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This dissertation investigates the roles of facial cues in consumer behavior. Specifically, the research examines the effect of facial structural resemblance, facial expressions, and other perceptual cues—in both individual and group settings—on consumer judgment and decision-making. Essay 1 examines the influence of facial resemblance on consumers* product purchase likelihood. This effect is moderated by consumers* mental construal, such that the effect of increased facial resemblance on product purchase likelihood occurs among consumers with high-level construals but not among those with low-level construals. Results of three experimental studies show that increased facial resemblance among team members enhances the perceived entitativity of the group, which in turn leads to more favorable intention of purchasing the product offered by the group. Essay 2 investigates the differential effects of recipients* group entitativity on two types of donation (time vs. money). Through three studies, the research demonstrates that high (versus low) group entitativity among the recipients increases donation of time but decreases donation of money. Such differential effects on donation of time versus money are driven by consumers* emotional or cognitive well-being associated with time or money donations. In essay 3, the effect of smile intensity on customer behavior is shown to be moderated by power and salience of ulterior motive. When employees* ulterior motive is not salient to customers, low-power customers evaluate the employee with intensified smiles more favorably compared to high-power customers. In contrast, when ulterior motive is made salient, high-power rather than low-power customers react more positively to smile intensity. Results show that the interactive effects between smile, power, and ulterior motive are driven by customers* warmth and competence perceptions. Collectively, this dissertation focuses on consumers* face-based judgments of individuals and teams, and investigates how such facial cues might influence consumers* attitude, purchase intention, and prosocial behavior.

Le processus du don d’organes, crucial pour la survie de nombreux patients, ne répond pas à la demande croissante. Il dépend d’une identification, par les cliniciens, des potentiels donneurs d’organes. Cette étape est imparfaite et manque entre 30% et 60% des potentiels donneurs d’organes et ce indépendamment des pays étudiés. Améliorer ce processus est un impératif à la fois moral et économique. L’objectif de ce mémoire était de développer et valider un modèle afin de détecter automatiquement les potentiels donneurs d’organes. Pour ce faire, les données cliniques de l’ensemble des patients adultes hospitalisés aux soins intensifs du CHUM entre 2012 et 2019 ont été utilisées. 103 valeurs de laboratoires temporelles différentes et 2 valeurs statiques ont été utilisées pour développer un modèle de réseaux de neurones convolutifs entrainé à prédire les potentiels donneurs d’organes. Ce modèle a été comparé à un modèle fréquentiste linéaire non temporel. Le modèle a par la suite été validé dans une population externe cliniquement distincte. Différentes stratégies ont été comparées pour peaufiner le modèle dans cette population externe et améliorer les performances. Un total de 19 463 patients, dont 397 donneurs potentiels, ont été utilisés pour développer le modèle et 4 669, dont 36 donneurs potentiels, ont été utilisés pour la validation externe. Le modèle démontrait une aire sous la courbe ROC (AUROC) de 0.966 (IC95% 0.9490.981), supérieure au modèle fréquentiste linéaire (AUROC de 0.940 IC95% 0.908-0.969, p=0.014). Le modèle était aussi supérieur dans certaines sous populations d’intérêt clinique. Dans le groupe de validation externe, l’AUROC du modèle de réseaux de neurones était de 0.820 (0.682-0.948) augmentant à 0.874 (0.731-0.974) à l’aide d’un ré-entrainement. Ce modèle prometteur a le potentiel de modifier et d’améliorer la détection des potentiels donneurs d’organes. D’autres étapes de validation prospectives et d’amélioration du modèle, notamment l’ajout de données spécifiques, sont nécessaires avant une utilisation clinique de routine. / The organ donation process, however crucial for many patients’ survival, is not enough to address the increasing demand. Its efficiency depends on potential organ donors’ identification by clinicians. This imperfect step misses between 30%–60% of potential organ donor. Improving that process is a moral and economic imperative. The main goal of this work was to address that liming step by developing and validating a predictive model that could automatically detect potential organ donors. The clinical data from all patients hospitalized, between 2012 and 2019 to the CHUM critical care units were extracted. The temporal evolution of 103 types of laboratory analysis and 2 static clinical data was used to develop and test a convolutive neural network (CNN), trained to predict potential organ donors. This model was compared to a non-temporal logistical model as a baseline. The CNN model was validated in a clinically distinct external population. To improve the performance in this external cohort, strategies to fine-tune the network were compared. 19 463 patients, including 397 potential organ donors, were used to create the model and 4 669 patients, including 36 potential organ donors, served as the external validation cohort. The CNN model performed better with an AUROC of 0.966 (IC95% 0.949-0.981), compared to the logistical model (AUROC de 0.940 IC95% 0.908-0.969, p=0.014). The CNN model was also superior in specific subpopulation of increased clinical interest. In the external validation cohort, the CNN model’s AUROC was 0.820 (0.682-0.948) and could be improved to 0.874 (0.731-0.974) after fine tuning. This promising model could change potential organ donors' detection for the better. More studies are however required to improve the model, by adding more types of data, and to validate prospectively the mode before routine clinical usage.

Bakgrund: Njurdonation är en omfattande process där en individ, efter eget beslut eller i samråd med andra, donerar en av sina friska njurar till en mottagare i behov av den för att förbättra sin överlevnad och hälsa. Som grundutbildad sjuksköterska har man tillgång till flera olika arbetsplatser, vilket innebär att man kommer möta olika patientgrupper i sitt yrke. I omvårdnaden av en njurdonator är den personcentrerade vården en viktig grundsten. Utöver denna princip är sjuksköterskans övriga kärnkompetenser avgörande. Det är nödvändigt att kunna samarbeta i team eftersom patienten inte bara behöver sjuksköterskans stöd utan även hjälp och kontakt med andra vårdpersonal såsom läkare, specialistsjuksköterska samt psykolog och kurator. Den grundutbildade sjuksköterskan spelar rollen som navet i samarbetet, med ansvar för att säkerställa att all samverkan fungerar samtidigt och ingen aspekt av vården försummas. Därför är det av vikt att den grundutbildade sjuksköterskan har kunskap om njurdonatorers upplevelser både pre- och postoperativt. Syfte: litteraturstudiens syfte var att belysa pre- och postoperativa donationsupplevelse för donatorer som frivilligt donerar en njure. Metod: Studien genomfördes som en systematisk litteraturgenomgång med en kvalitativ metod på en grund av tio vetenskapliga peer-reviewed artiklar. Analysen av artiklarna följde en specifik modell för innehållsanalys. Resultat: Tre huvudkategorier definierar donatorernas upplevelser av den pre-och postoperativa donationsprocessen; ”Donatorernas anledningar till att donera”, ”Betydelsefullt med emotionellt stöd och förståelse” och ”Stress och komplikationer”. Konklusion: Njurdonatorers erfarenheter är övervägande positiva men präglas av intensiva känslor såsom glädje och stolthet, samtidigt som de upplever nervositet och stress inför godkännandet som donator. Tillräckligt stöd och förståelse från vårdpersonal och närstående underlättar hanteringen av den emotionella påfrestningen. För sjuksköterskor är insikten om donatorers upplevelser avgörande för att erbjuda personcentrerad vård och förbereda både vårdpersonal och donator för potentiella konsekvenser, vilket främjar högre vård- och livskvalitet för donatorn. Nyckelord: Grundutbildad sjuksköterska, Njurdonation, Njurtransplantation, upplevelser, Personcentrerad vård / Background: Kidney donation is a medical process where an individual, by their own decision or in consultation with others, donates one of their healthy kidneys to a recipient in need, aiming to improve their survival and health. As a registered nurse, one has access to various workplaces and opportunities, meaning they will encounter different types of patients in their profession. In the care of kidney donors, person-centered care stands as a crucial cornerstone. Beyond this principle, the nurse´s other core competencies are paramount. Collaborating within a team is essential since the patient requires not only the nurse´s support but also assistance and interaction with other healthcare professionals such as physicians, specialized nurses, psychologists, and counselors. The bachelor's degree nurse plays a pivotal role in this collaboration, being responsible for ensuring seamless cooperation while no aspect of care is neglected. Therefore, it is crucial for the bachelor's degree nurse to have knowledge of kidney donors´experiences both pre- and post-operatively. Aim: The aim of the literature study was to illustrate the pre-and postoperative donation experience of donors who voluntarily donate a kidney. Method: The research was conducted as an approach to a qualitative systematic literature review, drawing from ten peer-reviewed original articles. The Articles underwent analysis following a specific model for content analysis. Result: Three main categories define the donors' experiences of the pre- and post-operative donation process; “Donors’ reasons for donating”, “Meaningful with emotional support and understanding” and “Stress and complications”. Conclusion: Kidney donors` experiences are predominantly positive but are characterized by intense emotions such as joy and pride, while at the same time they experience nervousness and stress before being accepted as a donor. Sufficient support and understanding from healthcare staff and relatives facilitates the handling of the emotional strain. For nurses, the insight into donors´experiences is essential to provide person-centered care and prepare both health care professionals and donors for potential consequences, promoting higher quality of care and quality of life for the donor. Keywords: Registered nurse, experiences. kidney donation, kidney transplantation, person-centred care.

[pt] Este trabalho visa avaliar um sistema de doações via internet para operações humanitárias e assistência, o SmartDonation, cujo principal objetivo é gerenciar os recursos necessários para suprir as necessidades dos beneficiários. Através da interface de uma loja virtual, permite a efetuação de doações para diversas campanhas, através de doações monetárias. Desta forma, o sistema propõe uma melhor gestão nas operações de assistência humanitária através da compra em maior escala, trazendo maior economia nos processos operacionais. O objetivo do estudo é analisar a aceitabilidade do sistema, além de compará-lo com ferramentas já existentes no campo de gestões humanitárias. Para isto, utilizou-se como métodos de pesquisa a revisão sistemática da literatura (RSL), a fim de identificar as principais ferramentas utilizadas em gerenciamento de doações e comparar suas funcionalidades; o estudo de caso, a fim de investigar a aceitabilidade por parte das instituições; e a pesquisa survey, para investigar a aceitabilidade do sistema por parte de potenciais doadores. Como resultado da RSL foram identificadas 17 ferramentas utilizadas na otimização de doações. Das 19 funcionalidades avaliadas, o sistema atende a 12. Na análise do estudo de caso foi constatada a necessidade de resolução de problemas encontrados pelas instituições, mas que não comprometeram sua utilidade percebida. Na análise da survey identificou-se a potencialidade do sistema em mudar positivamente o comportamento de usuários avessos a doação financeira; e maior inclinação à doação em desastres de início súbito e causas naturais. Os três métodos são complementares e atestam a aceitabilidade do sistema pelos stakeholders envolvidos. / [en] This work aims to analyze a system of internet donations for humanitarian operations and social assistance, the SmartDonation, whose main objective is to manage the resources needed to meet beneficiaries s needs. An online store interface allows monetary donations to various campaigns. In this way, the system proposes a better management in humanitarian assistance operations through the large scale purchasing, bringing greater economy in the operational processes. The study objective is to analyze the acceptability of the system by potential donors and institutions, as well as to compare it with existing tools in the field of humanitarian management. For this, the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) was used as research method, in order to identify the main tools used in donation management and to compare their functionalities; the case study was used in order to investigate the acceptability of institutions; and a survey to investigate the acceptability of the system by potential donors. As a result of the RSL, 17 tools were used to optimize donations, and of the 19 functionalities evaluated, the system caters to 12 of them. In the case study analysis, it was verified the need to solve problems encountered by users in the usability test, but did not compromise their acceptability and perceived utility. The analysis of the survey identified the potential of the system to positively change the behavior of users averse to financial donations, and a greater inclination to donate in sudden-onset disasters and natural hazards. The three methods are complementary and attest to the acceptability of the system by the stakeholders involved.

The world is experiencing a lasting shortage of organ donations – a problem more severe in some countries than others. Literature on the matter argues that an explanation for this is the various legal default consent systems, and the importance put on the opinions of the family members regarding the donation question in case of sudden death. This paper establishes the causal inference between cadaveric organ donation rates and the French amendment of the public health code, of 2017, which limited the authorization given to the family members - aiming to decrease family refusal rates and consequently increase cadaveric organ donation rates. By applying the synthetic control method, a synthetic counterfactual to France is constructed from a donor group, including comparable European countries. The counterfactual, Synthetic France, resembles what would have happened in France in the absence of the amendment. The results show that the legal amendment of article L1232-1 in the public health code (code de la santé publique) was likely the driving force behind the increased donation rate in the subsequent years. The main finding of this study is robust and statistically significant, providing confidence to the claim of causal inference.

<p>We defined hypertension in pregnancy as a composite of gestational hypertension, preeclampsia and eclampsia. The etiology of hypertension in pregnancy remains controversial. The three chapters of this thesis explore the risk of hypertension in pregnancy from various kidney conditions. Chapter 1 introduces the reader to the thesis. Chapter 2 is a systematic review that studied the risk of developing hypertension in pregnant women with chronic kidney disease but not on dialysis. We found that women with chronic kidney disease had at least a twofold higher relative risk of developing hypertension during pregnancy compared with women having no chronic kidney disease. Chapter 3 is a retrospective study looking at the risk of developing gestational hypertension and preeclampsia in women who had symptomatic gastroenteritis after drinking water infected with <em>E. coli</em> O157:H7 during the Walkerton outbreak in May 2000. We conducted this study using linked datasets at the Institute of Evaluative Sciences (ICES) Toronto, Ontario. We observed that there was no increased risk of developing gestational hypertension or preeclampsia among the symptomatic women compared with women from the neighbouring towns who were asymptomatic or did not drink the water. Chapter 4 is a protocol of a prospective cohort study recruiting female kidney donors and healthy non-donors as the comparative group to study pregnancy outcomes in these individuals. This is a multicentre study involving 12 transplant centres throughout Canada. There are 59 participants in this study to date (Feb 28, 2013) of which seven have been pregnant so far. Data collection for this study is ongoing.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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Bakgrunden betonar vikten av organdonation för att rädda liv och förbättra livskvaliteten för patienter med terminal organsvikt. Trots ökningen av transplantationer globalt finns det fortfarande en betydande brist på tillgängliga organ, vilket leder till hög dödlighet bland väntande patienter. Närstående spelar en central roll i processen genom att ofta fatta beslut om organdonation när den potentiella donatorn inte själv har uttryckt en vilja. Intensivvårdssjuksköterskor har en nyckelroll i att stödja och kommunicera med närstående under denna känsloladdade process. Familjecentrerad vård är avgörande för att ge stöd och vägledning till familjer genom svåra beslut och sorgearbete.  Syftet var att beskriva upplevelsen av donationsprocessen ur ett närståendeperspektiv. Metoden omfattande en strukturerad litteraturöversikt med en kvalitativ ansats. Genom systematiska sökningar i CINAHL och PubMed har relevant litteratur inom området identifieras och analyserats i teman, för att få en djupare förståelse för ämnet. Totalt identifierades 17 artiklar. Dataanalysen genomfördes med hjälp av Braun och Clares metod för tematisk analys.  Resultatet avslöjar tre teman som belyser närståendes upplevelse av donationsprocessen. Det första temat stormens förståelse, symboliserar en tid av kaos och utmaningar där närstående upplevde olika aspekter av information och kommunikation. Samtidigt som de präglades av svårigheter att acceptera den juridiska dödförklaringen. Det andra temat stormens öga avslöjade närståendes erfarenheter av bemötande, stöd och beslutsfattande i samband med donation. Det tredje temat brisen efter stormen, belyser närståendes upplevelser av generositet och känslomässig kontakt med mottagaren. Dessa teman ger insikt i den emotionella resa och de utmaningar som närstående möter under donationsprocessen.  Slutsatsen är att närståendes upplevelse i donationsprocessen har en direkt koppling till familjecentrerad vård. Där en familjecentrerade vård på intensivvårdsavdelningar kan bidra till utvecklingen av framtida vårdstrategier och riktlinjer. / The background emphasises the importance of organ donation to save lives and improve the quality of life for patients with terminal organ failure. Despite the increase in transplants globally, there is a significant shortage of available organs, which results in high mortality among waiting patients. Family members play a central role in the process by often making decisions about organ donation when the potential donor has not expressed their wishes. Intensive care nurses have a pivotal role in providing support and communicating with families and loved ones during this emotionally intense process. Family centred care is crucial in order to support and guide families through difficult decisions and grief work. The aim was to describe the experience of the donation process through the perspective of family members and loved ones.  The method comprised a structured literature review utilising a qualitative approach. Systematic searches were conducted in CINAHL and PubMed to identify and analyse relevant literature within the field, in order to achieve a deeper comprehension of the topic. A total of 17 articles were selected for inclusion. Data analysis was performed using Braun and Clare’s method of thematic analysis.  The results reveal three central themes that highlight the experiences of families in the organ donation process, providing insight into the emotional journey and challenges faced by loved ones. The first theme, ‘Understanding the Storm’, symbolises a time of chaos and challenges where family members experienced different aspects of information and communication, whilst they faced difficulties in accepting the legal declaration of death. The second theme, ‘The Eye of the Storm’, featured the families experiences of treatment, support and decision making in the context of organ donation. The third theme, ‘The Breeze After the Storm’, highlights the families experiences of generosity and emotional connection with the recipient.  The conclusion determines that the experiences of next of kin in the donation process are intricately connected to family centred care. Implementing such care in intensive care units could significantly contribute to the development of future care strategies and guidelines.

Organdonation är sällsynt, men blir allt vanligare. Vid en donationsoperation bidrar anestesisjuksköterskan bland annat till att bevara patientens värdighet och övervaka organens cirkulation. Syftet var att beskriva svenska anestesisjuksköterskan och internationella perioperativa sjuksköterskors erfarenheter under donationsoperationer av vuxna avlidna donatorer. För att svara på syftet genomförs en systematisk litteraturstudie med ett kvalitativt förhållningssätt, där sju svenska studenters masteruppsatser jämfördes med 16 internationellt vetenskapligt publicerade studier. Resultatet visar att internationella perioperativa sjuksköterskor känner sig tveksamma till begreppet hjärndöd och dess beslutsamhet. I Sverige visar det att sjuksköterskorna var medvetna om begreppet hjärndöd och inte tvivlade på läkarens bedömning. Svenska anestesisjuksköterskor upplever ingen brist på formell utbildning i donationsprocessen. Internationellt saknas utbildning om lokala riktlinjer och lagstiftningen kring donationsprocessen. De upplever bristande utbildning som leder till negativa attityder och upplevelser. Det finns skillnader i erfarenheter och behov av stöd mellan internationella perioperativa sjuksköterskor och svenska anestesisjuksköterskor. Känslor som sorg, otillräcklighet och rädsla för döden hos de internationella perioperativa sjuksköterskorna, varför de föredrar att inte delta i donationsoperationer. Examensarbetena visar att de svenska anestesisköterskorna känner stolthet över att ha gjort skillnad för en annan människa och att de respekterar deras vilja och lust. Det är tydligt att perioperativa sjuksköterskor runt om i världen både utmanar och känslomässig stress under donationsoperationer och att känslomässig stress är vanligt. Sammanfattningsvis framgår det att internationella perioperativa sjuksköterskor tvivlar på begreppet hjärndöd och saknar utbildning om donationsprocessen, medan svenska anestesisjuksköterskor har en bättre förståelse och känner stolthet över att kunna göra skillnad. / Organ donation is rare, but becoming more common. During a donation operation, the anesthesia nurse contributes, among other things, to preserving the patient's dignity and monitoring the circulation of the organs. The aim was to describe the experiences of Swedish anesthesia nurses and international perioperative nurses during donation operations of adult deceased donors. To answer the purpose, a systematic literature study is carried out with a qualitative approach, where seven Swedish students' master's theses were compared with 16 internationally scientifically published studies. The result shows that international perioperative nurses feel doubtful about the concept of brain death and its determination. In Sweden, it shows that the nurses were aware of the concept of brain death and did not doubt the doctor's assessment. Swedish anesthesia nurses experience no lack of formal training in the process of donation operations. Internationally, there is a lack of training on local guidelines and the legislation surrounding the donation process. They experience a lack of education that leads to negative attitudes and experiences. There are differences in experience and need for support between international perioperative nurses and Swedish anesthesia nurses. Feelings of sadness, inadequacy and fear of death in the international perioperative nurses, why they prefer not to participate in donation operations. The degree projects show that the Swedish nurse anesthetists feel pride in having made a difference for another person and that they respect their will and desire. It is clear that perioperative nurses around the world face both challenges and emotional stress during donation surgeries and that emotional stress is common. In summary, it appears that international perioperative nurses doubt the concept of brain death and lack training about the donation process, while Swedish anesthesia nurses have a better understanding and feel pride in being able to make a difference.