Este trabalho estuda três obras de arte contemporânea que têm como proposta intervenções espaciais sutis e a consequente ressignificação dos espaços em que estão inseridas. Partimos de uma revisão histórica da apropriação do espaço na obra de arte, desde a expansão da escultura moderna para o espaço até o formato instalação, no qual a obra trabalha o espaço de forma específica. Em seguida, discutimos a relação entre os conceitos de tempo e duração, bem como sua relação com o espaço, como embasamento para análise das obras escolhidas. A partir daí, nos dedicamos ao estudo de três obras contemporâneas: a instalação Alter Bahnhof Video Walk (2012) [Vídeo-caminhada Alter Bahnhof (2012)] de Janet Cardiff & George Bures Miller, realizada na estação central de trens de Kassel, Alemanha; a instalação I Need Some Meaning I Can Memorise (The Invisible Pull) [Eu preciso de algum significado que eu possa memorizar (A piscina invisível)] (2012) de Ryan Gander realizada no museu Friedericianum, Kassel, Alemanha - ambas apresentadas durante a 13ª Documenta de Kassel (2012); e a instalação Sem título de Fernanda Gomes, apresentada na 30ª Bienal de São Paulo (2012). O interesse deste trabalho é apontar como tais obras interferem no espaço existente, sem necessariamente alterá-lo fisicamente, desde a ideia de vazio, analisandoos criticamente em relação aos seus precedentes. / This dissertation studies three works of contemporary art that have as their purpose subtle space interventions and the consequent redetermination of the spaces in which they are inserted. We start with a historical revision of the appropriation of space regarding the work of art, from the expansion of modern sculpture into space to the installation format, in which the work uses the space in a particular way. Next, we discuss the relationship between the concepts of time and duration, as well as their relationship with space, as a basis for analyzing the works selected. Hence, we study and analyze three contemporary works: Alter Bahnhof Video Walk (2012) by Janet Cardiff & George Bures Miller, designed for the central train station in Kassel, Germany; I Need Some Meaning I Can Memorize (The Invisible Pull) (2012) by Ryan Gander, at the Friedericianum Museum, Kassel, Germany - both presented during the 13th Documenta, Kassel (2012); and Untitled by Fernanda Gomes, presented at the 30th São Paulo Biennial (2012). This paper aims to point out how such works interfere in the existing space - the idea of emptiness, analyzing them critically in relation to its precedents - without necessarily changing it physically.

Numerosos são os estudos sobre a eternidade na filosofia de Espinosa, contudo, poucas são as pesquisas sobre o tempo e a duração, afinal, por que perguntar-se sobre o tempo numa filosofia da eternidade? Diferentemente dos seus primeiros escritos, na sua obra máxima, a Ética, a singularidade da definição espinosana da eternidade e da duração encontra-se justamente em se restringir à relação entre essência e existência, sem qualquer relação com o tempo. Contudo, acompanhando a gênese dos conceitos de tempo, duração e eternidade, desde os seus primeiros escritos até a Ética, veremos como este deslocamento conceitual revela um duplo movimento: é por desvincular o tempo da duração e da eternidade que a existência ganhará uma profundidade ontológica, ética e política; por outro lado, o tempo ganhará preponderante papel na constituição da imaginação. Nesse duplo movimento, compreenderemos como os conceitos de duração e eternidade, que têm sua terra natal em âmbito ontológico, permitem iluminar outras paisagens, estas sim diretamente vinculadas ao problema da temporalidade: a vida passional e a vida política. / There are numerous studies about the eternity in Spinozas philosophy, however, there are few researches about the time and duration, after all, why to ask on the times quote in a philosophy of the eternity? Differently of his first writings, in Ethics, the singularity of Spinozas definition of eternity and duration is exactly going to restrict essence and existence relation, without any relation with time. However, following the time, duration and eternity concepts genesis, since his first writings until the Ethics, we will see how this conceptual displacement opens to a double movement: for separating duration and eternity from time, the human existence will gain a ontological, ethical and politics depth; on the other hand, time will gain prominent role in the imaginations constitution. In this double movement, we will understand how these concepts, duration and eternity, that has its native land in ontological scope, allows us to illuminate other landscapes directly tied with the problem of the temporality: the passional life and the political life.

Experimental phonetic research on speech rhythm seems to have reached an impasse. Recently, this research field has tended to investigate produced (rather than perceived) rhythm, focussing on timing, i.e. duration as an acoustic cue, and has not considered that rhythm perception might be influenced by native language. Yet evidence from other areas of phonetics, and other disciplines, suggests that an investigation of rhythm is needed which (i) focuses on listeners' perception, (ii) acknowledges the role of several acoustic cues, and (iii) explores whether the relative significance of these cues differs between languages. This thesis, the originality of which derives from its adoption of these three perspectives combined, indicates new directions for progress. A series of perceptual experiments investigated the interaction of duration and f0 as perceptual cues to prosody in languages with different prosodic structures - Swiss German, Swiss French, and French (i.e. from France). The first experiment demonstrated that a dynamic f0 increases perceived syllable duration in contextually isolated pairs of monosyllables, for all three language groups. The second experiment found that dynamic f0 and increased duration interact as cues to rhythmic groups in series of monosyllabic digits and letters; the two cues were significantly more effective than one when heard simultaneously, but significantly less effective than one when heard in conflicting positions around the rhythmic-group boundary location, and native language influenced whether f0 or duration was the more effective cue. These two experiments laid the basis for the third, which directly addressed rhythm. Listeners were asked to judge the rhythmicality of sentences with systematic duration and f0 manipulations; the results provide evidence that duration and f0 are interdependent cues in rhythm perception, and that the weighting of each cue varies in different languages. A fourth experiment applied the perceptual results to production data, to develop a rhythm metric which captures the multi-dimensional and language-specific nature of perceived rhythm in speech production. These findings have the important implication that if future phonetic research on rhythm follows these new perspectives, it may circumvent the impasse and advance our knowledge and model of speech rhythm.

L’étude de la durée des délégations de service public a été pour longtemps marginalisée bien que cette notion constitue un élément essentiel du contrat. Néanmoins, depuis le début des années 1990 et notamment avec l’adoption de la loi Sapin, la conception de la fixation de la durée et de l’encadrement de sa prolongation a connu une importance grandissante. Elle a été conçue comme le moyen le plus apte à garantir la lutte contre la corruption et les rentes de situations. Cependant les modalités de la détermination de la durée ont été rattachées à des notions variables tel l’amortissement, ce qui a rendu la fixation préalable de la durée d’une impossibilité évidente. De ce fait, cette fixation telle qu’exercée aujourd’hui en matière des délégations de service public, souffre d’une grave incohérence tant dans sa conceptualisation que dans son application. Par conséquent, cette théorie n’a pas réussi à préserver le service public et à trouver une sorte de compromis entre le délégant et le délégataire qui tient compte primordialement de l’intérêt du service et de l’usager. Il semble que seule la théorie de la durée variable, liée aux résultats de l’exploitation saurait remédier aux difficultés que soulève une constante variation des circonstances. Dans cette perspective, désencombrer la durée nous pousse à amplifier le contrôle et à élargir l’imperium du magistrat pour assurer la sauvegarde du service public. / The study of the duration of delegation of public services has long been marginalized despiet it being an essential element of the contract. However, since the early nineties, and with the adoption of the Sapin law, the concept of the determination of the duration and of the frames setting out its extension has received increased attention. It has been seen as the most appropriate means to guarantee the fight against corruption. Nonetheless, the modalities of determination of the duration have been linked to multiple notions such as amortization, which has rendered an early determination of the duration impossible. As a consequence, the determination of the duration, as practised today, suffers from serious incoherences in both concept and application. Therefore, this theory has failed to protect public services and permit compromise between the delegate and the person being delegated to, primarily taking into account the best interests of the service and the user. It appears that only a theory of a variable duration, linked to the results of the operation would remedy the difficulties raized by the ever-changing circonstances. In this perspective, simplifiying the duration would lead to increased control and power of the judge in order to safeguard public services.

abstract: Shock loading produces a compressive stress pulse with steep gradients in density, temperature, and pressure that are also often modeled as discontinuities. When a material is subject to these dynamic (shock) loading conditions, fracture and deformation patterns due to spall damage can arise. Spallation is a dynamic material failure that is caused by the nucleation, growth, and coalescence of voids, with possible ejection of the surface of the material. Intrinsic defects, such as grain boundaries are the preferred initiation sites of spall damage in high purity materials. The focus of this research is to study the phenomena that cause void nucleation and growth at a particular grain boundary (GB), chosen to maximize spall damage localization. Bicrystal samples were shock loaded using flyer-plates via light gas gun and direct laser ablation. Stress, pulse duration, and crystal orientation along the shock direction were varied for a fixed boundary misorientation to determine thresholds for void nucleation and coalescence as functions of these parameters. Pressures for gas gun experiments ranged from 2 to 5 GPa, while pressures for laser ablation experiments varied from 17 to 25 GPa. Samples were soft recovered to perform damage characterization using electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Results showed a 14% difference in the thresholds for void nucleation and coalescence between samples with different orientations along the shock direction, which were affected by pulse duration and stress level. Fractography on boundaries with strong damage localization showed many small voids, indicating they experience rapid nucleation, causing early coalescence. Composition analysis was also performed to determine the effect of impurities on damage evolution. Results showed that higher levels of impurities led to more damage. ABAQUS/Explicit models were developed to simulate flyer-plate impact and void growth with the same crystal orientations and experimental conditions. Results are able to match the damage seen in each grain of the target experimentally. The Taylor Factor mismatch at the boundary can also be observed in the model with the higher Taylor Factor grain exhibiting more damage. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Mechanical Engineering 2020

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(社会健康医学) / 甲第22008号 / 社医博第94号 / 新制||社医||10(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科社会健康医学系専攻 / (主査)教授 中山 健夫, 教授 木原 正博, 教授 別所 和久 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Public Health / Kyoto University / DFAM

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Magister Scientiae (Biodiversity and Conservation Biology) - MSc (Biodiv and Cons Biol) / Tonic immobility (TI) can be defined as an unlearned behavioural response described by a physical state of immobility. This behaviour can last from a few seconds up to several hours. Tonic immobility in sharks has not been investigated extensively, despite being observed and used widely. Due to this limited research, there is still uncertainty about the significance of this response, especially in smaller shark species. Anecdotal evidence suggests that females may enter a tonic state during courtship, but this has never been scientifically investigated. Alternatively, tonic immobility may function as an anti-predator response. The aim of this study was thus to examine the behaviour and physiology associated with tonic immobility in two closely related species of catshark, Haploblepharus edwardsii and Haploblepharus pictus, and to test for differences between males and females (if the evolutionary significance of TI was related to courtship), and between the two species (if TI evolved in response to species-specific drivers).

This thesis proposes a novel way to theorize genre, understand students' writing practices, and encourage more robust writing processes. I propose a method of categorizing texts according to temporal duration and use the resulting methodology as a lens to better understand student composing processes. I use temporal duration theory to analyze the composing processes of 53 BYU students over the course of two years. The results of my analysis suggest that a student's writing process correlates with the duration of a text's rhetorical influence. This is manifest in two ways: (1) as students write with a purpose of creating, promoting, or sharing an identity with the audience; and (2) as students write with the belief that the text will be useful to them at some future date. In both these circumstances, it isn't only that students have particular goals related to the audience and purpose—goals which drive process. Rather, it is also that students see how the influences and purposes of texts might endure, and their belief in duration motivates writers to engage in robust writing process activities. Genre temporal duration theory offers opportunities for future research about writing process, student engagement, and writing pedagogy.

This study examines the impact of the real estate broker on the effectiveness of buyer search by focusing on the linkages between search intensity and the duration of search. How long a buyer searches depends on how sensitive the buyer is to within-period search costs and across-period, sequential search costs. High-income individuals and other homebuyers with high within-period search costs tend to search longer and less intensively. Buyers with high across-period search costs, such as out-of-town buyers, tend to search more intensively. Brokers, by reducing the opportunity costs of within-period search, increase buyer search intensity, which in turn reduces actual search time.