Initially the Esther text was disputed and discarded by the early Church fathers. More recently in the 20th and 21st centuries Christian scholarship has dramatized, distorted, culturalized, feminized, or even politicized it. Indeed, the book has scarcely been defined as divine or devotional. While it has received condemnation from scholars, theologians like Martin Luther concluded that it would be best eliminated from the canon altogether. This thesis seeks to bring the text of Esther back into consideration for valid Christological interpretation by presenting evidence of a typology of Christ as exhibited in God's plan of salvation. In making such an assessment, this thesis presents a lexically-based evaluation from the Hebrew content of various words and phrases from the text, as well as within the larger biblical text. Determining their meaning and usage will serve to elucidate whether the text strategically incorporates Christological connections evidencing of this claim. I consider and apply a popular typologically related assessment of figurative language and symbolism, which also provides diagnostic criteria for typologies. This research thus entails a broad and varied examination of the figurative language and diverse use of symbolism including allusion, intertextual referencing, narrative sequencing, and rhetorical devices among others. Consequently, this broadly-based analysis provides a rich array of evidence that supports a valid typology for Christ in His various roles including His messianic kingship within God's plan of salvation for mankind, as well as other key concepts within God's plan, or associated roles, for example that of Satan.

Book entries are vehicles used in accounting to accommodate non-cash transactions, timing differences and provisions. The use of book entries is a normal activity in accounting and may have their origin in accrual accounting. The management of a company may apply creative accounting techniques in the form of earnings management, in particular, adopting the practices of income smoothing and taking the so-called ‘big bath’. These practices may result in the financial manager or accountant misusing book entries. This could then lead to information of a different integrity to that which would have resulted had these creative accounting practices not been performed in the company. The question addressed in this dissertation and for which an answer is sought, is whether there is any notable difference in the integrity issues of information supplied through the accounting process and created by real transactions (real events) as opposed to information created by book entries (artificial events). The hypothesis underlying this dissertation is: The integrity of information created by book entries is based on subjective opinions because it is based on future events therefore it is not the same as integrity of information created by real transactions that is based on historical events. The new science is concerned with new guidelines, amongst other things, regarding reality, observation, objectivity, predictions and relationships among events. These new guidelines could be seen as explaining certain aspects which is relevant to the field of accounting. The attributes of a book entry are not based on reality, but are based on subjective predictions of future transactions etc. Another similarity is that a book entry is often not objective but is based on subjective observation. Notable differences were observed in the integrity of the information emerging from a real, historical event and a future event. These differences were established through the application of two research methods, namely, the use of a questionnaire and the analysis of the financial statements of 30 companies listed on The JSE Securities Exchange South Africa (JSE). The influence of book entries on certain ratios was considered, and the ratios influenced by two major book entries, namely, depreciation provision and deferred taxation, differ substantially in interpretation when the two book entries are reclassified. The results of the questionnaire also indicate that a large proportion of the financial managers in practice believe that book entries substantially influence the integrity of information. / Dissertation (MCom Financial Management Sciences)--University of Pretoria, 2003. / Financial Management / unrestricted

Book series are large and dynamic structures that allow us to reflect on concepts such as systems, rewriting, agency and materiality, while offering rich data to advance the history of translation. This research focuses on an emblematic Mexican paperback series called Sepan Cuantos… (SC, hereafter), initiated in 1959 and still ongoing. My overarching aim was to understand the transformation of translation practices in the series throughout time in view of the context in which it was developed and the agents that were involved in it. The development of SC goes hand in hand with the development of the publishing industry in Mexico. Throughout its lifespan, national book production has greatly expanded, affecting the demands of the market where this series has circulated. Additionally, SC’s history is inscribed in the broader dynamics of the Hispanic publishing industry, where Spain has maintained hegemony over the production of translations, and the language and ideology represented in them. In order to understand how SC related to this context, archaeological work was required. The questions What was translated? By whom? and How were translations presented? guided the analysis. My findings reveal a wide spectrum of approaches to translation in SC. On one side of the spectrum there is the series as a commercial endeavour, unconcerned with producing terse, ad hoc rewritings of foreign literature for a Mexican audience by favouring the repurposing of pre-existing Spanish translations and paratexts. This is translation in the age of mass production. On the other side of the spectrum, there are the sporadic cases of assumed agency, where the limits of the repertoire are challenged and where the opportunity to produce original translations and prefaces is highly exploited. There is no overarching translation policy in SC, and this gives rise to a basic tension between the homogeneity expressed by the series’ format and the heterogeneity of the translation and prefatory practices observed in the volumes. Focused on the disorder hidden behind the uniformity of these books' covers, this thesis explores the transgressive bodies in which translations can reach their readers. Translation in 20th and 21st century Mexico has been thus far studied from the angle of its most dignified and ideologically coherent products and translators. However, the less terse translation practices in SC, a highly heterogeneous product that embodies a lot of discoursive tensions, cannot be overlooked. SC’s impossible combinations reflect how the hybridity that is characteristic of Latin American culture has touched translation too.

This study began with the desire to design a public town library of the future and became a search for an inkling of what is essential to Architecture. It is murky and full of contradictions. It asks more than it proposes, and the traces of its windings are better ordered through collage than logical synthesis. This study is neither a thesis nor a synthesis. When drawing out the measure of this study it may be beneficial to state what it attempts to place at the perimeter. Architecture is not a product of society, civilization, or economy. Architecture is not democratic, and it cannot be brought forward in the public realm. Architecture is not a private affair. Architecture is not space, and it is not building. This study does attempt to hold that Architecture is founded in speech and gesture which originate in culture. As 'constructions' (construings), Architecture and the book share with the body the potential for utterance. The library is the coincidence of Architecture, the book, and the body. / Master of Architecture

Bibliography: leaves 360-395. / Current methods of book selection in provincial library services in South Africa are examined with a view to establish whether they are the most effective possible from the point of view of the affiliated public libraries throughout the country. This involved tracing the history and development of the four provincial library services and examining their current selection practices. A well-organised network of affiliated public libraries making provision for white, and to a lesser extent coloured, South Africans has been established since World War II, with the strongly centralised provincial services providing the book stock. It appeared from the study that relatively little change had occurred in either the organisational structures or the book selection methods of these services since their inception, and that the involvement of local librarians in book selection was negligible. Instead of their role increasing as more public libraries were staffed by qualified librarians, financial pressures had resulted in even less initiative being permitted and an increase in centralised control. To establish the ideal model against which the performance of the provincial library services could be evaluated, contemporary professional opinion on public library objectives, management and book selection, as also the developments in rural systems in selected countries was surveyed. Compared to the static local picture of service which emerged from the empirical investigation, overseas advances in goals and management as reported in the literature had seen exciting professional advances, with librarians accepting, and going out to meet, the challenge of the changes in society. Strong communication links between users and selectors were emphasised. Rural networks in the foreign countries surveyed had grown to improve in efficiency and in economic terms, but in all cases the local librarian selected his own book stock, which seems more satisfactory than the current South African practice. To further test this hypothesis an empirical investigation by means of a questionnaire was circulated to all affiliated public libraries circulating more than 60 000 books annually. The findings confirmed the surmised lack of interaction in book selection between provincial and public librarians, and there was dissatisfaction, particularly among the very biggest libraries with experienced qualified staff, at the present system. The thesis concludes with recommendations made towards remedying this situation.

Le secteur du livre et de l’édition en Afrique noire francophone s’inspire beaucoup du modèle éditorial occidental, notamment celui de la France. Le livre en Occident s’est progressivement mis en place pour avoir la forme et la notoriété qui est la sienne de nos jours, il en est de même pour l’édition et le métier d’éditeur. En Afrique noire francophone, ce secteur passe par le même cheminement qui est l’évolution progressive, cependant celle-ci ne concerne plus la création des éléments qui composent le livre et l’édition, mais plutôt la pratique elle-même qui peine à éclore véritablement malgré les apports de différentes institutions internationales et les dispositions locales. En effet, dans cette étude, nous avons relevé des problèmes communs à l’ensemble des pays de l’Afrique noire francophone, ainsi que les difficultés propres à chaque pays. Le Gabon est le pays sur lequel nous nous sommes principalement appuyée. Les différentes recherches nous ont permis de relever les difficultés majeures qui minent le secteur du livre et de l’édition en Afrique noire francophone, mais surtout de faire un état des lieux de la situation générale de ce secteur.De prime à bord, le secteur du livre et de l’édition relèvent du domaine de l’histoire, de la sociologie. À travers la sémiotique des cultures de Youri Lotman, nous avons relevé des éléments du livre et de l’édition qui intègrent aussi bien celui de la culture. Le secteur à l’étude peut ainsi se prêter à une étude plus exhaustive. / The book and publishing sector in French-speaking Black Africa is very much inspired by the Western editorial model, particularly that of France. The book in the West has gradually been put in place to have the form and notoriety that is his today, it is the same for publishing and the profession of publisher. In black Francophone Africa, this sector goes through the same path which is the progressive evolution, however it no longer concerns the creation of the elements that make up the book and the edition, but rather the practice itself which is struggling to hatch. Truly despite the contributions of various international institutions and local arrangements. Indeed, in this study, we found problems common to all the countries of French-speaking Black Africa, as well as the difficulties specific to each country. Gabon is the country on which we mainly rely. The various researches allowed us to take up the major difficulties that undermine the book and publishing sector in French-speaking Black Africa, but especially to make an inventory of the general situation of this sector.First and foremost, the book and publishing sector comes under the domain of history and sociology. Through the semiotics of Yuri Lotman's cultures, we have found elements of the book and the edition that integrate culture as well. The sector under study can thus lend itself to a more comprehensive study.

Conventional literacy is important for academic and life success. Emergent literacy is a precursor to conventional literacy, and parent-child book read ing experiences can foster emergent literacy development. Fathers are important figures in children's development and may make important contributions to their emergent literacy development. This study observed 179 fathers from families who participated in research evaluating the Bear River Early Head Start program. Father-child book reading was videotaped as part of a 10-minute observation session in each child 's home at 14 months, 24 months, 36 months, and pre- kindergarten (age 4 or 5). Book reading observation sessions were coded based on parental strategies (i.e. language and behaviors) used during book reading. Pre-kindergarten observation sessions were transcribed for a measure of children's oral language. Children were tested in their homes at prekindergarten with measures of phonological processing, receptive vocabulary, and concepts of print. Regression analyses investigated the individual impact of book reading strategies on outcomes and the impact of strategies over time (cumulative). Findings revealed certain individual strategies had more impact than cumulative strategies, which was contrary to the hypotheses. The most positive cumulative impact was time spent during book reading. Overall, receptive vocabulary was the emergent literacy domain most strongly predicted by father book read ing strategies, and cumulative time spent book reading was the strategy that predicted emergent literacy outcomes most consistently.

Despite the recognized importance of Anna Letitia Barbauld, Maria Edgeworth, and Charlotte Smith as commentators on 1790s radicalism, pedagogy, and novel conventions, their writings for children and for adults tend to be studied separately. Indeed, despite each writer's familiarity with the others' work, these figures are rarely discussed together. I argue that studying these authors' cross-generic works using a comparative approach reveals the ways in which novels and children's books have informed and influenced each other, both in their reciprocal developments and as distinct genres. I further argue that even as the juvenile fiction of Barbauld, Edgeworth, and Smith seems rather tamely oriented toward the integration of natural history with conduct lessons, the genre was in fact a vital means by which each writer weighed her own social-welfare and aesthetic priorities within contexts of political upheaval.

Using NASDAQ high frequency trading (HFT) and minute-by-minute Limit Order Book (LOB) data over 120 sample stocks in 10 weeks between 2008-2010, including the week of the Lehman Brothers crisis, we study how trading activities of HFTs, NHFTs (Non-HFTs) and their order placements interact, and affect overall market quality. We capture order placements via the depth (step) and the height (price) dimensions along the LOB. We first document that HFTs are active not only at the top of the LOB, but their orders are placed along the LOB with an average around the 5th step, slightly ahead of NHFTs who on average are close to the 6th step. Generally, both HFTs and NHFTs are more aggressive in order placement with large stocks and hidden orders and HFT orders are further ahead during the crisis week, though price-wise they all back off somewhat with more conservative placements by NHFTs. In market turmoil, whenever HFTs see NHFTs trade among themselves, they become less aggressive in order placement. However, when HFTs trade, other HFT orders become more aggressive by moving ahead. On the contrary, NHFTs generally become more aggressive when other NHFTs supply liquidity in trading, and more conservative when HFTs are the supplier. We find mixed results on the impact of HFTs order placements and trading activities on market quality by different measures, but aggressive orders by HFTs and NHFTs both are related with decreases in short-term market volatility. Our findings highlight the importance of not only studying HFTs and NHFTs activities along the LOB, but also in both depth and height dimensions, instead of only at the market inside quotes.

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