As the globalisation process accelerates there is a growing need for individual countries to understand the bases for effective performance in international trade. Because it makes up such a large share of world trade, it is especially important to understand what determines effectiveness in exporting. Despite much empirical research, especially over recent decades, the state of knowledge on this topic remains fragmented, unclear and unsatisfactory. The motivation for the present study was therefore twofold: dissatisfaction with the present state of knowledge in this vital area and the importance to the UK economy of improving its export performance in a world of increasing competition. Its aim was to contribute to the resolution of both. In addition to finding what appeared to be quite serious methodological problems in a group of earlier studies, our review of the literature indicated that the best prospects for identifying the determinants of effective exporting were to be found, not at national or sectoral level but at that of the individual firm. Accordingly, an empirical survey research project was developed. To minimise unquantifiable inter-sectoral variability, it was focused on a single sector of industry. For a range of reasons, including the limited amount of information available about its current export activity and prospects, the UK knitted apparel industry was chosen.. Special care having been taken to assemble the fullest possible sampling frame and to develop a suitable instrument (which included an export performance model), a mail survey in the form of a stratified random sample of exporting UK manufacturers of knitted apparel was carried through from late 2000. Persistent follow-up by mail and telephone generated a response rate of 70 per cent, comprising close to half of the sampling frame, that was representative of all company size bands, levels of exporting and products. The overall quality of the responses was good; tests of non-response did not find any indications of non-response bias. Data analysis, designed to test thoroughly our 10 export-determinants hypotheses, relied primarily on Pearsonian correlation at the bivariate level then sequentially on Multiple Regression Analysis, Canonical Correlation Analysis and Partial Least Squares. A perhaps slightly novel aspect of the research was that it was not solely cross-sectional in format; a longitudinal element was provided by drawing on the researcher¿s earlier surveys ; and a panel element by following-up, in 2007, the main 2000 field survey. Where possible, these data were drawn upon in the analysis and interpretation. There did not appear to be any conflict between the three multivariate techniques employed and indeed their findings were not dissimilar. The outcome of the data analysis was to uphold, to varying degrees, most of our hypotheses about the determinants of effective/ or successful exporting. Those that did not find support were three: firm size, product adaptation, and price determination method. Most strongly supported as determinants were promotional intensity, serving many markets and visits to trade fairs/ exhibitions; others which were statistically significant, included management commitment, special staff skills and the use of Commission Agents. While the conclusions must remain a bit tentative they are encouraging.

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo determinar cómo se relacionan tres herramientas competitivas: La estrategia de lugar, el producto de alta calidad y la marca de producto, con el desempeño exportador del sector de joyería de plata en el Perú. Este estudio se elaboró con base en el método científico, utilizando un diseño cualitativo descriptivo de tipo teoría fundamentada. La búsqueda de antecedentes epistemológicos proviene de fuentes confiables e indexadas. La base teórica está desarrollada a partir de dos teorías: ventaja competitiva y las teorías novísimas de comercio internacional (modelo integrado de empresas heterogéneas). La realidad problemática expone los fundamentos para el planteamiento del problema. La población: 75 empresas exportadoras (2015-2019) y 6,670 artesanos. Se aplicaron cuestionarios de carácter descriptivo a 7 artesanos y 10 entrevistas en profundidad a los actores clave del sector, las mismas que fueron procesadas a través del software Atlas.ti®. La discusión de resultados se desarrolla a través de la relación entre los antecedentes, el análisis de producto y los resultados de entrevistas. Los resultados demuestran que, a mayor desarrollo de las herramientas competitivas, mayor participación en exportaciones de joyería de plata; esto aplica tanto entre los países como entre las empresas. El Perú tiene diversas dificultades para el desarrollo de las herramientas competitivas. Esta investigación pretende contribuir al interés y desarrollo de futuras investigaciones donde se desarrollen otras herramientas competitivas relevantes; además de compartir la información con todos aquellos interesados en plantear o ejecutar estrategias para lograr avances en el sector joyero del Perú y sus exportaciones. / The objective of this research is to determine how 3 competitive tools: place strategy, high quality product and product brand are related with the export performance of the silver jewelry sector in Peru. The elaboration of this study was carried out based on the scientific method, using a qualitative descriptive design of grounded theory type. It began with the search for epistemological antecedents through bibliographic databases from trusted and indexed sources. The theoretical basis of this research is developed from the theory of competitive advantage and the new theory of international trade (integrated model of heterogeneous companies). The problematic reality sets out the foundations for posing the problem. The population is made up of 75 exporting companies and 6,670 artisans. Descriptive questionnaires were conducted with 7 artisans and 10 in-depth interviews were realized with key players in the sector (companies, unions, and government institutions). This information was processed through the Atlas.ti® software. The discussion of results is developed by relating antecedents, product analysis and the results of interviews. The results show that, the greater the development of competitive tools, the greater the participation in silver jewelry exports; this applies both between countries and between companies. Peru has various difficulties in developing competitive tools. This research aims to contribute to the interest and development of future research where another relevant competitive tools are developed; in addition to sharing information with all those interested in proposing and / or executing strategies to achieve progress in the Peruvian jewelry sector and its exports. / Tesis

El cacao peruano se ha convertido en uno de los productos nacionales más importantes del país, ya que gracias a su alta producción y a sus atributos ha logrado posicionarse como el tercer mayor productor de la región y octavo a nivel mundial. Por ello, el Estado peruano ha buscado promover su consumo e internacionalización mediante diversas acciones como el Programa “Ruta Exportadora”, el cual cuenta con una línea especializada de cacao. Ante esto, la presente tesis tiene como objetivo principal determinar si la participación en el Programa Ruta Exportadora está asociada con el desempeño exportador de las empresas PYMES del sector cacao de las Regiones San Martín y Junín entre el periodo de 2016-2019, considerando como dimensiones el (i) Compromiso Exportador, (ii) Conocimiento Exportador, (iii) Asistencia Financiera y (iv) Redes Internacionales basado en investigaciones predecederas. Para ello, se aplicó una investigación mixta con diseño transversal correlacional. Para la información cualitativa se entrevistaron a 8 expertos de PROMPERÚ y consultores externos, analizados mediante el programa Atlas Ti. Asimismo, para la fase cuantitativa se diseñó una encuesta cerrada a escala de Likert, obteniendo 14 respuestas de representantes de PYMES cacaoteras participantes del programa y analizados a través del software SPSS. Con relación a los resultados, mediante el análisis de Rho Spearman, se obtuvo que el Programa “Ruta Exportadora” está relacionado con el desempeño exportador de las empresas PYMES del sector cacao de las Regiones San Martín y Junín entre el periodo de 2016-2019. Además, se pudo determinar que las dimensiones de (ii) conocimiento exportador y (iv) redes internacionales están relacionadas con el desempeño exportador; mientras que (i) el compromiso exportador y (iii) asistencia financiera no se encuentran asociadas. / Peruvian cocoa has become one of the most important national products in the country, as thanks to its high production and attributes it´s highly demanded internationally, managing to position as the third largest producer in the region and eighth worldwide. For this reason, the Peruvian State has been establishing various actions to promote its consumption and commercialization, such as the "Export Route" Program, which has a specialized cocoa line. Given this, the present research work aims to determine if the “Export Route” Program is associated on the export performance of SMEs companies in the cocoa sector of the San Martín and Junín Regions between the period 2016-2019, considering as dimensions of the program the Export Commitment, Export of Knowledge, Financial Assistance and International Networks. For this, a mixed investigation was applied, with a correlational cross-sectional design. For the qualitative information, 8 experts from PROMPERU and external consultants were interviewed, analyzed through the Atlas Ti program. Also, for the quantitative phase, a closed Likert scale survey was designed, obtaining 14 responses from representatives of cocoa SMEs participating in the program and analyzed through the SPSS software. Regarding the results, through the Rho Spearman analysis, it was obtained that the "Export Route" Program is related to the export performance of SMEs in the cocoa sector of the San Martin and Junín Regions between the period 2016-2019. In addition, it was found that the dimensions of (ii) export knowledge and (iv) international networks are related to export performance; while (i) the export commitment and (iii) financial assistance are not associated. / Tesis

La Ruta Exportadora es un programa de gestión que mejora el proceso de exportación a través de herramientas que faciliten su desempeño exportador de las empresas que comercializan envases de bio papel (productos elaborados con insumos biodegradables) en el Perú, cumpliendo con la normativa legal, como la Ley Nro. 30884. Con el transcurrir de los años los consumidores han generado nuevos hábitos lo que ocasiona una alta demanda en el uso del bio papel, tornándose cada vez más exigentes en el mercado internacional, (ISO/ITC, 2010). Sin embargo, las exportaciones entre el 2017 al 2019 obtuvo un resultado inestable en las ventas del comercio exterior, por ello, el Estado Peruano ofrece programas como la Ruta Exportadora para que las empresas promuevan sus productos en mercados internacionales (PROMPERÚ, 2020). El objetivo de la presente investigación es conocer cuáles son los tópicos de la ruta exportadora que tuvieron mayor éxito en las empresas comercializadoras de envases de bio papel de Lima Perú y su desempeño exportador dentro del periodo 2017-2019, para ello se realizó la recopilación de los antecedentes nacionales e internacionales sobre las variables que se investigaron, las cuales tuvieron un enfoque de análisis cualitativo, dividido en dos fases, primero se reunió la información y segundo se realizó el análisis a través del software Atlas.TI de las 14 entrevistas de profundidad realizadas a las empresas que comercializan envases de bio papel, las categorías analizadas fueron: Ruta exportadora y Desempeño exportador. / The Export Route is a management program that improves the export process through tools that facilitate the export performance of companies that market bio paper containers (products made with biodegradable inputs) in Peru, complying with legal regulations, such as Law No. 30884. Over the years, consumers have generated new habits, which causes a high demand in the use of bio paper, becoming more and more demanding in the international market (ISO / ITC, 2010). However, exports between 2017 and 2019 obtained an unstable result in foreign trade sales, therefore, the Peruvian State offers programs such as the Export Route for companies to promote their products in international markets (PROMPERÚ, 2020). The objective of this research is to know which are the topics of the export route that were most successful in the companies that commercialize bio-paper packaging in Lima Peru and their export performance within the period 2017-2019, for which the compilation of the national and international antecedents on the variables that were investigated, which had a qualitative analysis approach, divided into two phases, first the information was gathered and second the analysis was carried out through the Atlas.TI software of the 14 in-depth interviews carried out To companies that market bio paper packaging, the categories analyzed were: Export route and Export performance. / Tesis

Actualmente existen tendencias hacia el consumo de alimentos saludables, con propiedades nutricionales, orgánicas y en presentaciones deshidratadas. El Perú se ubica dentro de los países que producen este tipo de alimentos, debido a su biodiversidad y a la promoción de la marca Perú, la cual logró crear la marca sectorial Superfoods. Dentro de estos superalimentos, se encuentra el Aguaymanto Deshidratado, el cual cuenta con mayor producción en la región Huánuco. Ante ello, se evidencia las oportunidades de potenciar esta oferta exportable. Es por ello, que el Gobierno crea el programa Sierra y Selva Exportadora, el cual busca impulsar la actividad económica en zonas rurales, disminuyendo la pobreza y logrando el acceso a los productores a mercados competitivos y sostenibles. El objetivo del presente estudio es determinar la relación del programa y el desempeño exportador de los productores asociados de Aguaymanto Orgánico Deshidratado de la región Huánuco, considerando las Líneas de Apoyo Informativo, Operativo y en Desarrollo Económico que brinda SSE. El enfoque utilizado para la investigación es cualitativo, realizando 20 entrevistas a productores y expertos del sector. Con relación a los resultados, se comprobó una relación parcialmente positiva entre el programa y el desempeño exportador de los productores asociados entre los años 2016-2020. En adición a ello, se determinó la relación de las subcategorías i) Resultados Económicos, ii) Estrategias de Exportación iii) Resultados Genéricos con el desempeño exportador. / Nowadays there are trends towards the consumption of healthy foods, with nutritional properties, organic and in dehydrated presentations. Peru is located within the countries that produce this type of food, due to its biodiversity and the promotion of the Peru brand, which managed to create the Superfoods sector brand. Within these superfoods, is the Dehydrated Aguaymanto, which has the highest production in the Huánuco region. Given this, the opportunities to enhance this exportable supply are evident. For this reason, the Government created the Sierra y Selva Exportadora program, which seeks to boost economic activity in rural areas, reducing poverty and giving producers access to competitive and sustainable markets. The objective of this study is to determine the relationship between the program and the export performance of associated producers of Organic Dehydrated Aguaymanto in the Huánuco region, considering the Informative, Operational and Economic Development Support Lines provided by the SSE. The approach used for the research is qualitative, conducting 20 interviews with producers and experts in the sector. Regarding the results, a partially positive relationship was found between the program and the export performance of the associated producers between the years 2016-2020. In addition to this, the relationship of the subcategories i) Economic Results, ii) Export Strategies iii) Generic Results with export performance was determined. / Tesis

El mango peruano ha logrado posicionarse dentro del ranking mundial de exportación, en el cual Perú ocupa el cuarto lugar. Esto gracias a su valor nutricional y características organolépticas como el sabor, dulzura y textura. Por esta razón el Gobierno ha iniciado la fomentación y apoyo a los productores de mango en implementar proyectos de mejora productiva. El objetivo principal es determinar en qué medida la innovación productiva aplicada por las empresas exportadoras de mango de la región Piura se relaciona con su desempeño exportador durante los años 2017-2020 con destino a Países Bajos, considerando como dimensiones de la variable independiente a la innovación de producto, procesos y tecnológica. El enfoque utilizado es mixto, con un diseño no experimental transversal correlacional. En el análisis cualitativo, se analizaron en el programa Atlas Ti, 10 entrevistas a expertos involucrados con el problema de investigación (colaboradores del INIA, Sociedad de Comercio Exterior, entre otros). Para el análisis cuantitativo se empleó un cuestionario en escala de Likert a 18 empresas agroexportadoras de mango de la región Piura, para la aplicación en el software SPSS. El α de Cronbach fue de 0,854 que significa un nivel alto de confiabilidad. Como resultado se obtuvo que la innovación productiva en las empresas exportadoras de mango de la región Piura sí se relaciona positivamente con su desempeño exportador durante los años 2017-2020 con destino a Países Bajos con un coeficiente de correlación de 0.807, adicionalmente se comprobó la relación entre la dimensión innovación tecnológica y el desempeño exportador. / The Peruvian mango has managed to position itself within the world export ranking, in which Peru ranks fourth. This thanks to its nutritional value and organoleptic characteristics such as flavor, sweetness and texture. For this reason, the Government has begun promoting and supporting mango producers in implementing productive improvement projects. The main objective is to determine to what extent the productive innovation applied by mango exporting companies in the Piura region is related to their export performance during the years 2017-2020 to the Netherlands, considering innovation as dimensions of the independent variable. product, process and technology. The approach used is mixed, with a cross-correlational non-experimental design. In the qualitative analysis, 10 interviews with experts involved with the research problem (collaborators of the INIA, Foreign Trade Society, among others) were analyzed in the Atlas Ti program. For the quantitative analysis, a Likert-scale questionnaire was used for 18 agro-exporting mango companies in the Piura region, for application in SPSS software. Cronbach's α was 0.854, which means a high level of reliability. As a result, it was obtained that the productive innovation in the mango exporting companies of the Piura region is positively related to their export performance during the years 2017-2020 destined for the Netherlands with a correlation coefficient of 0.807, additionally the relationship was verified between the technological innovation dimension and export performance. / Tesis

Las exportaciones de servicios de software han alcanzado más relevancia en los últimos años, y ha sido pieza clave en el desarrollo económico de diferentes países. Sin embargo, hay pocos estudios que se centren en las capacidades con la que debe contar un exportador de servicios para mejorar su rendimiento internacional. La presente investigación analiza las capacidades exportadoras que conducen a la ventaja competitiva e influyen en el rendimiento exportador de las empresas peruanas de servicios de software. El estudio comprende una recopilación de antecedentes nacionales e internacionales sobre las variables a investigar. Estas variables se enfocan mediante un análisis mixto, el cual comprenderá en una primera etapa, la recolección de información a través de entrevista realizadas a miembros representativos del sector del área de gobierno, académico y consorcio. En la segunda etapa, se abordar el análisis cuantitativo a través de una encuesta realizada a 33 empresas del sector peruano de software provenientes de la cartera de Asociación Peruana de Software (APESOFT). Se analizaron las variables capacidades exportadores, ventaja competitiva y rendimiento exportador a través de Atlas ti y análisis de regresión lineal a través del programa estadístico de SPSS. Los resultados muestran apoyo para las variables de inteligencia de mercado, innovación de servicio y asignación de precios para la primera etapa. Finalmente, en una segunda etapa se obtuvo apoyo para inteligencia de mercado y asignación de precios con la variable de ventaja competitiva como mediadora hacia el rendimiento exportador. / Exports of software services have become more relevant in recent years, and have been a key element in the economic development of different countries. However, there are few studies that focus on capabilities with the obligation to have a service exporter to improve their international performance. This research analyzes the export capabilities that lead to competitive advantage and influence the export performance of Peruvian software services companies. The study includes a compilation of national and international antecedents on the variables to be investigated. These variables are approached through a mixed analysis, which includes, in a first stage, the collection of information through interviews with representative members of the government, academic and consortium sector. In the second stage, the quantitative analysis will be addressed through a survey of 33 companies in the Peruvian software sector from the portfolio of the Peruvian Software Association (APESOFT). Analyze the variables export capabilities, competitive advantage and export performance through Atlas and linear regression analysis through the SPSS statistical program. The results indicated support for the variables of market intelligence, service innovation and pricing for the first stage. Finally, in a second stage, support will be obtained for market intelligence and price allocation with the variable of competitive advantage as a mediator towards export performance. / Tesis

稀土作為國防工業和科技產品之主要原料，因其材質具有特殊性及不可替代性，故原料供給來源之穩定有其重要性。目前全球稀土90％以上皆產於中國，然中國近年來積極地對於稀土之開採及出口，透過配額及許可證、出口關稅、價格控制、開採量限制等，對稀土採取管制措施，造成各國製造能源科技設備原料短缺，而引發美國、日本、歐盟等科技產品製造大國的不滿。 本文以GATT 1994及中國入會議定書對貨品貿易所作之承諾，作為分析中國稀土出口限制政策之法律依據，並主要參考「中國－原物料案（China-Raw Materials）」之小組裁決，輔以「中國－視聽服務案（China- Audiovisual Services）」之裁決，探究違反中國入會議定書承諾之稀土出口管制措施，是否有援用GATT 1994第20條一般例外條款之正當性，並對於中國稀土出口管制政策於WTO規範下之適法性進行分析，最後作出結論。 / The rare earths are essential for many hundreds of applications. The versatility and specificity of the rare earths has given them a level of technological, environmental, and economic importance considerably greater than might be expected from their relative obscurity. China supplies over 90 percent of rare earths globally, but has applied a series of restraints to limit the exportation and production of rare earths, including export duties and export quotas, and price and production control , leadind to raise serious concerns among industry in the U.S., Japan and European Unions. This thesis takes GATT 1994 and the Protocol of the People’s Republic of China (hereinafter China’s Accession Protocal) as the legal basis to analyze China’s rare earths export restriction measures. And in order to examine whether these dispute measures are pursuant to the WTO’s agreements, and whether Article XX of the GATT 1994 is available as a defense under China’s Accession Protocal, this thesis takes China-Raw Materials and China- Audiovisual Services’s ruling as the main references, and providing the conclusion of the study.

Performance requirements act as policy instruments for achieving broadly-defined economic and developmental objectives of States, especially industrial and technological development objectives. Many States consider that performance requirements distort trade and investment flows, negatively impact global and national welfare and disrupt investment decisions compared to business-as-usual scenarios. As a result, a number of States have committed to prohibiting performance requirements in international investment agreements (“IIAs.”). Performance requirement prohibitions (“PRPs”) are meant to eliminate trade-distorting performance requirements and performance requirements which replace investor decision-making by State decision-making. This thesis focuses on providing answers to two research questions: first, how do States prohibit performance requirements in IIAs? And second, how should PRPs in IIAs be interpreted and applied? For the first time, this thesis: proposes a comprehensive understanding of PRPs in IIAs by drawing notably on the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (“GATT”) Uruguay Round of negotiations and on the United States Bilateral Investment Treaty (“BIT”) Programme; develops a detailed typology and analysis of PRPs in IIAs through the identification of systematically reproduced drafting patterns; conducts the first critical and in-depth analysis of all arbitral awards which have decided claims based on PRPs in IIAs; analyses interpretation and application issues related to provisions that exempt government procurement from PRPs and to reservations that shield sensitive non-conforming measures or strategically important sectors from PRPs; and anticipates the application of most-favoured nation (“MFN”) treatment clauses to PRPs in the future. Finally, this thesis formulates proposals that can help interpret and apply existing PRPs and draft future PRPs in a more deliberate and informed way.