Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T14:31:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SONIA LORENA DIAZ CACERES.pdf: 6194502 bytes, checksum: f9b2241035b2f5a0ec863361bbff7dab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-08-23 / Esta investigação tem como propósito fundamental o de poder analisar a prática pedagógica a qual é desenvolvida por um professor da quinta série do ensino fundamental no processo de ensino-aprendizagem da disciplina de Estudos Sociais. Prática a qual está enfocada em dois grandes aspectos: os enfoques teóricos os quais apoiam a disciplina e também a ação na aula desenvolvida pelo professor. A referida ação está centralizada na confrontação de conhecimentos tanto cotidianos assim como também científicos no desenvolvimento dos conteúdos curriculares, a produção/utilização de textos orais/escritos no processo de ensino-aprendizagem da disciplina e as estratégias metodológicas as quais são utilizadas pelo professor para poder desenvolver os conteúdos curriculares. Para responder aos aspectos anteriores, as seguintes questões orientaram esta investigação: Que fundamentos teóricos possui o professor da disciplina de Estudos Sociais para o processo de ensino-aprendizagem da mesma?, No desenvolvimento dos conteúdos curriculares de Estudos Sociais existe confrontação tanto entre os conhecimentos cotidianos assim como também entre os conhecimentos científicos?, Existe produção/utilização de textos escritos/orais no processo de ensino-aprendizagem de Estudos Sociais?, e Que estratégias metodológicas utiliza o professor para poder desenvolver os conteúdos curriculares de Estudos Sociais? A metologia de investigação é de índole qualitativa e para a análise dos resultados foi iniciada de uma série tanto de procedimentos assim como também de técnicas, tais como são os seguintes: a observação em classes, as entrevistas e a revisão de documentos, entre outros. Da mesma maneira se espera de que os resultados desta investigação possa contribuir com elementos teóricos-práticos não somente para uma redefinição do ensino- aprendizagem de Estudos Sociais, que possa possibilitar também com o desenho de um Programa de Estudo considerando a disciplina como Ciências Sociais, mais também, para a construção de uma Proposta Educativa de Qualidade com enfoque de Pedagogia do Texto

La presente investigación es un diagnóstico de violencia escolar en el colegio Nacional Max Uhle de Villa El Salvador, Lima, Perú. por medio de instrumentos cualitativos y cuantitativos. Los principales resultados fueron la evidencia de la alta incidencia de violencia física, verbal y psicológica. Participaron 130 alumnos/as de secundaria en una encuesta que midió la incidencia y actitudes hacia la violencia escolar. Además, se hizo 6 entrevistas semiestructuradas con profesionales del colegio, 2 testimonios de alumnas, un focus group, y 4 observaciones etnográficas. El primer tema busca analizar qué tipos de violencia directa existe en este colegio: física, verbal o de exclusión. Luego se buscó recoger evidencia de ejemplos de violencia cultural y estructural que juegan un papel en crear ambientes propicios a la violencia directa. El concepto de clima escolar que tienen los directores y profesores, y cómo se maneja este tema importante en cada día del funcionamiento del colegio fue un área importante de investigación. Finalmente se buscó medir el nivel de empatía de los alumnos/as para proponer al final del presente trabajo áreas de intervención. Usando la teoría de violencia de Johan Galtung, los resultados están organizados basados en tipos de violencias: directa, cultural y estructural, además se analiza los niveles de empatía y el clima escolar. Finalmente se presenta recomendaciones multidimensionales para una mejora progresiva y sistémica al problema de violencia en el colegio. / Tesis

This Master thesis investigates how Renewable Energy Microgrid Systems (REMS) can enhance resilience for a rural grid-connected community in El Salvador. The study examines the optimally resilient design of a grid-connected PV-Wind-Battery hybrid energy system. The optimally resilient system configuration was determined based on energy affordability, defined as minimum net present cost (NPC) and energy reliability, which was defined as a 1% maximum annual capacity shortage. The system modelling and optimisation was performed in the HOMER (Hybrid Optimisation of Multiple Energy Resources) software, where the system was optimised for different scenarios. The results of this study show that REMS can enhance resilience by lowering electricity costs for the community and thus increasing energy affordability. However, the REMS did not manage to make an equally substantial impact on energy reliability, due to the grid performance that proved to be high with few annual power outages. Besides the grid connection, the optimally resilient system was driven entirely by PV energy since it proved to be highly profitable. Wind power and battery storage were excluded from the optimally resilient system since they did not contribute to affordability and the capacity shortage limit was met already from the PV unit and the grid. Furthermore, the results show that self-sufficiency can be provided with REMS from the local energy resources, but that it is unrealistic with current costs due to the high battery prices. The study concludes that REMS should be considered as a legitimate resilience measure in rural El Salvador.

Este trabajo de investigación, tiene por objetivo analizar la influencia de las estrategias de asociatividad y la formación de conglomerados empresariales en el desarrollo de las MYPES del sector calzado en Villa El Salvador- Lima. Para su realización, se consultó las fuentes secundarias referentes al tema, y a fuentes primarias como productores y especialistas en el sector, en quienes seutilizó las herramientas diseñadas para la metodología elegida, tal como se muestra en la parte introductoria y en elcapítulo inicial. Del mismo modo, se llevó a cabo el análisis de los factores que favorecen y de aquellos que obstaculizan el proceso asociativo entre dichos emprendedores; así como de sus modelos de gestión y uso de la tecnología en sus empresas. Los resultados discutidos en el Tercer capítulo evidencian que, si bien el estado de asociatividad empresarial de las MYPES de calzado es bastante precario o nulo, y a pesar de que las condiciones para agruparse no son óptimas, las pocas que aún logran hacerlo han sostenido negocios exitosos y desarrollado sus capacidades. Por lo que finalmente, se concluye que el asociarse y/o constituir conglomerados empresariales influye positivamente en el desarrollo de las micro y pequeñas empresas de Villa El Salvador (Capítulo cuatro). / This research work aims to analyze the influence of associative strategies and the formation of business conglomerates in the development of the MYPES of the footwear sector in Villa El Salvador-Lima. For its realization, the secondary sources referring to the topic were consulted, and primary sources as producers and specialists in the sector, in which the tools designed for the chosen methodology were used, as shown in the introductory part and in the initial chapter. In the same way, the analysis of the factors that favor and those that hinder the associative process between these entrepreneurs was carried out; as well as their models of management and use of technology in their companies. The results discussed in the third chapter show that, although the state of business associativity of footwear MYPES is quite precarious or nil, and although the conditions for grouping are not optimal, the few that still manage to do so have sustained successful businesses and developed its capabilities. So finally, it is concluded that associating and / or constituting business conglomerates positively influences the development of micro and small businesses in Villa El Salvador (Chapter Four). / Tesis

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar uma operação de manutenção da paz considerada bem sucedida, a Misión de Observadores de las Naciones Unidas em El Salvador (ONUSAL). A dissertação será dividida em dois artigos: o Artigo I da dissertação será apresentado como revisão bibliográfica da literatura sobre as Operações de Manutenção da Paz, desde sua criação, incluindo um exame de seus casos notórios; o Artigo II será apresentado como um estudo de caso sobre a atuação da ONUSAL em El Salvador durante a guerra civil. A hipótese que orienta este estudo é que, apesar dos notórios fracassos da década de 90, as PKOs constituem-se como instrumento relevante para a manutenção da paz e segurança internacionais, capaz de criar condições para auxiliar os Estados a reestabelecerem e manterem a paz após um conflito. Segundo nossa análise, a ONUSAL constitui-se como um caso bem sucedido de atuação das PKOs. / This study has the purpose of analyzing a Peacekeeping Operation regarded as successful, the United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvador (ONUSAL). The dissertation consists of two articles: Article I will be submitted as a literature review of Peacekeeping Operations, since its inception, including an examination of its notorious cases; Article II will be submitted as a case study of ONUSAL\'s performance in El Salvador during the civil war. The hypothesis guiding this study is that, despite the notorious failures of the 90s, the PKOs are important instruments for the maintenance of international peace and security, capable of setting conditions to assist States in re-establishing and maintaining peace after a conflict. According to our analysis, ONUSAL represents a successful case regarding PKOs.

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This study translated, cross-culturally adapted and validated an instrument's scores for use in public high schools in San Salvador, El Salvador. The original instrument consisted of items developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to assess HIV/AIDS knowledge and five dimensions of attitudes (Abstinence, Peer-pressure, Condom use, Drug use, and Threat of HIV) in grades 7 to 12 in the United States. Items were translated into Spanish using the back-translation method. The instrument was cross-culturally adapted using guidelines proposed by Guillemin, Bombardier, and Beaton (1993). A cross-culturally equivalent version of the original instrument was obtained using three different Salvadorian review panels and two pretests with Salvadorian high school students. An expert panel of HIV Salvadorian professionals validated the content and established its cultural acceptability for public school use. A total of 483 students from 30 randomly selected public high schools in El Salvador participated in a series of validation studies. Confirmatory factor analysis of the translated instrument was used to evaluate the factorial validity of the five-factor attitudinal model. As part of the validation process, the translated Abstinence and Condom use subscales from the CDC were correlated with similar translated subscales from Basen-Engquist et al.'s (1999) published study as a measure of concurrent validity. Finally, internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha) was determined with 483 students and test-retest reliability was obtained with a subsample of 39 students. Six major conclusions were: (1) The methodology used was successful in cross-culturally adapting the instrument. (2) HIV/AIDS content was rated as culturally acceptable and valid for use in public high schools of El Salvador. (3) The reliability of the scores from the knowledge section was moderate (test-retest reliability coefficient = .49 and coefficient alpha = .57). (4) Reliability (coefficient alpha) of the five attitudinal subscales was inconsistent: .55 (Peer-pressure), .58 (Abstinence), 0 (Condom use), .24 (Drugs), and .30 (Threat of HIV). (5) Confirmatory factor analysis provided support for a 4-factor attitudinal model (Peer-pressure, Abstinence, Drug use, and Threat of HIV). (6) Concurrent validity of the translated CDC Abstinence subscale was strong. The results provided support for the methodology to cross-culturally adapt an instrument. The psychometric properties from the knowledge section and the attitudinal component related to abstinence were acceptable but additional research is needed before the Spanish instrument can be used with confidence in El Salvador.

La escuela está destinado principalmente a la formación de adolescentes, jóvenes y adultos que buscan una inserción o reinserción en el mercado laboral, especialmente los que conforman las pequeñas y micro empresas (PYMES), así como empresarios, relacionadas con los temas de la fabricación de productos manufactureros, en los campos de la carpintería, textiles, confecciones, metal mecánico y cuero-calzado. Se ubicará en el distrito limeño de Villa El Salvador. Lavariable principal será la interacción social a través del manejo de los espacios comunes como generadores del diseño arquitectónico. / Tesis

Tex., Univ. of Texas, Reports Master of Arts--Austin, 1982. / Die Vorlage enth. insgesamt 2 Werke. Includes bibliographical references. Vita.