Lanka’s post-war futures. This ethnography contributes to scholarly debates on violence, subjectivity and agency; the nation-state and citizenship; and the politics of human rights and humanitarianism at the intersections of diaspora, refugee and South Asian studies.

Cette thèse étudie les spécificités du discours produit par les femmes écrivains de la diaspora afro-caribéenne au Canada et aux Etats-Unis, notamment chez Edwidge Danticat, Nalo Hopkinson, Jamaica Kincaid, Paule Marshall, M. NourbeSe Philip, et Olive Senior. La position ambivalente de ces auteures qui sont culturellement dedans et dehors influence leurs écrits, en prose comme en poésie, dans lesquels elles revendiquent leurs histoires, leurs corps et leurs langues. La discussion s’attache à observer les opérations discursives en démontrant que les auteures étudiées articulent de nouvelles formes de subjectivité et prouvent que la formation des identités culturelles ne dépend pas d’un territoire stable, mais plutôt d’un espace culturel mobile, voire volatile. D’une part, ces femmes réécrivent le passé dans un discours qui déstabilise les versions hégémoniques de l’histoire et d’autre part, elles cherchent à représenter leurs corps en dépassant leur dimension matérielle et choisissent d’embrasser leur schizophrénie culturelle. Leurs projets brisent le silence et libèrent les subjectivités incontrôlées à travers la création de polyphonies incarnées, de multiples contre discours et d’énoncés non-conformistes. Les constructions discursives de leur moi ne pouvant en effet se manifester qu’à l’extérieur des terminologies canoniques, ces auteures s’inscrivent dans une démarche de résistance au discours unique et privilégient a fortiori une rhétorique hétéroglossique. En somme, cette analyse comparative est innovante en ce qu’elle démontre que mémoires, langues et identités diasporiques sont intimement liées, et qu’au delà de leurs démarches respectives et des stratégies discursives qui leur sont propres, ces auteures sont des écrivains du limbo qui, à la manière des danseurs de limbo, transforment l’instabilité en une expérience de recréation artistique. Elles placent leurs représentations au coeur d’une dynamique empreinte de mouvement, de fluidité, de pluralité et d’hybridité, et prouvent clairement que la diaspora féminine caribéenne peut faire entendre sa voix. / This dissertation examines the specific discourse produced by diasporic African Caribbean women writers in Canada and the USA, namely Edwidge Danticat, Nalo Hopkinson, Jamaica Kincaid, Paule Marshall, M. NourbeSe Philip, and Olive Senior. These authors’ ambivalent positions as both cultural insiders and outsiders are conveyed through their prose and poetry, in which they reclaim their histories, bodies and tongues. The thesis highlights discourse operations in demonstrating that the selected authors articulate new forms of subjectivity, hence proving that cultural identities do not depend on static territories but rather on mobile and even volatile cultural spaces. Besides reconstructing the past through a discourse that truly unsettles hegemonic versions of history, African Caribbean diasporic women writers represent their bodies beyond materiality and choose to embrace their cultural schizophrenia. Their projects consist in un-silencing the unruly selves through the creation of embodied polyphonies, multiple counter-voices and anti-conformist utterances. The discursive constructions of the self therefore occur outside of canonical terminology, as these women writers resist single-voiced discourse and favour heteroglossic rhetorics. Ultimately, this comparative literary analysis is innovative as it proves that diasporic memories, tongues and identities are interlinked, and that beyond their respective agendas and personal discursive strategies, these authors are limbo writers who, like limbo dancers, transform instability into a recreative and artistic experience. They inscribe their self-representations into a powerful dialectic of movement, fluidity, plurality and hybridity, and truly demonstrate that the feminine Caribbean diaspora can speak.

Au cours des cinquante dernières années, les communautés turques et marocaines sont devenues les deux groupes diasporiques les plus importants en Europe occidentale, notamment en Allemagne et en France. Les États d’origine de ces populations ont développé de nombreuses politiques envers leurs ressortissants à l’étranger, parmi lesquelles l’islam occupe un lieu privilégié. Depuis des décennies, les instances étatiques officielles chargées de la gouvernance du religieux en Turquie et au Maroc, à savoir la Présidence des Affaires Religieuses (Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı) et le Ministère des Habous et des Affaires Islamiques (MHAI), soutiennent des groupes musulmans en France et en Allemagne par le biais de divers moyens, allant de l’envoi d’imams à des financements de mosquées.Comment et pourquoi la Turquie et le Maroc réussissent-ils à gouverner l’islam au-delà de leurs frontières nationales, et quelles en sont les conséquences pour le développement des champs religieux musulmans de France et d’Allemagne ? Cette étude conclut qu’à la différence de la France et de l’Allemagne, la Turquie et le Maroc conçoivent la gouvernance du religieux comme un domaine distinct de la politique publique, et ce même à l’étranger. Grâce à la coopération diplomatique et à la convergence d’intérêts interétatiques, ces deux États ont étendu leur rayonnement dans le champ religieux transnational. Ceci se manifeste par le soutien d’un modèle d’autorité religieuse légale-rationnelle et une forme d’islam national, afin de renforcer la position des instances de gouvernance du religieux des États d’origine ainsi que les frontières ethno-nationales dans les champs religieux musulmans à l’étranger. / Over the last fifty years, Turks and Moroccans have come to form the two largest diaspora groups in Western Europe, with the largest numbers in Germany and France respectively. The states of origin of these populations have developed a wide variety of policies aimed at their citizens abroad, amongst which Islam has figured prominently. For decades, the official institutions of state religious governance in Turkey and Morocco, the Presidency of Religious Affairs (Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı) and the Ministry of Habous and Islamic Affairs, have actively engaged in providing support to Muslim groups in France and Germany, from sending imams to directly financing mosques and the associations that run them. This doctoral thesis seeks to respond to the following questions: how and why are Turkey and Morocco able to govern Islam outside of their national boundaries, and what are the consequences for the development of Muslim fields in France and Germany? Based on over one hundred interviews carried out with diplomats, state religious officials, and non-state religious actors in all four countries, this study argues that in contrast to France and Germany, the Turkish and Moroccan states consider religious governance as a distinct domain of public policy. Thanks to diplomatic cooperation and converging interstate interests, both home states have been able to expand their religious activities within transnational Muslim fields. In particular, Turkey and Morocco seek to promote a legal-rational model of religious authority and a national form of Islam, ultimately reinforcing both the position of home state religious institutions and ethno-national boundaries in religious fields abroad.

À l’heure où la mobilité est accrue et les valeurs culturelles se dirigent de plus en plus vers l’unification, il nous a paru important d’observer les migrations des groupes diasporiques à fortes valeurs identitaires et d’analyser leurs territorialités et leurs dynamiques interculturelles. Ce travail ambitionne donc d’amorcer une étude géographique du phénomène migratoire diasporique. Il porte le regard sur l’analyse de l’espace migratoire qui se forme entre le lieu d’origine du groupe minoritaire et ses pôles d’installation avec un exemple précis sur la minorité ethnolinguistique et religieuse des Mozabites algériens qui migrent et s’approprient différents pôles dans le contexte interne et international. Le choix d’analyser plusieurs pôles d’installation (El-Eulma en Algérie, Marseille et Lille en France) et de mettre en rapport la migration interne et la migration internationale de ce groupe, a permis d’évaluer l’influence des différents facteurs sur la conception des phénomènes migratoires diasporiques. Il a aussi éclairé sur la manière dont l’appartenance identitaire est une variable que le groupe diasporique sollicite fortement pour former son espace et son système migratoire / At a time when mobility is increasing and cultural values are moving more and more towards unification, it was important to observe the migration of diasporic groups with strong identity values and to analyze their territorialities and intercultural dynamics. This work aims to initiate a geographical study of the diasporic migratory phenomenon. It is concerned with the analysis of the migratory space between the original place of the minority group and its poles of settlement with the specific example of the ethnolinguistic and religious minority of the Algerian Mozabites who migrate and appropriate different clusters in the internal and international context. The choice of analyzing several installation clusters (El-Eulma in Algeria, Marseille and Lille in France) and to compare the internal migration with the international migration of this group, made it possible to evaluate the influence of the different factors on the design of diasporic migratory phenomena. It also enlightened on how identity belonging is a variable solicited by the diasporic group to form its space and its migratory system

Cette étude cherche à montrer de quelle façon une expérience socio-historique est incorporée à une œuvre littéraire et lui donne forme en devenant matière de sa composition. A partir des contradictions vécues par le peuple libanais dans leur mouvement de diaspora au Brésil, nous prétendons vérifier comment elles sont assimilées dans le cadre d’une création esthétique où elles sont symbolisées à différents degrés par le langage. Notre travail a pour objet d’analyser le roman Lavoura Arcaica de Raduan Nassar, publié en 1975. En partant de la contradiction centrale imposée par une réalité historique singulière, celle de l’immigration, régie par deux forces identiques et opposées, l’une endogène et l’autre exogène, le roman projette les effets de sa tension permanente. Ces effets se traduiront par des dédoublements qui, engendrant à chaque fois une nouvelle ambivalence contradictoire, attribuent au roman nassarien sa caractéristique la plus marquante. La poursuite de notre recherche nous mènera alors vers une configuration tragique imposée par un double commandement insoluble, ce dernier étant entièrement concentré sur le protagoniste romanesque. Face à une crise irréversible qui s’empare du récit, l’inceste surgit à la fois comme une réponse démesurée d’obéissance à la loi paternelle et comme une façon maligne de renverser l’ordre autoritaire d’un contexte patriarcal. Afin de cerner le jeu d’inversions proposé par le récit de Nassar nous ferons appel principalement aux études théoriques de Friedrich Nietzche, Jean-Pierre Vernant, Jacques Derrida, Marcel Mauss et René Girard. / This study intent to reveal how a socio-historical experience can be incorporated in a literally work shaping its form and becoming its content. Taking the contradictions into account experienced by Lebanese people regarding the moviment of the diaspora towards Brazil, we intent to verify how they were assimilated in the frames of an esthetic creation being simbolyzed by different levels of language. Our work aims analyse Raduan Nassar’s Lavoura Arcaica published in 1975. Since the central contradiction imposed by a singular historic reality, the Lebanese diaspora conducted by two identical and opposite strenghts, one endogenous and the other exogenous, the effects of this permanet tension are projected in the romance. These effects were translated by duplication that every time engenders a new contradictory ambivalence giving to the Nassar’s romance its most significant characterist. Our study will then lead us to a tragic configuration imposed by an insoluble double command, focused on its extensive totality on the romantic protagonist. Faced with an irreversible crisis that takes hold of the story, incest arises both as an excessive response to obedience to paternal law and as a malignant way to overthrow the authoritarian order of a patriarchal context. In order to define the set of inversions proposed by Nassar's narrative, we will mainly call upon the theoretical studies of Friedrich Nietzche, Jean-Pierre Vernant, Jacques Derrida, Marcel Mauss and René Girard.

Over the last decades Britain´s ethnic minorities have successfully established themselves in a multicultural society. In particular, Indian – Hindu communities generally improved their social and economic situation. In this context, the third generation of British Indians is now growing up. In contrast to the previous generation of the Indian diaspora, these children grow up in an established ethnic community, which learned to retain its religion, traditions and culture in a foreign environment. At the same time, these children are part of the multicultural British society. Based on the academic discussion about the second generation of immigrated ethnic communities, when the youth often suffered from cultural differences, racism and discrimination and therefore rejected aspects of their culture of origin, this paper assumes that the loss of the culture of origin further increases in the third generation. This thesis follows the main theories about the connection between generation and integration. It is believed that the preference of western culture influences the personal, ethnic and cultural identity of young people. This leads to the rejection of traditional bonds. Before introducing this thesis various theoretical concepts are discussed which are inevitable for the comprehension of the diasporic situation in which British Indian youngsters grow up. As part of the worldwide Asian Indian diaspora Indian families in Britain maintain manifold links to Indian communities in various countries. Particularly, the link to India plays a decisive role; the subcontinent is referred to as an abstract homeland, especially by the first generation. While the grandparents strongly adhere to their Indian culture and Hindu religion, the second generation already generated cultural change. In this process various cultural values of the Indian ethnic community have been questioned and modified. Further, the second generation pushed the integration into the British society by giving up the dependence on the ethnic network. This paper is based on a hybrid and fluent definition of culture. This definition also applies to the underlying understanding of identity and ethnicity. Due to migration, cultural contact and the multilocality of the diaspora, diasporic and post-diasporic identities and cultures are characterized by hybridity, heterogeneity, fragmentation and flexibility. Particularly, in the younger generation – though dependent on a number of social and structural factors - cultural change and mixture happen; in this process new ethnicities and identities evolve. In the second and third part of this paper the thesis of loss of culture of origin is refuted on the basis of findings from empirical research. British - Indian youngsters in London have been questioned for the study. Half of the youngsters are related to a sampradaya, a Hindu sect. This enables the author to compare youngsters who do not belong to a particular religious group with those who are included into a religious and / or ethnic community through a sampradaya. The analysis of the findings which are based on qualitative and quantitative social research shows that the young people have great interest in their culture of origin and that they aim to maintain this culture in the diaspora. They identify as Indian and are proud of their cultural differences. In this, they differ from the second generation. In contrast to the generation of their grandparents the Indian identity of the third generation is not based on nostalgic memories. They confirm and emphasize their postdiasporic difference in a western multicultural society. The findings from the survey hereby exceed the thesis from Hansen’s theory about the rediscovery of the culture of origin in the third generation. The comparison of both groups shows that in the context of the differentiation of postmodern and postcolonial communities also ethnic groups become increasingly differentiated. Therefore, the Indian heritage and culture does not play the same role for every young British Indian. / In den letzten Jahrzehnten haben sich Großbritanniens Minoritäten zunehmend in einer multikulturellen Gesellschaft etabliert. Insbesondere die indisch-hinduistischen Gruppen haben dabei ihre soziale und ökonomische Situation größtenteils verbessert. So wächst nunmehr die dritte Generation von Indern in Großbritannien heran. Im Gegensatz zu den vorhergehenden Generationen der indischen Diaspora wachsen diese Kinder in einer etablierten ethnischen Gemeinschaft auf, die es gelernt hat ihre Religion, Tradition und Kultur in der fremden Umgebung zu erhalten. Gleichzeitig sind sie Teil der multikulturellen britischen Gesellschaft. Ausgehend von der Diskussion der Literatur über die zweite Generation in immigrierten ethnischen Gemeinschaften, deren Jugendliche oft unter den kulturellen Gegensätzen, Rassismus und Diskriminierung litten und daher verschiedene Aspekte ihrer Herkunftskultur ablehnten, geht diese Arbeit von der These aus, dass sich der Verlust der Herkunftskultur in der dritten Generation verstärkt. Diese Annahme folgt gängigen Theorien über den Zusammenhang zwischen Generation und Integration. Dabei wird weiterhin angenommen, dass sich die Präferenz der westlichen Kultur auch auf die persönliche, ethnische und kulturelle Identität der Jugendlichen auswirkt, was zu einer Abkehr von traditionellen Bindungen führt. Hinleitend auf diese These werden zunächst verschiedene theoretische Konzepte diskutiert, die für das Verständnis der diasporischen Situation, in der britisch-indische Jugendliche aufwachsen, unumgänglich sind. Als eine der Größten umspannt die indische Diaspora die Welt. Dies bedeutet, dass Familien vielfältige Verknüpfungen zu indischen Gemeinden in verschiedenen Ländern unterhalten. Insbesondere aber die Verbindung nach Indien spielt eine herausragende Rolle, als dass der Subkontinent in vielen Familien als abstrakte Heimatreferenz erhalten bleibt, die besonders von der ersten Generation konserviert wird. Während die Großeltern stark an der indischen Kultur und hinduistischen Religion festhalten, bewirkte bereits die zweite Generation einen kulturellen Wandel. Dabei wurden verschiedene kulturelle Werte der ethnischen Gemeinde in Frage gestellt und modifiziert. Weiterhin trieb die zweite Generation die Integration in die britische Gesellschaft voran, indem sie die Abhängigkeit von einem ethnischen Netzwerk aufgab. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird von einem hybriden und nicht-statischen Kulturbegriff ausgegangen. Diese Definition trifft auch für das Identitäts- und Ethnizitätsverständnis zu, von denen in dem vorliegenden Text ausgegangen wird. Aufgrund von Migration, Kulturkontakt und der Multilokalität der Diaspora sind diasporische und postdiasporische Identitäten und Kulturen geprägt von Hybridität, Heterogenität, Fragmentierung und Flexibilität. Besonders in den jüngeren Generationen kommt es abhängig von verschiedenen sozialen und strukturellen Faktoren zu kulturellem Wandel und Vermischung, wobei neue Ethnizitäten und Identitäten entstehen. Im zweiten und dritten Teil wird die These des Verlustes der Herkunftskultur auf Grundlage empirischer Forschungsergebnisse widerlegt. Dafür wurden indisch-stämmige Jugendliche in London untersucht. Etwa die Hälfte der Jugendlichen ist an eine sampradaya, eine hinduistische Sekte, gebunden. Dies ermöglicht einen Vergleich zwischen nicht religiös-gebundenen Jugendlichen und solchen die über eine sampradaya in eine ethnische und / oder religiöse Gemeinde eingebunden sind. Die Analyse der auf qualitativer und quantitativer Sozialforschung basierenden Ergebnisse kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass die Jugendlichen ein sehr großes Interesse an ihrer Herkunftskultur und deren Erhalt in der Diaspora haben. Sie fühlen sich als Inder und sind stolz auf ihre kulturelle Differenz. Darin unterscheiden sie sich von der zweiten Generation. Im Gegensatz zur Generation ihrer Großeltern, basiert die indische Identität der dritten Generation jedoch nicht auf nostalgischen Erinnerungen. Sie betonen und bestätigen ihre postdiasporische Andersheit in einer westlich multikulturellen Gesellschaft. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung gehen dabei über die These von Hansens Theorie über die Wiederentdeckung der Herkunftskultur in der dritten Generation hinaus. Durch den Vergleich der unterschiedlichen Gruppen wird deutlich, dass es im Rahmen der Ausdifferenzierung postmoderner und postkolonialer Gesellschaften auch zu einer Ausdifferenzierung der ethnischen Gruppe kommt. Die indische Herkunft und Kultur spielt daher nicht für jeden jungen British Inder die gleiche Rolle.

La tesi affronta alcune grandi questioni relative al rapporto tra trasformazioni sociali e mondi culturali nella contemporaneità. La prospettiva adottata è caratterizzata da un approccio multifocale, che cerca di integrare la riflessione che ha per oggetto di analisi il medium musicale, le sue caratteristiche, funzioni e potenzialità con un contributo che cerca di rilevare l'emergenza di nuove formazioni identitarie nella Gran Bretagna del nuovo millennio. In particolare, il focus della ricerca è costituito dall'analisi dell'esperienza di produzione e fruizione di islamic conscious rap da parte dei giovani musulmani britannici di origine asiatica, che la più recente riflessione sociologica definisce Brasian, figli della diaspora, protagonisti di quella svolta culturale che contribuisce ad una continua riconfigurazione dell'identità postcoloniale. Nell'ambito di questo contributo si è cercato di analizzare in prospettiva critica le diverse categorie che hanno cercato, nel corso degli ultimi decenni, di definire ed inquadrare il concetto forte di "identità" sullo sfondo di eventi macro quali colonialismo, diaspora, globalizzazione e migrazioni. / This thesis is focused on the relationship between cultural worlds and social transformations within contemporary British society. Our study is based on a differentiated approach where the analysis of popular music material, of its features and its functions merges with the emergence of new identity configurations in the UK. The main research focus is the production and consumption of Islamic conscious rap by Brasian Muslim youth, a category that has been recently introduced within the international debate on identity. Through their social and cultural experience Muslim young people of South Asian origin are at the forefront of a new cultural turn in the redefinition of postcolonial identity, also in relation to many other contemporary issues: colonialism, Diaspora, globalisation and migration. The process of cultural reterritorialisation together with that of cultural reproduction constantly change the cultural landscape of this youth: thank to their multicultural skills and their transcultural capital young Muslim people manage to balance within different cultural worlds, and Islamic rap is here considered as link with the translocal Muslim Ummah. This work's aim is to describe the reconfiguration of translocal scenarios through the processes of cultural respatialization and retorritorialisation through the musical medium within the local-global nexus.

This dissertation presents findings from ethnographic research conducted with members of the Sociedad La Unión Martí-Maceo, established by segregated Black Cuban cigar workers in Ybor City in 1904. For decades, Tampa officials have initiated numerous urban revitalization projects aimed at developing a world-class tourist destination and metropolitan center. Often, these efforts have centered on highlighting the ethnic history of Ybor City, from which the participation of Black Cubans and the Martí-Maceo Society have been actively excluded or ignored. The main issues related to contemporary Afro- Cuban identity in Tampa and which will be examined in my dissertation, include the changing nature of the Afro-Cuban community in Tampa in light of increases in migration of Cubans and other Latinos of color to the area; Martí-Maceo members’ struggle to reclaim an Afro-Cuban heritage within Tampa’s larger historic preservation efforts over the past decade; and an examination of the Martí-Maceo Society as a voluntary association that appears to have outlived its usefulness in present-day Tampa despite efforts by elderly members to sustain and expand it.

The interlocked social struggles waged by overlapping and diverse Britons of color for racial and social equality and everyday survival is the dynamic corollary of the contradictions engendered by the ruling relations of racial differentiation and racism in Britain. Grassroots struggles against routine racist violence and state violence, conceptualized as politically interlinked, are the critical sites that contribute to the recursive racial domination experienced by Britons of color in contemporary Britain, and forms the key ethnographic research focus of this study. Prior studies have already critiqued the dominant state framework of viewing racist violence as random, de-racialized and nonpolitical events – as individual incidents, neighborhood disputes, inter-personal conflict, and robberies gone wrong. These studies have alternately identified the social dehumanizing functions of racist violence, the possessive local white territorialism that they materially support and their relationship with macro-level socio-economic crises and changing racial exclusion ideologies of the liberal democratic nation. What I add to these studies is the argument that the racial subordination and ruling relations inherent in the social processes of racist violence and, by formal extension, state violence are not only derivative of broader ideological forces or local social relations but are in fact constitutive of white racial state formation in Britain’s postcolonial era. I argue that the processes of racist violence and state violence are productive of the domination and hierarchy that is secured for whites, through unevenly empowered and routinized contestations within the re-configurations of white racial state formation and an emergent neoliberal-multicultural national security state. It is within this framework of analysis that the politics of black mobilization by Britons of color and their allies, in the context of contemporary multiculturalism’s contradictions, and against the many-sided form of racial subordination is made legible -- not as an anachronism -- but as socially meaningful, interlocked and politically urgent. / text

Nors emigracijos mastai į JAV iš Baltijos valstybių mažėja, naujausia banga – po nepriklausomybės atkūrimo, daug lietuvių ir latvių išvyko įgyvendinti svajonių į Ameriką. Visgi, ne vienas jų stengėsi kuo greičiau adaptuotis „lydomajame katile“ ir kuo greičiau tapti tikrais amerikiečiais. Apie lietuvių diasporą JAV, ypač rytinėje šalies dalyje, galima rasti medžiagos ir apytikslius skaičius, tačiau apie latvių išeivius duomenų ypatingai trūksta.Tad šiame darbe ir bus apžvelgiama lietuvių ir latvių bendruomenių veikla Los Andžele ypač po 1990-ųjų, išskirtinį dėmesį skiriant išeivių pilietiškumo, tapatumo ir švietimo klausimams. Darbo tyrimo objektas – Latvijos ir Lietuvos valstybių politika diasporos atžvilgiu, lietuvių ir latvių bendruomenės Kalifornijos valstijoje, JAV. Šio darbo tikslas – palyginti tapatumo formavimąsi po nepriklausomybės atgavimo Lietuvoje ir Latvijoje ir baltų bendruomenėse Kalifornijoje, bei pristatant išeivių tapatumo palaikymui kylančias problemas, atksleisti pilietiškumo suvokimą išeivijoje. Darbe iškeliami šie uždaviniai: pateikti baltų tapatumo formavimosi istoriją; pristatyti Lietuvos ir Latvijos vyriausybių poziciją išeivių klausimu, atskleisti pilietinės visuomenės svarbą valstybės gyvenime, pateikti baltų diasporos, kaip brandžios ir aktyvios pilietinės visuomenės, veiklos pavyzdį, supažindinti su diasporos mokyklų problemomis ir galimais išeivių jaunosios kartos ugdymo būdais, tyrimo „Lietuviškasis tapatumas ir pilietiškumo samprata Los... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The geopolitical situation of the Baltic States fated that wars, annexations, and incorporations into various empires were part of their history. At the end of the WWI the countries became independent, but due to the secret protocols of Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, burried their independence for fifty years. Consequently, many people migrated to the United States (and other countries), where they found their new home. The migration continued after Lithuania and Latvia regained their independence in 1990’s and still does. Though the Lithuanian communities in the Eastern part of the US have been analyzed by Eidintas, Kuzmickaitė, and Van Reenan, the Western part got less attention. The Latvian diaspora has received little attention by scholars, thus needs to be discussed in more detail. The object of the thesis is the policy of Lithuanian and Latvian governments towards the Baltic diaspora, the Latvian and Lithuanian communities in Los Angeles. The goal of the thesis is to compare the issue of identity in Latvia and Lithuania, and in Baltic communities in Los Angeles. The identity problems as well as the perception of civil society in the Baltic diaspora will be presented. The aims of the thesis are: to present the history of forming the Baltic identity, to present the position of Latvian and Lithuanian governments towards the diasporas, to portray the importance of civil society for a country, to present Baltic diaspora as an active civil society, to get acknowledged... [to full text]