This study investigates a well-explored topic, the relationship between gender and language, with a unique set of data--Japanese translations of highly gendered discourse contexts in Cosmopolitan and Playboy magazines. In both magazines, being attractive, heterosexual (wo)men is one of the ultimate goals. Therefore, choosing the 'right' words and expressions to display their gender identities is expected to be important for the writers. For this reason, language use in both magazines is expected to correspond to hegemonic masculinities and femininities in today's Japan.Comparative analysis of the two languages is limited to an examination of the use of passive voice. The results suggest one gender-specific constraint--Japanese women avoid maintaining the inanimate subject of English passive sentences--and one language-specific constraint--Japanese passive sentences are preferred when the speakers discuss their personal relationships.In addition to the comparative analysis of passives in English and Japanese, gender differences for the Japanese data are also examined in other linguistic aspects. Over 14,000 Japanese sentences from Cosmopolitan Japan and Playboy Japan were divided into three groups of senders (authors)--male, female, and editorial--and compared in relation to the following three aspects: person referential forms, sentence endings, and directive expressions. The results suggest that male senders of both magazines are moderately masculine, while female senders of both magazines are extremely feminine. This may suggest that sociocultural pressure on Japanese women to preserve their 'women's language' is strong, while such pressure is not obvious with men's language use.This study further argues that male-centered and female-centered discourse communities in the two magazines provide their readers not only sociocultural conventions of language use, but also gender-specific socialization experiences and different senses of preferred social structures. More specifically, the readers of Cosmopolitan Japan learn the importance of peer approval, and the importance of gender difference, hierarchy, and politeness as a part of femininity. However, they may not learn how to make femininity and power coexist. In contrast, the readers of Playboy Japan learn the value of independence and may learn that gender and hierarchy/power are not rigid and that one can be simultaneously feminine and powerful, and masculine and polite.

Media has a big impact on our lives and is one of the main channels for people to recieve information. When recieved, the messages creates a meaning for the people that read, hear or see them. In other words, media could be seen as a source for people on how to perceive the world and it gives a certain picture of what is ”normal”. We chose to do this study to get a deeper knowledge of how men and women are being portrayed in a Swedish lifestyle magazine and what messagest that sends out to the readers. In this study we have examined how men and women are being portrayed in the Swedish magazine Café, both in photographs and in text. We have used qualitative, rhetorical and semiotic methods to detect the differences and similarities in the four articles examined. The theoretical framework in this study is mainly based on Laura Mulveys ”The Male Gaze”, Anja Hirdmans theory about homosociality and Anthony Giddens well-known theory about structuration. Also, we have used radical feminism and Judith Butlers theory ”The Heterosexual Matrix”. The main findings show clear differences connected to the typical normative ideas that has long existed for the male and female gender. In the articles examined in this study, men are being described as independent and strong with no need to lean on other people to be successfull. Women on the other hand, are being presented as sensitive, dependent and weak sexual objects. According to the articles, they have no capacity to succeed on their own and their role is merely to please and obey the men. The findings on how the genders are being portrayed, and that men are given the main attention and focus show us that Café doesn´t at all favor the developement for the equality between the two genders. That is an important issue and shows that more research needs to be done within the gender field.

Female apologetic behaviour in sport includes any behaviour by female athletes that emphasizes a female athlete’s femininity. This behaviour is in response to the masculine and/or lesbian stereotypes associated with female sport participation. This thesis analyzed the female apologetic within Canadian women’s rugby. Attention was paid to the relationship of level of competition, racial identity, sexual orientation and socioeconomic status with female apologetic behaviours. In-depth interviews with nine Canadian, female rugby players from various levels of competition, races and sexual orientations were conducted to explore these negotiations. Judith Butler’s idea of gender performativity was used as a research lens. The participants stated that they did not currently engage in any apologetic behaviour, and it was found that level of rugby, race, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic status did not impact female apologetic behaviours. Rugby was found to be a safe place for the participants to perform resistant versions of femininity.

Hunting is considered as the most masculine activity in our society. Historically, man has been described as the provider for his family, this in the forms of hunting and gathering. Today hunting is still associated with a male hunter, but women have started to infiltrate the hunting culture. In this study hunting culture is analyzed with a gender perspective. In a modern society with gender and equality as a big subject of debate it is interesting to examine this impact on a culture so linked with masculinity. By interviewing five female hunters, using a narrative approach and analyzing with gender theory, the results show that a masculine dominance undermines women and femininity in the culture of hunting. The results also show that women have constructed a feminine hunting form as a reaction to the male dominance.

Female apologetic behaviour in sport includes any behaviour by female athletes that emphasizes a female athlete’s femininity. This behaviour is in response to the masculine and/or lesbian stereotypes associated with female sport participation. This thesis analyzed the female apologetic within Canadian women’s rugby. Attention was paid to the relationship of level of competition, racial identity, sexual orientation and socioeconomic status with female apologetic behaviours. In-depth interviews with nine Canadian, female rugby players from various levels of competition, races and sexual orientations were conducted to explore these negotiations. Judith Butler’s idea of gender performativity was used as a research lens. The participants stated that they did not currently engage in any apologetic behaviour, and it was found that level of rugby, race, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic status did not impact female apologetic behaviours. Rugby was found to be a safe place for the participants to perform resistant versions of femininity.

Tema: Akademinio jaunimo moteriškumo ir vyriškumo įvaizdžiai (VPU atvejis) Tiriamos temos pagrindimas. Pastaraisiais metais daugiau dėmesio skiriama vyriškumo bei moteriškumo savivokai. Kai kurie stebėtojai mano, kad visuotinės ekonominės bei socialinės transformacijos sukelia vyriškumo bei moteriškumo krizę, kurioje irsta tradiciniai vyrų ir moterų vaidmenys. Lyčių vaidmenys šiuolaikinėje visuomenėje yra labai persipynę – kas tradiciškai priskiriama vyriškiems vaidmenims vis dažniau yra atliekama moterų ir priešingai – vis daugiau vyrų „sumoteriškėja“. Moteriškumas ir vyriškumas turi daug atmainų – būtent tai sukelia sumaištį, prieštaravimus ir lyčių krizę. Darbo tikslas – Ištirti VPU akademinio jaunimo moteriškumo ir vyriškumo įvaizdžius.. Uždaviniai: Išanalizuoti sociologinę lyties sampratą bei lyčių tapatybės teorijas. Ištirti socialinį kultūrinį lyčių formavimosi teorinius aspektus. Išanalizuoti moteriškumo ir vyriškumo sampratas bei raiškos būdus. Išryškinti lyčių krizę ir vyriškumo bei moteriškumo transformacijas nūdienos visuomenėje. Tyrimo objektas – Vilniaus pedagoginio universiteto fizinių ir humanitarinių studijų sričių studentų moteriškumo ir vyriško įvaizdžiai. Tyrimo hipotezės: 1. Jaunimo grupėje socialiai formuojant vyriškumą ne itin daug dėmesio kreipiama į teigiamą emocionalumą (draugiškumą, švelnumą, nuoširdumą). Čia vyrauja hegemoninio (norminio) vyriškumo modelis, kuris apima tokius bruožus kaip finansinė nepriklausomybė, sėkmė, statusas. 2. Formuojant... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The survey topics justification. In recent years, more attention is paid to male and female consciousness. Some observers believe that the global economic and social transformations of femininity and masculinity caused by the crisis, which led to an erosion of traditional gender roles. Gender roles in modern society are very intertwined - what is traditionally assigned to men's roles are increasingly being carried out in women and vice versa - still more men are "effeminate". Femininity and masculinity are many variations - this is what leads to confusion, contradictions and gender crisis. Aim - Investigate Pedagogical university students femininity and masculinity images .. Objectives: To analyze the sociological concept of gender and gender identity theories. To investigate the socio-cultural aspects of gender formation theory. To analyze the concepts of femininity and masculinity and ways of expression. To highlight the gender crisis of masculinity and femininity and the transformation of modern society. The object of investigation - Vilnius Pedagogical University, physical education and humanities students in fields of female and male images. The study hypotheses: 1. Youth social groups in shaping masculinity is not very much attention to the positive emotionality (friendship, affection, sincerity). The predominance of hegemonic (normative) model of masculinity that includes features such as financial independence, success, status. 2nd Formation of feminine attention paid... [to full text]

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This study is about gender stereotypes that occur in the magazines of ELLE and KING's advertisements in 2014. The purpose of this inquisition is by using a gender perspective to examine the interpretation of women and men, compare how they relate to the traditional gender stereotypes. To answer our purpose of this study, a selection of 400 advertisements were analyzed based on it's content and visual expression. Through a content analysis, we could measure the frequency of 18 variables and put them in relation to each other to grasp the differences that exist between the genders. The results are presented in bar charts based on the variables that proved most interesting outcome between the genders. Our result indicated that ELLE and KING's advertisements relates to many of the traditional gender stereotypes even today.

This study examined the relationship between masculine and feminine God images and psychological well-being. Based on the results of past research, it was hypothesized that people with more feminine images of God would have higher psychological well-being compared to those with more masculine images of God. Participants were 232 college students. A factor analysis indicated that God images did not fall into primarily masculine or feminine factors. Rather, three factors were found, which were labeled Loving Father, Controlling God, and Mother God. Although the God image factors were not found to be significant predictors of psychological well-being when intrinsic, extrinsic, and quest religiosity were controlled, the results suggested that the relationship between God images and psychological well-being may be mediated by intrinsic religiosity. It was concluded that development of more psychometrically sound measures of God images is needed to enhance future research on this topic. / Department of Psychological Science