Minimal scientific research has been conducted regarding female sexual offenders within the South African context, despite its prevalence. This study explores behavioural and contextual characteristics of female sexual offenders to gain an understanding of the phenomenon. This qualitative study in the form of a systematic review, focuses on the findings of ten original international research articles published from 2002 to 2012 regarding the behavioural and contextual characteristics of female sexual offenders. The epistemological foundation of this study was postmodernism and social constructionism. Three main themes and various subthemes emerged from the data by applying the thematic content analysis. The aim of this study was to explore the similarities and differences between the findings of the research articles. Lacunas in the existing literature were explored in an attempt to extend scientific knowledge on female sexual offenders. Finally, recommendations for future scientific studies on female sexual offenders were discussed. / Psychology / M.A. (Clinical Psychology)

The purpose of the study was to identify the risk factors most prominent in women suspected of crimes. For this, a quantitative method was used in which data obtained from personal investigations carried out by the Swedish correctional facility, Kriminalvården, were compared to public statistics of the normal population. In addition, a research overview was made on the subject, where the presence of the selected investigative variables was controlled. The study also highlights the presence of multiple risk factors within the group of women suspected of crime. Most of the risk factors investigated had pronounced stronger outcomes in the group of suspected women, which were also found as strong predictors in the comparative research. The factors mental illness and family dysfunction were the most prominent risk factors in the review of previous research. In the statistical comparison between the group of women suspected for crime and the normal population, the factors mental health, alcohol presence and drug presence were the most prominent differentiated factors. Furthermore the study indicates that the presence of multiple risk factors is common. Based on this, it is possible to discuss how girls can be protected from vulnerability in society as well as how to handle treatment care for offending women. English title: Women’s crime and its causes. / Syftet med studien var att identifiera de riskfaktorer vilka var mest framträdande hos kvinnor som misstänks för brott. För detta användes en kvantitativ metod där data inhämtat från Kriminalvårdens personutredningar jämfördes mot offentlig statistik av normalpopulationen. I tillägg till detta gjordes en forskningsöversikt på ämnet, där de utvalda undersökande variablernas förekomst kontrollerades för. Vidare belystes även närvaron av multipla riskfaktorer inom gruppen brottsmisstänkta kvinnor. Flertalet av de undersökta riskfaktorerna gav markant starkare utslag i gruppen för brottsmisstänkta kvinnor, vilka också återfanns som starka prediktorer den jämförda forskningen. Faktorerna psykisk ohälsa samt familjär dysfunktion var de mest framträdande riskfaktorerna i genomgången av tidigare forskning, medan psykisk ohälsa, förekomst av alkohol samt förekomst av narkotika var de faktorer som gav tydligast utslag i en statistisk jämförelse mot normalpopulationen. Studiens resultat tyder även på att förekomsten av multipla riskfaktorer är vanligt. Med utgångspunkt i detta kan diskuteras hur flickor kan skyddas från utsatthet i samhället samt hur brottsbelastade kvinnors behandlingsvård ska genomföras.

The United States has the largest population of imprisoned persons in the world. The vast majority of these individuals eventually leave prison and re-enter society, facing a number of challenges in the process. Those who are unable to successfully re-enter society run the risk of recidivating back into the prison system. Mentoring has the potential to promote successful re-entry and help offenders to get their lives back on track. Pathfinders of Tarrant County is a unique organization. Its historical position as one of the foremost "welfare to work" programs gives it unique insight into the economic struggles of at-risk individuals and families, and its existing relationships with mentors and other community organizations gives it a rich pool of resources to draw from. By helping to connect participants with community resources, Pathfinders removes quite a bit of the complexity from seeking help at a time when vulnerable people need it most. This thesis presents an overview of how Pathfinders conducts mentoring and its unique brand of social service advocacy, including the unique and not-so unique challenges that a re-entry population may have to offer.

No description available.

This three-paper dissertation quantitatively identifies and examines three different substantive areas using data from the American College Health Association’s Fall of 2016 National College Health Assessment (ACHA-NCHA). Specific areas of inquiry include, marginalized populations and college campus sexual assault, intersectional analyses of risk factors for college campus sexual assault, and drinking protective behavioral strategies as prevention tools for college campus sexual assault. Paper one, titled, “College Campus Sexual Assault and Students with Disabilities,” explores a particular marginalized group of students that have been largely left out of college campus sexual assault studies: female college students with disabilities. The logistic regression analyses find that having any disability increases risk for any type of college campus sexual assault more than other commonly cited risk factors such as binge drinking, or Greek affiliation. Moreover, the study indicates that odds for female students with disabilities are varied depending on the type of assault, completed, attempted, or relationship, as well as the specific type of disability. Results are discussed, and policy implications, limitations, and opportunities for future research are delineated. Paper two, titled, “College Campus Sexual Assault: Moving Toward a More Intersectional Quantitative Analysis,” is guided by an intersectional theoretical framework. The study employs classification and regression tree analyses (CART) to identify more specific groups of students that are at disproportionate risk for sexual assault beyond singular variables or even interaction effects. Unlike traditional regression techniques, CART does not assume a linear relationship, and can simultaneously account for independent variables relationship to one another while determining which variables have the most explanatory power for the dependent variable and for which unique groups of students. The study discusses results of analyses in relationship to intersectional research both theoretically and methodologically, as well as future research, and policy implications. Alcohol consumption, particularly binge drinking, has been consistently linked to greater risk for college campus sexual assault victimization. However, there is a lack of college campus violence prevention and intervention programming that addresses alcohol consumption in relation to campus sexual assault. As such, paper three, titled, “Drinking Protective Behavioral Strategies and College Campus Sexual Assault,” uses logistic regression to explore whether or not the use of drinking protective behavioral strategies (PBS) lowers risk for sexual assault in female college students that drink alcohol. The study examines both the main effects of drinking PBS on sexual assault risk, as well as whether or not the use of drinking PBS moderates the risk of frequent alcohol consumption, and binge drinking on college campus sexual assault. The paper discusses findings, limitations, policy implications, and avenues for future research.

[pt] Estereótipos são generalizações sobre atributos, características e comportamentos possuídos por um grupo. Embora se possa reconhecer a sua utilidade na praticidade da vida social, eles podem gerar distorções da realidade e consequentemente ocasionar prejuízos, quando, ao não considerar as especificidades de determinadas pessoas ou grupos, age para lhes negar direitos. Em uma sociedade patriarcal em que as imagens de mulher foram construídas de forma relacional ao homem, os estereótipos de gênero contribuem para a criação e para o reforço de hierarquias de gênero que operam em detrimento das mulheres. No caso das mulheres encarceradas brasileiras, é possível enxergar a forma como os estereótipos agem para criminalizá-las duplamente observando as condições de encarceramento a que estão submetidas. A realidade das presidiárias demonstra que o estereótipo da mulher como frágil e passiva, quando rompido, gera uma reprovação social maior, de modo que sua criminalidade parece ser mais grave que a do homem. Há dois aspectos que devem necessariamente ser levados em consideração no estudo do encarceramento feminino: a custódia da mulher anterior ao sistema penal, materializada por uma política de controle informal posta em prática pela família; e a interseção entre os múltiplos focos de discriminação que sofre a mulher presa. Se o direito é certamente uma instituição através da qual os estereótipos de gênero são reproduzidos, este trabalho pretende questionar em que medida ele pode também ser um instrumento de luta por igualdade, reconhecendo a urgência na construção e valorização de criminologias feministas aptas a transformar as práticas de gênero que vem impedindo a mulher presa de receber tratamento adequado. / [en] Stereotypes are generalizations about attributes, traits and behaviors which belong to a group. Although it is accepted their usefulness in practical social life, they can create distortions and consequently lead to damage when, on failing to consider the specificities of certain persons or groups, support the denial of their rights. In a patriarchal society where woman was constructed in relation to men, gender stereotypes contribute to create and reinforce gender hierarchies that operate against women. In the case of Brazilian women prisoners, we can see how stereotypes act to criminalize them twice by observing the prisons conditions to which they are subjected. The reality of prisoners shows that the stereotype of women as weak and passive when broken generates greater social disapproval, so their criminality seems to be more severe than that of men. There are two aspects that must necessarily be regarded in the study of women s imprisonment: women s custody prior to the penal system, embodied by a policy of informal control implemented by the family, and the intersection between the multiple focuses of discrimination that women in prison suffer. Being Law an institution where gender stereotypes are reproduced, this work aims at questioning to what extent it can be an instrument of struggle for equality, recognizing the urgency in building and enhancing some feminist criminology that can transform the practices of gender that have prevented incarcerated woman to receive adequate treatment.

The present study proposes to analyze a conception of gender justice in Brazil, that is, the introduction of a gender perspective at the center of the criminal normative system and in the structures resulting from criminal policy, both preventive and repressive spheres, especially based on the Maria da Penha Law (2006) and the Law on Feminicide (2015). Therefore, the contextualization of the theme initially took place within the discussions brought by feminist criminology, that is, a criminology that encompasses the gender element in its studies, prioritizing the experiences of women in the face of crime, in their various intersectionalities, and uses epistemologies and feminist methods to formulate a critique of the sciences and criminal law, proposing substantial reforms in the legal treatment of women in situations of gender-based violence in the case of victimization. The research works with a theoretical, philosophical and political model, capable of sustaining the feasibility of a gender justice, especially in the scope of the theory of recognition, theoretical framework used as starting point for the understanding of law and public policies as instruments of recognition of the specificities and differences of women, a substantial part of society, systematically subjugated in the sociocultural context of patriarchy, thereby seeking to prevent oppression, injustice and social inequalities continuity.The research uses the theoretical and critical perspectives of feminist criminology on two important aspects: the first refers to the femicide indices in Brazil and the state of Alagoas, including variables on the sociocultural characterization of the victims and the circumstancs of the crimes, beyond the intersectionalities inherent in lethal violence against women, such as vulnerabilities of gender, race, class and sexuality; and the second regarding the historical relationship between Brazilian criminal law and the legal protection of women in situations of violence, demonstrating the predominantly androcentric character of the law and the gradual reformulations of the penal code in recent decades. Finally, we sought to carry out a dogmatic and criminological analysis of the Maria da Penha Law and the Feminicide Law as normative frameworks for thinking about gender justice in the terms initially proposed, that is, legislation whose main purpose is the recognition and guarantee of the fundamental right of women to live a life without violence. / O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar uma concepção de justiça de gênero no Brasil, isto é, a introdução de uma perspectiva de gênero no centro do sistema normativo penal e nas estruturas resultantes da política criminal, tanto na esfera preventiva, como na repressiva, sobretudo a partir da Lei Maria da Penha (2006) e da Lei do Feminicídio (2015). Para tanto, a contextualização do tema se deu, inicialmente, sob o espeque das discussões trazidas pela criminologia feminista, isto é, uma criminologia que abarca o elemento gênero em seus estudos, priorizando as experiências das mulheres diante da criminalidade, em suas diversas interseccionalidades, e se utiliza das epistemologias e dos métodos feministas para formular sua crítica às ciências e ao direito penal, propondo, no caso da vitimização, reformas substanciais no tratamento jurídico-legal dispensado às mulheres em situação de violência de gênero. A pesquisa trabalha com um modelo teórico, filosófico e político, capaz de sustentar a viabilidade de uma justiça de gênero, sobretudo no âmbito da teoria do reconhecimento, marco teórico utilizado como ponto de partida para a compreensão do direito e das políticas públicas como instrumentos de reconhecimento das especificidades e das diferenças das mulheres, parte substancial da sociedade, sistematicamente subjugadas no contexto sociocultural do patriarcado, buscando, com isso, impedir que opressões, injustiças e desigualdades sociais continuem acontecendo. A pesquisa se utiliza das perspectivas teóricas e críticas da criminologia feminista sobre dois importantes aspectos: o primeiro refere-se aos índices de feminicídios no Brasil e no estado de Alagoas, incluindo variáveis sobre a caracterização sociocultural das vítimas e as circunstâncias dos crimes, além das interseccionalidades inerentes à violência letal contra as mulheres, como as vulnerabilidades de gênero, raça, classe e sexualidade; e o segundo, quanto à relação histórica entre o direito penal brasileiro e à proteção legal às mulheres em situação de violência, demonstrando o caráter predominantemente androcêntrico do direito e as paulatinas reformulações do código penal nas últimas décadas. O estudo apresenta uma análise dogmática e criminológica da Lei Maria da Penha e da Lei do feminicídio como marcos normativos para pensar uma justiça de gênero nos termos inicialmente propostos, isto é, uma legislação que tem como principal escopo o reconhecimento e a garantia do direito fundamental das mulheres a viver uma vida sem violência.

L’image positive du sugar dating sur les médias sociaux suscite des inquiétudes : plusieurs femmes pourraient y adhérer avec des attentes qui ne reflètent pas la réalité. Néanmoins, la stigmatisation associée à cette pratique les incite ensuite à cacher leurs activités, augmentant leur vulnérabilité face à la victimisation et compliquant l’étude de cette population. Devant ce défi, des chercheurs se sont penchés sur l’analyse des sites de rencontre. Or, leurs approches restent souvent superficielles, se limitant à l’étude de profil ou la classification des arrangements. En dépit de quelques recherches exploratoires, l’expérience des sugar babies reste peu étudiée et plusieurs aspects demeurent méconnus. Dans ce contexte, ce mémoire vise approfondir la compréhension de l’expérience des sugar babies dans le monde du sugar dating. Guidée par une perspective de criminologie féministe, cette étude présuppose l’influence du système de genre sur le choix de partenaire et sur la dynamique de ces relations. Par une approche qualitative, nous cherchons à comprendre leurs motivations, le déroulement de leurs relations et leurs victimisations. Afin de pallier les difficultés de recrutement, une analyse de contenu de 381 fils de discussion et leurs 3 978 commentaires issus d’un forum populaire a été menée avec la méthode systématique de Krippendorff. En effet, face à la stigmatisation, les forums en ligne sont devenus des espaces où les sugar babies échangent sur leurs expériences, partagent des conseils et trouvent du soutien. Ainsi, nous avons pu accéder à leurs expériences subjectives, offrant ainsi une exploration approfondie et nuancée de leurs réalités. Leurs témoignages révèlent des motivations variées : financières, mentorales, relationnelles, et la quête de sensations fortes. Elles décrivent également la progression de leurs relations, qui débute par une recherche de partenaires en ligne, suivi d’une première rencontre où l’arrangement est négocié. Le deuxième rendez-vous est consacré à vérifier leur compatibilité sexuelle. Si celle-ci est concluante, l’arrangement se poursuit. Leur expérience est ponctuée de divers risques de victimisation : sexuels, économiques, psychologiques, physiques et secondaires. Afin de mieux cerner la complexité du sugar dating, nous proposons une réflexion qui s’articule autour de quatre axes : interdépendances, dynamique de pouvoir, normes et authenticité. / The positive portrayal of sugar dating on social media raises concerns: many women might be drawn to it with expectations that don’t align with reality. Nonetheless, the stigma attached to this practice often prompts them to conceal their activities, heightening their vulnerability to victimization and making the study of this population challenging. Faced with this challenge, researchers have delved into the analysis of dating websites. Yet, their approaches are frequently superficial, limited to profiling or categorizing arrangements. Despite a few exploratory studies, the experience of sugar babies remains under-researched, and many facets are still unknown. In this context, this thesis seeks to deepen the understanding of sugar babies’ experiences in the world of sugar dating. Guided by a feminist criminology perspective, this study assumes that the gender system influences partner choice and the dynamics of these relationships. Employing a qualitative approach, we aim to understand their motivations, the evolution of their relationships, and their experiences with victimization. To circumvent recruitment challenges, we conducted a content analysis of 381 discussion threads and their 3,978 comments from a popular forum using Krippendorff’s systematic method. Indeed, given the stigma, online forums have emerged as spaces where sugar babies discuss their experiences, share advice, and seek support. This allowed us to tap into their subjective experiences, offering a comprehensive and nuanced exploration of their realities. Their testimonies reveal a range of motivations: financial, mentoring, relational, and thrills. They also describe the progression of their relationships, starting with an online partner search, followed by an initial meeting where the arrangement is negotiated. The second meeting is dedicated to verifying sexual compatibility. If so, the arrangement continues. Their experience is marked by various victimization risks: sexual, economic, psychological, physical, and secondary. To better grasp the subtleties of sugar dating, we propose a reflection centred around four axes: interdependencies, power dynamics, norms, and authenticity.

This study explores and critically analyses the lived experiences of female inmates in six selected prisons in Cameroon. The study contributes to the available knowledge regarding prison conditions from the perspectives of female inmates– a subject which has been under researched globally and has received little attention from researchers in Cameroon. The Cameroon Penitentiary Regulation (CPR) professes to be gender neutral and, therefore, it ignores the special needs of female inmates. The central research question is: How do the national policies and laws on prison conditions in Cameroon relate to the lived and narrated experiences of female inmates? The study is informed by two major frameworks, namely, Foucault’s analytical framework from his seminal work Discipline and Punish (1977) and a feminist analytical framework, standpoint feminism, which fills the gap in Foucault’s thesis that is largely devoid of gender analysis. The study is qualitative, using in-depth interviews and observations. It involved a sample of 38 research participants, comprising 18 female inmates, 18 prison staff members and two NGO representatives. The findings reveal that both international and national ratified policies are merely “paperwork”, lacking effective implementation in the prisons selected for this study. There is a general lack of infrastructural facilities in prisons and this prevents classification as suggested by the CPR 1992 and ratified international instruments. In general, there was a lack of educational and other training facilities in all the prisons visited. The few educational facilities available were those supported by NGOs and FBOs, suggesting that, without their presence in prisons, prison conditions would have been even more appalling than the findings revealed. Torture and corporal punishment were meted out to female inmates, regardless of the regular visits by human rights organisations to prisons. There are no provisions made for conjugal visits in the prisons. Same-sex relationships exist in Cameroonian prisons, either because of sexual preference or as a substitute for heterosexual relationships. The reform of the dated CPR 1992 and the Cameroon Penal Code 1967 is essential. Such reform should take into consideration both the specific needs of female inmates and current debates on the imprisonment of women. / Sociology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Sociology)

Text in English, abstract in English, Zulu and Afrikaans / Globally there has been a rise in the population of incarcerated women over recent decades. Yet, despite this increase, female offenders only represent about 5% of the total incarcerated population. South Africa is no different – female offenders on average total less than 3% of the incarcerated population in South Africa, one of the ten largest correctional systems in the world. This small representation of women in the correctional system often leads to the interpretation that their pathways to offending and experiences of incarceration are the same as those of male offenders, delegitimising any role that gender may play in offending behaviour. The research topic of this doctoral study aims to investigate whether these women’s symbolic or pragmatic status as mothers motivated their crimes and how this occurrence may argue that the socioeconomic challenges faced by these women play a role in their criminalisation. By utilising a feminist pathways research approach, the unlawful actions of seventeen women incarcerated in the Johannesburg Female Correctional Centre is contextualised and reveals conduits to women’s incarceration that primarily involve victimisation and socially constructed “gendered vulnerabilities” that are indissolubly interconnected with poverty and oppression. As seen through their life history narratives, this confluence of factors, coupled with fulfilling the dual roles of provider and caregiver as a mother, contribute to their pathway to offending. Ultimately the research allows for a gender-sensitive analysis of the unique challenges incarcerated women in South Africa face, and the role agency and patriarchy has played in their pathways taken. / Isihloko: Inhlawulo yokuba ngumama – ukuhlolisisa izimo zokuba ngomama okudlula kuzo abantu besifazane baseNingizimu Afrika ababoshiwe njengento ewumzila obaholela ekwephuleni umthetho. Isishayelelo ngokufingqiwe: Emhlabeni jikelele, kulawa mashuminyaka asanda kudlula sandile isibalo sabesifazane ababoshiwe. Yize kunalokho kwenyuka kwesibalo, abesifazane abasuke bephule umthetho bayingxenye ethi ayibe ngama-5% enani selilonke labantu ababoshiwe. NeNingizimu Afrika nayo akwehlukile kuyo, kubantu ababoshiwe lapha eNingizimu Afrika abesifazane balinganiselwa kuma-2.2% kuphela esamba sesisonke sabantu ababoshiwe, kanti futhi iNingizimu Afrika iyingxenye yalezo eziyishumi okuyizona ezinkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni kwezokuqondisa izigwegwe. Lesi sibalo esincane sabesifazane abasezindaweni zokuhlumelelisa izimilo sivamise ukuhunyushwa kuthiwe leyo mizila yempilo ebaholela ekuphuleni umthetho kanye nezimo abadlula kuzona ngenkathi beboshiwe iyefana neyabesilisa abasuke bephule umthetho, ngalokho bese lingashaywa ndiva noma iliphi iqhaza lezobulili kulezo zenzo zokwephula umthetho. Okokuqala, lesi sihloko esihlongoziwe salolu cwaningo lweziqu zobudokotela sihlose ukucacisa ubunjalo bezimpawu zomuntu ngamunye futhi nalezo zinto ezihambelana ngokufanayo kubantu besifazane abasezindaweni zokuhlumelelisa izimilo eNingizimu Afrika. Okwesibili, kuhloswe ukucubungulisisa ukuthi ngabe lesi simo abazithola bekusona njengabantu abangomama akusona yini noma cha esadala ukuthi benze lawo macala, kanye nokuthi ekwenzekeni kwalokho, zizathu zini ezingaba khona zokuthi izinselelo kwezenhlalo nezomnotho ezibhekana nalaba bantu besifazane yizona eziba negalelo lokuthi bazithole sebengene kwizenzo zokwephula umthetho. Ngokusebenzisa indlela yokucwaninga evuna amalungelo nesimo sabesifazane, lolu cwaningo luhlose ukuthi ekugcineni kube nokuziqondisisa izinto ezenzeka kumuntu ngayedwana kanye nakumphakathi, okuyizona zinto ezidala ukuthi laba bantu besifazane bagcine sebeqe inqubo elandelwayo emphakathini. Ngokusebenzisa ingxoxo-mibuzo ecubungula umlando wempilo, ngalokho kubhekisiswa ukungena ezenzweni zokwephula umthetho kwabantu besifazane abayishumi nesikhombisa ababoshwe eSikhungweni Sabesifazane Sokuhlumelelisa Izimilo saseJohannesburg, ngokubheka ubunjalo besimo okwenzeka ngaphansi kwaso lokho kwephulwa komthetho. Lokhu kuveza ithuba lokuhlaziya ngokusebenzisa indlela ebhekela ezobulili mayelana nezinselelo ezingefaniswe nalutho ababhekana nazo abesifazane ababoshiwe eNingizimu Afrika, futhi ngalokho-ke bese kunikwa laba bantu besifazane ulwazi lokuguqula izindlela abasuke sebehamba ngazo. Izindikimba ezingumongo: UMnyango Wezokuhlumelelisa Izimilo, iNingizimu Afrika, owesifazane ophule umthetho, isifundo sezobugebengu eseibhekelela ezobulili, izimo ophile kuzona, imizila eholela ekwephuleni umthetho, ingxoxomibuzo mayelana nomlando ngempilo, isayikholoji, ezobulili, indaba yezinto ezihambelanayo. / Titel: Die straf van moederskap – verkenning van die moederskapervaring van vroue in gevangeskap in Suid-Afrika se ervaring as 'n pad tot midaad Abstrak: Daar was die afgelope dekades wêreldwyd 'n toename in die populasie van vroue in gevangeskap. Ten spyte van die toename, verteenwoordig vroue slegs omtrent 5% van die totale populasie in gevangeskap. Suid-Afrika is in geen opsig anders nie – vroue-oortreders verteenwoordig gemiddeld slegs 2.2% van die populasie in gevangeskap in Suid-Afrika met een van die tien grootste korrektiewe stelsels in die wêreld. Hierdie klein verteenwoordiging van vroue in die korrektiewe stelsel lei dikwels tot die verklaring dat hul pad na oortreding en ervaring van gevangeskap dieselfde as dié van manlike oortreders is, wat enige rol wat gender ook al mag speel ongegrond maak. Die onderwerp van die navorsing wat vir die doktorale studie voorgestel is, is eerstens daarop gemik om die individuele kenmerke en dit wat vroue in gevangeskap in Suid-Afrika se korrektiewe fasiliteite gemeen het, uit te stip. Dit is tweedens daarop gemik om te verken of hierdie vrouens se simboliese of pragmatiese status as moeders hul misdade motiveer het, en hoe daar as gevolg van die voorkoms geredeneer kan word dat die sosioekonomiese uitdagings wat deur die vroue in die gesig gestaar word 'n rol in kriminalisering speel. Deur die feministiese benadering van navorsing te volg, word daar met dié studie daarop gemik om uiteindelik 'n begrip te vorm van individuele en sosiale prosesse wat daartoe lei dat hierdie vroue sosiale norme oortree. Deur lewensgeskiedenisonderhoude te gebruik, word die kriminalisering van die handelinge van 17 vroue in gevangeskap in Johannessburg se korrektiewe sentrum vir vroue gekontektualiseer. Dit bied geleentheid vir 'n gendersentitiewe ontleding van die unieke uitdagings wat vroue in gevangeskap in Suid-Afrika in die gesig staar, en voorsien vroue van die kennis om alternatiewe paaie te volg. Kerntemas: Departmenent van Korrektiewe Dienste, Suid-Afrika, vroueoortreder, feministiese kriminologie, geleefde ervaring, pad na misdaad, lewensgeskiedenisonderhoude, sielkunde, gender, narratief. / Psychology / D. Phil (Psychology)