Citizen complaints about inappropriate use of force indicate negative police-public relations, unresponsive police services, and the unresponsiveness of police management to citizens' concerns. However, the effective delivery of key policing services depends on the performance of individual police officers. Surveillance technology can monitor and control the behavior of officers, ensuring that police officers provide high quality policing services that meet the needs of citizens. Examples of surveillance technology such as in-car cameras and CCTV can be used as an administrative tool to respond to citizen complaints by police chief executives. This research examines the effect of surveillance technology on the behavior of municipal police departments that is operationalized as the number of citizen complaints that were filed against municipal police departments. This research also examines the impact of surveillance technology on dismissed and sustained complaints by using 511 large municipal police departments in the U.S. from Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics (LEMAS) 2003 dataset. Three different models are developed to evaluate the impact of in-car cameras and CCTV on the citizen complaints and their dispositions. Two ordinary least square regression (OLS) models and a Heckman selection model are used to analyze the data. The Heckman selection model is utilized to correct for selection bias in truncated data for sustained complaints after log transformation. The results suggest that the use of surveillance technology by the police is necessary, but insufficient, in reducing the number of complaints. The finding suggests that videotaped evidence, recorded by surveillance technology, increased the number of convictions of accused officers in municipal police departments. The analysis also suggests that municipal police departments that used CCTV only in 2003 received a higher number of citizen complaints, in comparison to municipal police departments without CCTV, both in 2000 and 2003. No evidence was found to indicate that surveillance technology has a positive impact on the percentage of dismissed complaints.

No description available.

Ce mémoire traite de la portée de la protection constitutionnelle du droit à la vie privée informationnelle au Canada, au regard de la surveillance électronique gouvernementale à grande échelle des métadonnées des communications électroniques, à des fins de sécurité nationale. Il est soutenu, après une présentation de l’importance démocratique de la vie privée, de même que de la nature et de la portée de certaines activités gouvernementales de surveillance électronique, que le cadre d’analyse du « Biographical core », qui conditionne l’étendue de la protection de la vie privée informationnelle en droit constitutionnel canadien, est susceptible d’inclure les métadonnées des communications électroniques. Cette position est appuyée par un argumentaire juridique fondé sur les règles d’interprétation et la jurisprudence constitutionnelle pertinente. Cet argumentaire se trouve renforcé par potentiel considérablement révélateur des métadonnées, des particularités propres aux activités de surveillance électronique analysées, ainsi que des implications non-juridiques soulevées par ces dernières. / This master’s thesis focuses on the scope of the Canadian constitutional protection of the right to privacy, in view of the wide scale governmental electronic surveillance of electronic communications metadata, conducted for national security purposes. It is argued, following a detailed presentation of the nature and extent of certain specific governmental electronic surveillance activities, that the « Biographical core » analytical framework, governing the scope of the protection granted to informational privacy in Canadian constitutional law, is most likely applicable to electronic communications metadata. This position is directly supported by the relevant constitutional interpretation rules and cases. This is particularly true in light of the fact that metadata are, inherently, potentially significantly revealing, especially considering the capacities of an array of electronic surveillance activities, as well as the non-legal implications they entail for privacy.

Introduktion: Vårdrelaterade infektioner (VRI) har negativ inverkan på folkhälsan med påverkan på mortalitet, morbiditet och livskvalitet. Inom hälso- och sjukvården är VRI en stor utmaning. Den vanligaste VRI i Sverige är vårdrelaterade urinvägsinfektioner (VUVI). För att förebygga VRI är regelbundna mätningar och återkopplingar viktigt. Mätinstrument som idag används på lokal och nationell nivå för att mäta incidens av VRI är bl.a. Markörbaserad journalgranskning och Infektionsverktyget. Syfte: Validera Infektionsverktyget och jämföra incidens av VUVI från Infektionsverktyget mot manuell journalgranskning och Markörbaserad journalgranskning samt studera förekomsten av urinkateter i samband med VUVI. Metod: Under 2017 samlades data in från 143 slumpmässigt utvalda journaler i slutenvården på Södra Älvsborgs sjukhus. Diagnostiserad VUVI och samhällsförvärvad urinvägsinfektion (SUVI) i Infektionsverktyget validerades mot manuell journalgranskning. Incidensen av VUVI i Infektionsverktyget jämfördes även mot VUVI i markörbaserad journalgranskning. Resultat: Incidens av VUVI innan validering var 1.5 % medan den uppskattade incidensen efter manuell journalgranskning och validering var 3.6 %. Markörbaserad journalgranskning visade en incidens på 1.1 %. I 65.6 % av fallen med VUVI fanns en koppling till urinkateter. Den mest förekommande orsaken till inkorrekt registreringen av VUVI var att patienter med urinkateter bedömdes som SUVI. Slutsats: Den rapporterade incidensen av VUVI skiljer sig mellan de mätinstrument som används idag och incidensen är troligtvis högre än vad som idag rapporteras. För att få bra kvalitet på övervakningsdata krävs kunskap och granskning av hög kvalitet. Dock begränsas resultatet från denna studie av att studiepopulationen var relativt liten och därmed begränsar generaliserbarheten. / Introduction: Health care associated infections (HCAIs) have a negative impact on public health, with an impact on mortality, morbidity and quality of life. The most common HCAIs in Sweden are health care associated urinary tract infections (UTI). One important component in preventing HCAIs are regular measurements and feedback to these. Instruments that are currently used for measuring HCAIs at a local and national level in Sweden are marker-based journal review and the Anti-Infection Tool (AIT). Aim:  The aim of this study was to validate the AIT and compare the incidence of health care associated UTI measured with the AIT against both manual journal review and marker-based journal review. The aim was also to study the presence of urinary catheters in conjunction with a healthcare associated UTI. Methods: In 2017, data was collected from 143 records from a random sample of patients admitted to somatic wards at Södra Älvsborg's Hospital. From the AIT, diagnosed health care associated UTI and community-acquired UTI were studied and validated against manual journal review. Also, the incidence of health care associated UTI in the AIT was compared with that found in marker-based journal review. Results: Incidence of health care associated UTI before the validation was 1.5% while the estimated incidence after manual journal review and validation was 3.6%. Marker-based journal review showed an incidence of 1.1%. In 65.6 % of the cases with health care associated UTI, the patient was equipped with urinary catheter. The most common cause of incorrect registration of health care associated UTI was that patients with urinary catheters were assessed as community-acquired UTI.   Conclusion:  The reported incidence of health care associated UTI differs greatly between these instruments. The incidence is probably much higher than what is currently reported using these instruments. To obtain good quality of monitoring data, knowledge and journal reviews of high quality are required. However, the generalizability of the result of this study is limited, due to the relatively small study sample.

Electronic surveillance for foreign intelligence purposes was largely unregulated prior to 1978. The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (hereinafter "FISA") was enacted to implement a judicial authorization process for foreign intelligence electronic surveillance that would effectively balance competing needs for national security and civil liberty under the Fourth Amendment. This study examines the evolution of FISA and its effectiveness under the Fourth Amendment, as assessed by federal reviewing courts and scholars since the statute's enactment. The study concludes that the FISA electronic surveillance authorization process has been effective in providing a constitutional mechanism to obtain foreign intelligence information.

Text in English / The primary aim of this study is to determine the significance of the application of physical surveillance as a method in the investigation of insurance fraud conducted by the Surveillance Unit at the Forensic Department of Discovery Life. Various objectives were fulfilled in this study:  To explore, identify and describe the value of the application of physical surveillance, as a forensic investigation method, in order to determine the significance of this method in the investigation of insurance fraud at the Forensic Department of Discovery Life.  To determine whether the application of physical surveillance at the Forensic Department of Discovery Life is achieving its intended objective relating to the degree to which the beneficiary’s (Discovery Life) situation has changed as a result of this method.  To apply new information, acquired from the findings of this study, to further develop good practice and enhance performance in order to empower investigators at Discovery Life with new knowledge relating to the application of physical surveillance in the investigation of insurance fraud. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with forensic investigators employed at the Forensic Department at Discovery Life. The research has revealed that the majority of forensic investigators, other than the Surveillance Unit, at the Forensic Department of Discovery Life do not utilise physical surveillance during insurance fraud investigations to assist them in gathering evidence. These investigators also had a lack of knowledge and skills regarding the utilisation of physical surveillance during insurance fraud investigations and the advantages of this method during insurance fraud investigations. As a result of the non-utilisation of physical surveillance during insurance fraud investigations conducted at the Forensic Department of Discovery Life, important information and evidence with regard to the movement and actions of identified perpetrators who commit insurance fraud are lost to the investigators. However, the significance of the application of physical surveillance in the investigation of insurance fraud is emphasised by the forensic investigators attached to the Surveillance Unit of Discovery Life who utilise physical surveillance on a daily basis to investigate insurance fraud. The research has further revealed that insurance fraud is a major concern to the insurance industry, but can be mitigated through the implementation of unconventional investigative methods, such as physical surveillance, to enhance investigative capabilities. It was recommended that all forensic investigators at Discovery Life be trained in the techniques of physical surveillance to address shortcomings of general and out-dated investigation methods. / Criminology and Security Science / M. Tech. (Forensic Investigation)

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The modern correctional agency is characterised by the extensive use of information and communication technology (ICT) (e.g. computers, close-circuit television cameras, electronic monitoring systems) and human sciences technology (HST) (e.g. psychometric tests, therapy and educational programmes) to monitor, discipline and rehabilitate sentenced offenders inside and outside of institutions and to prevent their recidivism. As a result of this combination of ICT and HST, modern correctional institutions were transformed into socio-technical environments with serious implications for the relationships between those within and outside of the institution. The use of ICT for continuous monitoring of the prison and its population, has resulted in a situation where correctional officials, like prisoners, have become legitimate datasubjects. In addition to the privacy dilemma that resulted from this, continuous monitoring has also negatively affected the relationship between the state and those under surveillance (inmate, parolee, family of parolees and correctional officials). The utilisation of sophisticated technology by organisastions to achieve certain key objectives, does not necessarily bring about the desired results. Pistorius (1996) is of the opinion that only organisations who are true learning organisations will benefit from the use of such technology. This study aims to integrate all of these perspectives in order to determine the impact of technology on a single South African correctional institution. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die moderne korrektiewe agentskap word gekenmerk deur die omvangryke gebruik van gevorderde inligting- en kommunikasietegnologie (IKT) (bv. rekenaars, geslotebaan televisiekameras en elektroniese moniteringstoestelle) asook geesteswetenskaplike-tegnologie (GWT) (bv. sielkundige toetse, opvoedkundige en terapeutiese programme) om gevonnisde oortreders binne inrigtings en in die gemeenskap te moniteer ten einde hulle te rehabiliteer en hul terugval in misdaad te voorkom. Die kombinasie van GWT en IKT binne die gevangenis het gevolglik daartoe bygedra dat die moderne gevangenis tot In sosio-tegniese omgewing omvorm is met bepaalde gevolge vir die verhouding tussen gevangenes en korrektiewe personeel. Aangesien IKT meesal vir deurlopende monitering van die inrigting en diegene daarbinne gebruik word, word korrektiewe personeel net soos gevangenes, legitieme datasubjekte. Hierdie monitering oor die algemeen, skep 'n privaatheidsdilemma met bepaalde implikasies vir die verhoudinge tussen die gemoniteerde (gevangenes, geparoleerdes en hul families, korrektiewe personeel) en die staat. Die ontplooiing van gesofistikeerde tegnologie ter bereiking van 'n organisasie se sleuteldoelwitte, lewer egter nie outomaties die verwagte resultate nie. Pistorius (1996) argumenteer dat die optimale benutting van tegnologie slegs moontlik is in lerende organisasies. Hierdie studie poog dus om al hierdie sake te integreer teneinde die impak van tegnologie op 'n enkele Suid Afrikaanse gevangenis vas te stel.

Thesis explores the ways in which Information and Communication Technology (ICT)use, specifically that of telephones and the Internet, impacts the lives of Eritrean refugees in Rome, Italy. Informal interviews, semi-structured interviews, and participant observation were carried out in a 'center of second reception.' Results show that information obtained through the use of ICT acts on the imaginations of refugees, encouraging or discouraging movement to alternative locations. ICT use can help maintain a sense of emotional "closeness" to family members abroad for some, but not for others. Limitations in access to ICT exist for the refugees and their families in Eritrea that crosscut multiple socio-demographic categories. Finally, surveillance, enacted through ICT use, negotiates power between the Eritrean state and its subjects in the diaspora. / Graduation date: 2012

The primary aim of this study is to determine the significance of the application of physical surveillance as a method in the investigation of insurance fraud conducted by the Surveillance Unit at the Forensic Department of Discovery Life. Various objectives were fulfilled in this study:  To explore, identify and describe the value of the application of physical surveillance, as a forensic investigation method, in order to determine the significance of this method in the investigation of insurance fraud at the Forensic Department of Discovery Life.  To determine whether the application of physical surveillance at the Forensic Department of Discovery Life is achieving its intended objective relating to the degree to which the beneficiary’s (Discovery Life) situation has changed as a result of this method.  To apply new information, acquired from the findings of this study, to further develop good practice and enhance performance in order to empower investigators at Discovery Life with new knowledge relating to the application of physical surveillance in the investigation of insurance fraud. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with forensic investigators employed at the Forensic Department at Discovery Life. The research has revealed that the majority of forensic investigators, other than the Surveillance Unit, at the Forensic Department of Discovery Life do not utilise physical surveillance during insurance fraud investigations to assist them in gathering evidence. These investigators also had a lack of knowledge and skills regarding the utilisation of physical surveillance during insurance fraud investigations and the advantages of this method during insurance fraud investigations. As a result of the non-utilisation of physical surveillance during insurance fraud investigations conducted at the Forensic Department of Discovery Life, important information and evidence with regard to the movement and actions of identified perpetrators who commit insurance fraud are lost to the investigators. However, the significance of the application of physical surveillance in the investigation of insurance fraud is emphasised by the forensic investigators attached to the Surveillance Unit of Discovery Life who utilise physical surveillance on a daily basis to investigate insurance fraud. The research has further revealed that insurance fraud is a major concern to the insurance industry, but can be mitigated through the implementation of unconventional investigative methods, such as physical surveillance, to enhance investigative capabilities. It was recommended that all forensic investigators at Discovery Life be trained in the techniques of physical surveillance to address shortcomings of general and out-dated investigation methods. / Criminology and Security Science / M. Tech. (Forensic Investigation)

A presente tese tem por objetivo central investigar a legitimidade da adoção do monitoramento eletrônico como sanção autônoma no sistema de justiça penal brasileiro. Para tanto, parte-se da perspectiva do controle social formal no contexto das sociedades tecnológicas e de riscos, no qual a prisão e o monitoramento estão inseridos, e traça-se um paralelo entre as sanções penais adotadas ao longo do desenvolvimento do Direito Penal e a evolução da sociedade. Enfocando o instituto do monitoramento eletrônico de presos, a tese aborda seu conceito, origens, espécies, evolução tecnológica, finalidades, modelos e aspectos constitucionais, tanto no Brasil, como em outros países. A partir de uma análise crítica de seu tratamento normativo, a nível federal e estadual, formulam-se proposições com o objetivo de preservar os direitos individuais dos monitorados, garantindo-se a idoneidade do sistema de monitoramento eletrônico como espécie de sanção penal, em harmonia com as finalidades preventiva e retributiva da pena, mas sem se descurar da sua potencialidade como instrumento de redução da superpopulação carcerária brasileira. / The objective of the present dissertation is to investigate the legitimacy of adopting electronic monitoring as a stand alone sanction in the Brazilian system of criminal justice. The concept of formal social control in the context of technological risk societies, of which detention and monitoring are intrinsic parts, allows a parallel to be drawn between the penalties adopted throughout the evolution of society and the development of the Criminal justice system. This dissertation analyzes the concept of electronic monitoring of detainees, the origins of this practice, and its types, technological evolution, purposes, models and constitutional aspects in Brazil as well as in other countries. Based on a critical analysis of the normative aspects of electronic monitoring at the federal and state levels, proposals are formulated in order to safeguard individual rights while ensuring the suitability of the system as a type of criminal sanction in keeping with the preventive and retributive purposes of justice. The potential presented by this type of sanction as a means to reduce prison overpopulation in Brazil must not however be overlooked.