La presente tesis desarrolla la investigación enfocada en el fenómeno conocido como start-ups, donde Perú ha sido escenario del rápido crecimiento de este tipo de innovaciones y cómo algunos de ellos ya están alcanzando mercados internacionales. Precisamente, el foco de esta investigación es conocer de manera más profunda aquellos factores que han logrado facilitar a estos emprendedores el ingreso a mercados extranjeros. Es en este punto que se busca conocer el nivel de importancia que representa para las start-ups cada uno de estos factores. La investigación se desarrolla considerando distintos puntos de vista. Por un lado, se encuentran los expertos del ecosistema emprendedor, representantes de instituciones públicas y privadas que están directamente relacionadas con las start-ups y el desarrollo de su ecosistema. Por otro lado, se tiene a los mismos emprendedores que son los usuarios de todas estas herramientas generadas en dicho ecosistema y cómo eso llevó a que algunos pudieran lograr la internacionalización. A partir de este enfoque, se logró identificar una serie de factores claves que necesitaban ser validados por la población de start-ups peruanas a través de una encuesta de opinión. Esto con el objetivo de identificar a los principales factores y tener un aporte que sirva de guía para aquellos que pertenecen al ecosistema. Conocer si existen relaciones o patrones entre los factores y las características de las start-ups, a través de metodologías cuantitativas. Finalmente, la tesis expone todos los resultados obtenidos, las conclusiones, recomendaciones e incluso las limitaciones bajo las que se desarrolló la investigación, contribuyendo de esta manera con el ecosistema emprendedor para que este documento sirva como guía para investigaciones más profundas acerca de este fenómeno que cada vez tiene mayor importancia en el Perú. / This thesis develops research focused on the phenomenon known as start-ups, where Peru has been the scenario of the rapid growth of this type of innovation and how some of them are already reaching international markets. Precisely, the focus of this research is to know more deeply those factors that have managed to facilitate these entrepreneurs entering foreign markets. It is at this point that we seek to know the level of importance that each of these factors represents for start-ups. The research was developed considering different points of view. On one hand, there are experts from the entrepreneurial ecosystem, representatives of public and private institutions that are directly related to start-ups and the development of their ecosystem. On the other hand, we have the entrepreneurs who are the users of all these tools generated in this ecosystem and how that led some of them to achieve internationalization. Based on this approach, it was possible to identify a series of key factors that needed to be validated by the Peruvian start-up population through an opinion poll. This with the objective of identifying the main factors and having a contribution that serves as a guide for those who belong to the ecosystem. To know if there are relations or patterns between the factors and the characteristics of the start-ups, through quantitative methodologies. Finally, the thesis exposes all the obtained results, conclusions, recommendations and even limitations under which the research was developed, contributing in this way with the entrepreneurial ecosystem so that this document serves as a guide for deeper investigations about this phenomenon that it is increasingly important in Peru. / Tesis

Abstract Researchers have found that the Big Five personality trait of conscientiousness correlated consistently with high performance across industries. However, previous research was limited to self-reported data collected based on the opinions of the participants and did not include the subtraits of conscientiousness (achievement and dependability). Previous studies also did not provide data specific to entrepreneurs operating as small business owners and did not compare them to their peers. Thus, the purpose of this quantitative, correlational study was to explore whether or not there was a relationship between the personality traits of achievement and dependability and the income of U.S. entrepreneurs who operate as small business owners. Maslow's hierarchy of needs was the theoretical framework for the study due to the correlation between the trait variables of the study and the basic needs of individuals outlined in the theory. Although the relationship between personality and the income of small business owners was not significant, small businesses have had an impact around the world and researchers have found that entrepreneurs can positively or negatively affect the employment rate. For this reason, my study supports the recommendation of other studies to continue research so that organization psychologists and individuals in the helping professions can gain a deeper understanding of how the relationship of personality motivation affects entrepreneurial success, in terms of income as a performance measure, by modeling small businesses.

Despite the high rate of failure in merger and acquisition (M&A) transactions, many organizations continue to rely on M&As as their primary growth strategy and to address market competition. The purpose of this qualitative single case study was to explore strategies managers from a large healthcare payer in the midwestern United States used to achieve operational and strategic synergies during the postacquisition information technology (IT) integration phase. Haspeslagh and Jemison's acquisition integration approaches model was the conceptual framework for the study. Methodological triangulation was established by analyzing the data from the semistructured interviews of 6 senior executives and 6 IT strategists, discussion points produced in a focus group involving 4 acquisition integration leaders, and information gleaned from M&A periodicals. Data were analyzed using Saldaña's thematic analysis method and showed that the healthcare payer organization managers used the following 4 strategies to achieve the planned synergies: plan for expected business synergies from the postacquisition IT integration, make cultural harmonization a key element of change management, align and continuously evaluate the progress of postacquisition IT integration strategies against planned synergies, and preserve durability of acquired capabilities by granting autonomy to the acquired organization. The findings of this study could lead to positive social change by stimulating a business environment that might allow healthcare payers to expand their strategic capabilities and serve their local communities with new products and other choices that improve the quality of care, health outcomes, well-being, and longevity of the consumer.

In 2006, Congress appropriated $5 million to create a research-based policy and give technical assistance to agencies that achieved self-employment outcomes for entrepreneurs with disabilities (EWDs). A lack of information exists within the extant body of research on EWDs and the strategies they employ to develop successful businesses. The research design was a multiple case study format engaging 3 Michigan EWDs whose firms were profitable after at least 3 years of successful business operations. Tipu's conceptual framework of entrepreneurship was useful in understanding the basis for successful EWDs' strategies. Face-to-face interviews with EWDs and onsite observations of their business operations were the primary data collection methods used in the study. The data analysis procedure began with interview transcriptions and summaries of activities. Data coding led to the identification of recurring concepts and integration of topics from across sources to create a complete picture. The decision-making choices successful EWDs made depended on a solid product and market knowledge, the creation of financial and marketing relationships, and adherence to cost-based operational leadership. The findings may contribute to social change by empowering persons with disabilities to become entrepreneurs. Insights into the business strategies can lead to new programs that motivate individuals to become entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship benefits EWDs, their families, and their communities by facilitating independence and economic and social contributions.

Immigrant entrepreneurs play a significant role in the economic development of the United States. However, some small business immigrant entrepreneurs are less successful than small business nonimmigrant entrepreneurs. The purpose of this multicase study was to explore the strategies some small business immigrant entrepreneurs use to sustain and grow their businesses profitably. Using a purposeful sampling technique, the population for this study consisted of 5 small business immigrant entrepreneurs having sustained and grown businesses for a minimum of 5 years in Houston, Texas. The conceptual framework that grounded this study was a combination of Barney's resource-based theory and the Light's disadvantage theory of business enterprise. Data collection consisted of interviews, field notes about observations, and review of documentation related to business strategies. Data analysis involved a process of disassembling data into common codes, reassembling data into themes, interpreting meaning, and making conclusions. The following 4 themes emerged from data analysis: providing good customer service, offering lower prices than competitors, offering popular products, and keeping costs and expenses low. Results showed that small business immigrant entrepreneurs concentrate on differentiation and cost control to sustain and grow their businesses profitably. The implications for positive social change included the potential to provide small business immigrant entrepreneurs with knowledge to improve their business strategies, thereby enhancing their contribution to the prosperity of their families, their employees, and their local community.

台灣中小企業在這四十多年來，不但諦造了「經濟奇蹟」、「世界貿易第十四大」的美譽，並且隨著經濟自由化、國際化的沿革，在亞洲也逐漸扮演「中小企業投資大國」的角色，外國對台灣中小企業之所以蓬勃發展也充滿了不少的好奇，韓國三星集團更是劍及履及率領中小企業的供應商前來台灣吸取經驗。本文研究的目的即在探討為數眾多的中小企業在台灣四十多年來的經濟發展過程中如何形成的，以及政府、環境中又有那些因素營造了有利於中小企業形成的條件，而社會文化價值觀方面又有那些因素是創業力量的支持來源，大體上分（一）政治面，（二）產業政策面，（三）人力資源面，（四）社會文化面四個角度來探討。 　　文獻方面除了參考國外創業行為與方法之資料外，也將作者週遭創業家之心路歷程及一位作者之父親觀察台灣早年的創業行為一併轉化為這個時代的見證，為歷史留下一些資料。 　　本研究使用個案分析方式淬取台灣中小企業創業行為的各項因素，分別以（一）創業動機的產生，（二）創業公司的成立，（三）創業管理三大階段來研究各階段之因素形成模式，藉著各階段對各種因素考慮之不同及重視程度之不同發展出三階段不同之命題，目的在於強調創業的成功除了創業家特質外，行為與心理層面的鍛鍊，重點因素的表現成效，有更具決定性的關鍵效果。

Comment les individus peuvent ils agir en entrepreneurs institutionnels malgré les pressions institutionnelles qui s'exercent sur eux ? Dans cette étude, je montre que la position des individus dans le champ a un impact sur leur susceptibilité d'agir en entrepreneurs institutionnels. Pour tester le modèle que je développe, j'utilise des données concernant 93 projets de changements qui ont été mis en oeuvre par 93 managers au sein du National Health Service entre 2002 et 2004. Les résultats de cette étude confirment l'impact de la position sociale sur la susceptibilité des individus d'agir en entrepreneurs institutionnels.

<p><strong>Problem: </strong>De flesta människor associerar entreprenörskap med framgång, vilket också är den bild som massmedia vanligtvis ger av entreprenörskap. Men att vara entreprenör är kopplat till risk, risk som ibland leder till misslyckanden som kan uppfattas negativt av samhället. Utifrån detta resonemang har vi intresserat oss för hur entreprenörer själva ser på misslyckande.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Syfte: </strong>Syftet med uppsatsen är att öka förståelsen för hur entreprenörer ser på misslyckanden. Vår förhoppning är att detta ska inspirera till entreprenörskap genom att minska rädslan för misslyckande.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Metod: </strong>För att uppnå vårt syfte och besvara vår frågeställning har vi utifrån tidigare forskning byggt upp en teoretisk referensram som vi sedan utgått från för att samla in empiriskt material. Detta har skett genom intervjuer med tre entreprenörer. Det vi har sökt efter är entreprenörernas subjektiva uppfattningar. Genom att analysera entreprenörernas berättelser har vi sett likheter och skillnader, utifrån vilka vi fått en förståelse för hur entreprenörer ser på misslyckanden.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Slutsats: </strong>Vi har genom vår studie sett hur entreprenörer väljer att se positivt på misslyckanden och fokuserar på den erfarenhet och de lärdomar de kan få av det. Vi har också sett en tendens till att entreprenörer undviker branscher där de tidigare misslyckats för att istället fokusera på områden där de tidigare nått framgång.</p> / <p><strong>Problem: </strong>Most people associate entrepreneurship with success, which is also how media usually describe entrepreneurship. But being an entrepreneur is closely related to risk, risk that sometimes leads to failure that can be perceived negatively by society. Due to this we have become interested in how entrepreneurs themselves view failure.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The purpose of this thesis is to increase the understanding of how entrepreneurs view failure. Our hope is that this will inspire to entrepreneurship by reducing the fear of failure.  <strong></strong></p><p> </p><p><strong>Method:</strong> To reach our purpose and to answer our problem we have built a theoretical frame out of previous research. Based on this we have gathered empirical data through interviews with three entrepreneurs. Our goal has been to reach the entrepreneurs subjective point of view. By analyzing the stories told by the entrepreneurs we have seen similarities and differences, from which we have reached an understanding about how entrepreneurs view failure.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Through our study we have seen how entrepreneurs choose to keep a positive attitude towards failure and the experience and knowledge they can gain from it. We have also noted a tendency that entrepreneurs avoid businesses where they have previously failed. Instead they focus their energy on business areas where they previously have been successful.<strong> </strong></p>

<p>Entrepreneurship and Intellectual Capital (IC) have become important concepts for economies around the world over the last decades, even though, due to their multidisciplinary nature, different definitions have been developed concerning these concepts. There are some authors who regard these phenomena as being in strong opposition to traditional theories, such as economics, accounting, finance, to mention a few, but they have played a vital role for a better understanding of the success and/or failure of firms. In this paper we are going to address the factors influencing the success of the entrepreneurial firm, focusing on IC and the entrepreneur as the main contributors to this outcome. A theoretical model of analysis is presented illustrating how entrepreneurs utilize IC to lead firms towards success, which at the same time contributes back to the experience of the entrepreneur. The model will then be tested by applying it on BPM (Bau- & Projektmanagement GmbH), a German project management firm founded by Peter Christa that specializes in administrating small, medium, and large public construction projects, especially in the field of hospital redevelopment and expansion.</p>

Le processus de territorialisation industrielle, si l'on entend par là l'appropriation de leur espace par des acteurs industriels locaux agissant en interaction réciproque, peine à se réaliser dans la région de Tunis. L'innovation dans les PMI en souffre et demeure incrémentale. Les acteurs impliqués dans l'aventure industrielle - entrepreneurs ou futurs entrepreneurs, cadres, inventeurs - privilégient la relation réticulaire au détriment de la relation territoriale de proximité typique, par exemple, des districts industriels, mais aussi des systèmes productifs localisés ou des milieux innovateurs. Il conviendrait pourtant de considérer la relation territoriale de proximité comme un complément indispensable à l'inscription des acteurs dans des réseaux nationaux ou internationaux, faute de quoi les grandes unités, nationales ou étrangères, ne sauraient d'elles-mêmes exercer leurs effets de polarisation dans un sens favorable au développement local des petites et moyennes entreprises industrielles. Une clef de compréhension de l'ensemble de ces phénomènes consiste à scruter la manière dont les acteurs locaux se représentent leur situation présente qui se trouve pour partie héritée du passé, et comment ils agissent en conséquence.