Due to escalating carbon-based emissions, anthropogenic climate change is wreaking havoc on the natural and built environment as higher near-surface temperatures cause arctic ice-melt, rising sea levels and unpredictable turbulent weather patterns. The effects are especially devastating to inhabitants living in the water-worlds of developing countries where environmental pressure only exacerbates their vulnerability to oppressive economic policies. As climatic and economic pressures escalate, threats to local resources, living space, safety and security are all reaching a tipping point. Climate refugees may survive, but they will fall victim to displacement, economic insecurity, and socio-cultural destruction. With the current economic system in peril, it is now a matter of urgency that the global community determine ways to modify their behaviour in order to minimize the impact of climate change. This interdisciplinary comparative analysis contributes to the dialogue by turning to environmental history for similar scenarios with contrasting outcomes. It isolates two North Atlantic water-worlds and their inhabitants at an historical juncture when the combination of climatic and economic pressures threatened their survival. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the Hebrideans in the Scottish Insular Gàidhealtachd and the Wabanaki in Ketakamigwa were both responding to the harsh conditions of the ‘Little Ice Age.’ While modifying their resource management, settlement patterns, and subsistence behaviours to accommodate climate change, they were simultaneously targeted by foreign opportunists whose practices and perceptions inevitably induced oppressive economic pressure. This critical period in their history serves as the centre of a pendulum that swings back to deglaciation and then forward again to the eighteenth century to examine the relationship between climate change and human behaviour in the North Atlantic. It will be demonstrated that both favourable and deteriorating climate conditions determine resource availability, but how humans manage those resources during feast or famine can determine their collective vulnerability to predators when the climate changes. It is argued that, historically, climate has determined levels of human development and survival on either side of the North Atlantic, regardless of sustainable practices. However, when cultural groups were under extreme environmental and economic pressure, there were additional factors that determined their fate. First, the condition of their native environment and prospect for continuing to inhabit it was partially determined by the level of sustainable practices. And, secondly, the way in which they perceived and treated one another partially determined their endurance. If they avoided internal stratification and self-protectionism by prioritising the needs of the group over that of the individual, they minimised fragmentation, avoided displacement, and maintained their social and culture cohesion.

Garden histories since the mid 1990s have increasingly turned to studies of vernacular gardens as sites of identity formation. More recently, the development of environmental history and specifically urban environmental history has started to show how vernacular gardening in suburban and urban spaces has contributed to changes in urban environments. Relatively little work on home gardening history in this sense has been undertaken in the New Zealand context, while in Australia such work is well underway. This study augments knowledge of home gardening history in New Zealand by focussing on one urban area, Christchurch, known both as the 'Garden City' and as 'one of the most English cities outside of England'. An examination of gardening literature over the period from European colonisation in 1850 to the first visit to the city by a reigning monarch in 1954 highlights changes in gardening tropes rather than particular garden fashions or elements. The four principal tropes of abundance, beauty, protection and sustenance, each supported with a particular kind of ritual-like garden competition, show how gardening discourses related to ideas about the maintenance of the social and cultural order. A more objective measure of attitudes to gardens is gained by examining 1823 property advertisements across the period. Categorised by suburb this analysis shows a level of gardening variation across the city. Following this analysis, case studies of four suburbs in three areas were undertaken. These were based primarily on oral histories and reveal the extent of gardening variation across the city, and the limited but significant effect that gardening discourses had on gardens. This suggests methodological problems with many studies of vernacular gardens, as well as opportunities for further studies. This thesis also demonstrates the value of home gardening histories to urban environmental history, particularly with regard to the former colonies of the British Empire.

This text aims to place nonhuman animals at the core of urban space and history to provide an insight into the life and materiality of dogs in Stockholm 1824-1920. The theoretical possibilities of more-than-human enquiries into history are discussed along with non-human animals as historical beings together with humans creating a common history (Ingold 2000, Whatmore 2002). Moreover nonhuman animals are discussed and incorporated in an exploration into using what is here discussed as a multispecies narrative and used as an analytical tool to try to avoid the pitfalls of representationalism. It is also introduced as a possible new methodology to approaching the urban landscape within the field of environmental history. The main empirical material of dogs in nineteenth century Stockholm are records from the city dog pound along with records of dog tax and rabies. Other than archive material a wide range of material contemporary to the research period such as art, photography and literature is used as part of a broad exploration of nonhuman animals as integral in materiality of Stockholm and as historical beings. Findings of the study confirm that dogs and other nonhuman animals hugely impacted both the spatial structure and social space of Stockholm and that this impact transformed over the research period defined by societal changes. More specifically the study shows that dogs played an important role as free roaming scavengers and were for this reason accepted as an integral part of the city in the nineteenth century in Stockholm. Later in the research period when the city became more regulated this role started to change and dogs were not accepted loose on the streets to the same degree and transformed into pets and symbols of social mobility and class. Regarding the use of a multispecies narrative the conclusion that can be drawn form this thesis is that is opens up for discussions on the materiality of urban space and history.

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The settlement history of the Vredefort Dome can be described as a process of cultural development. The Vaal River hydrosphere, which was for many years a prestigious settlement site, initially attracted large scale game and later livestock farmers. The drifts were a central part of a network of early strategic communication routes and outspans. From 1838, pioneer settlement, farm occupation and agricultural development followed, and the area eventually entered an agriculture-mining era. Gold-mining stimulated the regional economy and also played a significant role in the development of towns in the area. The Vaal River did not play a significant role from a mining perspective, but featured more prominently in the development of villages and, in a sense, served as a political boundary. The location of the water source often determined where people settled permanently. It also decided the position of the house and yard. From the outset, riparian dwellers attempted to manipulate the flow of the river by creating dams and utilising water for irrigation and domestic purposes. Drought conditions also left historical traces; water management projects upstream transformed the Vaal River into a steadily flowing stream, which led to the economic and cultural segregation of north and south. Man's fear associated with drought (too little water), floods (too much water), meteorology (the necessity of water), and the role of the supernatural (divining water) and superstition (the water snake stories) were expressed in the interaction between people and this water environment. A wide variety of people with distinct cultures lived alongside each other in the area. Western and African cultural goods, as well as customs and beliefs, were mutually adopted by these different cultural groups as a result of this contact. The way land has been used in the Dome area has evolved over the years. The culling of game made way for the permanent establishment of the livestocktravelling farmer. Hereafter prolonged drought conditions destroyed pastures and, consequently, large areas of land were ploughed for agricultural use. Agriculture, which is more labour intensive and needs more water for irrigation, was replaced by game farming, which is less labour intensive and requires less water This world heritage site has drawn global interest and ecotourism has attracted visitors to the Vaal River area. The riparian dwellers, however, remain victims of up-stream industrial and sewage pollution; in future, they are likely to fall prey to acid mine water pollution, with disastrous consequences. / PhD (History), North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2013

The St. Lawrence Seaway and Power Project, built cooperatively between 1954 and 1959 by Canada and the United States, is the largest navigable inland waterway in the world and the largest borderlands project ever undertaken jointly by two countries. This thesis combines diplomatic, political, and environmental history to chart the course of domestic and international negotiations, particularly in the 1945-1954 period, that resulted in the bilateral 1954 agreement to build the seaway. The focus is on the Canadian federal government and to a lesser extent the U.S. federal government, as well as involved state and provincial governments and their public power utilities. These negotiations are extremely revealing in terms of the history of Canadian-American relations, and this thesis also examines issues connected to North American attitudes toward water resources, state-building, high modernism, and technology in the early Cold War period. After a number of failed attempts at a cooperative waterway, in the late 1940s the Liberal government of Louis St. Laurent began to explore the possibility of an all-Canadian seaway, and backed by widespread public support, had adopted this as policy by 1952. The drive for an all-Canadian seaway stemmed from various forms of nationalism which framed the St. Lawrence as an exclusively “Canadian” resource that was intimately tied to Canadian identity. However, the Truman administration and different American interests deemed a unilateral Canadian waterway to be an economic and national security threat to the United States, and delayed the requisite power licenses needed for Canada to undertake the transborder St. Lawrence project. Canada partly contributed to this situation by repeatedly making vague offers to leave the door open for American involvement in the hopes that this would expedite the hydro aspect of the project. The Eisenhower administration also stalled Ottawa’s efforts to “go it alone” until American participation was finally sanctioned by Congress in 1954 and the requisite licenses were granted. The St. Laurent government then reluctantly acquiesced to the American desire for a joint endeavour in order to maintain harmonious Canada-U.S. relations, although Canada did extract key concessions from Washington about the shape and placement of the project.

In the mid- to late 19th century, modern pipe-bound water and sewer systems proliferated in European cities, a development that has sometimes been regarded as a necessary result of a sanitary awakening and the progress of science and technology. By analyzing the introduction and subsequent expansion of water, sewerage, and excreta collection on the local level, in the Swedish cities Norrköping and Linköping, this oversimplified picture is questioned. The main problematique of this dissertation is why piped water supply and sewerage were introduced in these two Swedish cities at this particular time in history, and why the systems were subsequently extended. The actor-network theory (ANT) is used as an analytical tool. In the local context issues of governance, economy, technology, public health, and environment were brought to a head, and, if anything stands out, it is the complexity of introducing new technology. Despite the differences between Norrköping and Linköping in terms of topography and social and economic structures, the evolution of water supply and sewerage was on the whole similar. The existence of uniform scientific, technological, ideological, and cultural influences and of legislation at the national level, coupled with suburban growth, contributed to this development. There was more variation in excreta collection, because of the differences between the cities. Poor sanitary conditions, a river sensitive to pollution, and a strong public health network caused Linköping to introduce sanitary regulations much earlier than Norrköping and in Linköping WC’s were not as common.

Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-10-16T10:50:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TACIANA DE CARVALHO COUTINHO - TESE (PPGRN) 2018.pdf: 3830173 bytes, checksum: 7b57721ac66901635a39148b2cb781f4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-16T10:50:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TACIANA DE CARVALHO COUTINHO - TESE (PPGRN) 2018.pdf: 3830173 bytes, checksum: 7b57721ac66901635a39148b2cb781f4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-27 / A etnia Tikuna é a maior população indígena brasileira, distribuída nos países vizinhos, Peru e Colômbia. Do lado brasileiro, ocupa a região do Alto Solimões – Amazonas, os quais vivenciaram vicissitudes socioambientais ao longo da calha do rio Solimões. A vasta distribuição dos Tikuna permitiu novas formas de sociabilidades perante o surgimento de novos municípios nas fronteiras com as comunidades indígenas. A tese teve como objetivo analisar as relações estabelecidas entre a cidade dos Índios (etnia Tikuna) frente à urbanização da cidade do Governo (município de Tabatinga), Amazonas (1964 -2017) historiando o contado de diferentes atores sociais, possibilitando entender a dinâmica das transformações vivida pela Terra Indígena de Umariaçu, desde o processo de territorialização à sua demarcação pelo aparato do Estado. O estudo esboçou as vicissitudes decorrentes dos marcos cronológicos: a abertura da pista de pouso do Aeroporto Internacional de Tabatinga, a criação da Colônia Militar e a abertura da Avenida da Amizade. A urbanização desencadeada pelos planos governamentais do período militar adentrou as regiões de florestas ocupadas pelos povos tradicionais, iniciando, assim, as transformações nos ambientes do maior ecossistema do Mundo, a floresta Amazônica. A urbanização da cidade colocou em pauta o modo de vida de inúmeros indígenas, que visualizou a derrubada de importantes espaços simbólicos e, também, de ecossistemas diversos de árvores, igarapés, diminuindo gradativamente a flora e a fauna. Os recursos naturais foram sendo eliminados para colocar em prática a formação dos centros urbanos emergidos na floresta. Por fim, foi dado voz aos principais protagonistas da Terra Indígena de Umariaçu, os Tikuna, em que saberes e olhares se entrelaçaram para entender a dinâmica dos elementos identitários. Para os Tikuna, o presente e o futuro são os desafios a serem reafirmados e reinventados no contexto socioambiental do século vigente, perante a fragilidade imposta pela urbanização que avança sobre a floresta Amazônica. / The Tikuna ethnic group is the largest indigenous Brazilian population, distributed in the neighboring countries, Peru and Colombia. On the Brazilian side, it occupies the region of Alto Solimões - Amazonas, which experienced socio-environmental vicissitudes along the Solimões river channel. The vast distribution of the Tikuna allowed new forms of sociability in the face of the emergence of new municipalities on the borders with indigenous communities. The thesis was aimed to analyze the relations established between the city of the Indians (Tikuna ethnic group) and the urbanization of the city of the Government (Tabatinga municipality), Amazonas (1964-2017), telling the story of different social actors, making it possible to understand the dynamics of transformations lived by the Umariaçu Indigenous Land, from the territorialization process to its demarcation by the state apparatus. The study outlined the vicissitudes arising from the chronological milestones: the opening of the airstrip of the Tabatinga International Airport, the creation of the Military Colony and the opening of the Avenida da Amizade. The urbanization unleashed by the government plans of the military period penetrated the forest regions occupied by the traditional peoples, thus initiating the transformations in the environments of the world's largest ecosystem, the Amazonian forest. The urbanization of the city put in question the way of life of countless Indians, who visualized the overthrow of important symbolic spaces and also of diverse ecosystems of trees, streams, gradually diminishing the flora and fauna. Natural resources were being eliminated to put into practice the formation of urban centers emerging in the forest. Finally, a voice was given to the main protagonists of the Umariaçu Indigenous Land, the Tikuna, in which knowledge and looks intertwined to understand the dynamics of the identity elements. For the Tikuna, the present and the future are the challenges to be reaffirmed and reinvented in the socio-environmental context of the current century, given the fragility imposed by the urbanization that advances on the Amazonian forest. / El Grupo de Tikuna grupo es la población más grande de Brasil, distribuida en los vecinos vecinos, Perú y Colombia. En el lado brasileño, se ocupan de la región de Alto Solimões - Amazonas, que se desarrolla socio-vicisitudes hacia el Solimões river channel. La gran distribución de la Tikuna permitió nuevas formas de sociabilidad en la cara de la emergencia de nuevas municipalidades en las fronteras con comunidades indígenas. En el caso de que se trate de una de las más importantes de la historia de la humanidad, la historia de la sociedad civil, es posible que comprenda la dinámica de transformaciones de vida de la Umariaçu Indígena Land, desde el territorio de la territorialización a su demarcación por el estado de llegada. El estudio subrayó las vicisitudes inherentes de los milenales: la apertura de la airstrip del aeropuerto internacional de Tabatinga, la creación de la Colina y la apertura de la Avenida de la Amistad. La urbanización unleashed por los gobiernos de gobierno de los militares de la época ha penetrado las zonas forestales de los pueblos tradicionales, por lo que se inician las transformaciones en los entornos del ecosistema del ecosistema, los bosques del bosque. La urbanización de la ciudad se pone en cuestión de la forma de vida de los indonesios indocumentados, que visualizan el sobrepaso de los símbolos simbólicos y también de diversos ecosistemas de los ácidos, fluye, disminuye la flora y la fauna. Los recursos naturales se han eliminado para poner en práctica la formación de los centros urbanos emergentes en los bosques. En definitiva, la voz se ha dado a los protagonistas principales de la Umariaçu Indígena Land, la Tikuna, en el que se ve y se intertexto para entender la dinámica de los elementos de identidad. Para el Tikuna, el presente y el futuro son los desafíos para reafirmado y reinventarse en el contexto socioeconómico del siglo actual, dada la fragilidad de la urbanización que se basan en los bosques de bosques.

L'histoire de Metz est, au Moyen Âge, indissociable de celle de ses cours d'eau. La première partie porte sur les relations étroites qui unissent la cité, la Moselle et la Seille. La ville est tout d'abord replacée dans son environnement fluvial. Son développement est reconsidéré sous l'angle des interactions avec la dynamique fluviale. Les formes multiples et intensives d'exploitation du milieu fluvial, pourvoyeur de ressources, sont ensuite évoquées. Elles impliquent de nombreux aménagements du cours d'eau et de ses berges qui transforment le paysage riverain. Les rivières constituent malgré tout, à travers des phénomènes extrêmes comme les crues ou les débâcles, un facteur de vulnérabilité pour la ville. Au-delà de l'adaptation de la société à ces phénomènes, les actions et les aménagements anthropiques peuvent être également envisagés comme des facteurs aggravants.Les enjeux, les défis et les rivalités liées à la maîtrise et à la gestion de la rivière sont au coeur de la deuxième partie. Ils se manifestent dans des domaines aussi divers que le franchissement des cours d'eau, le contrôle du trafic fluvial, l'encadrement de la pêche, la gestion des moulins, ou encore la défense de la cité. L'affirmation du pouvoir municipal, qui s'illustre par des mesures législatives et politiques, mais aussi par une implication croissante dans les affaires et les conflits liés aux cours d'eau, constitue un fil conducteur incontournable.La troisième partie aborde les relations entre les Messins et leurs rivières sous l'angle social et culturel. Au-delà des métiers étroitement liés au cours d?eau, comme les pêcheurs et les bateliers, ou des habitants des quartiers riverains, se dessine une véritable culture de la rivière partagée par une grande partie de la société messine. Elle passe par l'expérience, la perception et la connaissance des cours d'eau, et laisse une trace dans les domaines de la littérature, de la religion, de la symbolique ou de la justice. / The history of Metz in the Middle Ages is closely linked to the rivers that run through it. The first part focuses on the close relationship between the city, the Moselle river and the Seille river, which are tightly entwined. The town is first portrayed in relation to its fluvial environment. Its development is reconsidered in the light of its interactions with the river dynamics. The various and intensive forms of exploitation of the river environment which provides resources are then tackled. Many changes are made to the watercourse and the banks of the rivers, which in turns transforms the local landscape. Through extreme phenomena such as floods or debacles, rivers are however a cause for vulnerability for the city. The anthropic actions and alterations are not just the adaptation of society to these phenomena, they can also be seen as aggravating factors.The second part explores the stakes, challenges and rivalries connected to the rivers control and management. They concern river crossing, inland navigation, fishing regulations, mills management or even the defence of the city. The way municipal power asserts itself, through political and legislative measures but also a growing involvement in river matters and conflicts, can be seen as a central issue.The third part discusses the relationship between the inhabitants and the rivers from a social and cultural point of view. A real river culture emerges, not only reserved to the nearby residents nor to trades such as fishermen or boatmen. The largest part of the population shares experience, perception and knowledge of rivers, expressed through literature, religion, symbolism or justice.

Esta tese visa a construção de uma biografia histórica do engenheiro agrônomo e ambientalista José Lutzenberger (1926-2002). O objetivo é compreender de que maneira a trajetória de Lutzenberger se articula com a construção de uma ética ecológica, em meio às lutas que ele protagonizou ao longo de trinta e um anos de militância ambiental. O fio condutor da narrativa é a ética ecológica, pois foi o elemento central em seu trabalho, que orientava sua própria visão de como o mundo deveria ser se a humanidade adotasse uma postura que priorizasse a ecologia. Utilizou-se, entre outros acervos, principalmente documentação do Arquivo Privado de José Lutzenberger (APJL): correspondência, recortes de jornais e revistas, iconografia, obras de Lutzenberger e de terceiros, documentos pessoais e oficiais, textos de depoimentos, conferências e de entrevistas, charges, textos técnicos. Também fizemos uso de fontes orais. A tese está estruturada em oito capítulos, de acordo com as lutas e posições ocupadas por Lutzenberger, ao longo de sua trajetória, enfocando as principais campanhas ambientalistas em que se envolveu, o cargo de Secretário de Meio Ambiente no governo Collor, sua atuação como empresário de “tecnologias suaves”, seu trabalho com educação ambiental e agricultura ecológica. O trabalho também analisa as redes de relações tecidas pelo personagem e a abordagem teórica em que se embasou para criar sua ética ecológica, de caráter ecocêntrico. Foi possível avançar no entendimento do arcabouço intelectual de Lutzenberger, bem como na dinâmica de sua militância, oferecendo uma sistematização dos princípios do que chamamos a Ética Lutzenbergeriana, ou Ética do convívio ecossustentável. / This dissertation aims at constructing a historical biography of José Lutzenberger, agronomist and environmental engineer (1926-2002). This biography aids in observing how his trajectory is articulated with the construction of an ecological ethics amidst his protagonism in 31 years of environmental militancy. Ecological ethics conduces this narrative as this was the central element in his work, guiding his own view of how the world should be if Humanity adopted a posture that prioritized Ecology. The main documental source was his private archive (Arquivo Privado de José Lutzenberger - APJL). Other sources used were correspondence, news clippings, iconography, works by Lutzenberger and others, personal and official documents, textual testimonials, conferences and interviews, editorial cartoons, and technical texts. Oral sources have also been used. The 8-chapter structure of this dissertation delineates the positions occupied by Lutzenberger and his trajectory of fight, with focus on the main environmentalist campaigns with which he was involved, as well as his position as Secretary of the Environment during the Collor administration, his business in "soft technology", his work with ecological agriculture and environmental education. This study also presents analysis of the networks created around him, as well as the theoretical bases he used to create the ecological ethics with its eco-centric character. Advances in the understanding of Lutzenberger's intellectual outlines and of the dynamics of his militancy in this work offer a systematization of principles named the Lutzenbergerian Ethics, or the Ethics of Eco-sustainable Life.