El plan de carga del buque debe adherirse a las instrucciones de estiba del operador del buque. Estas instrucciones especifican las características generales de cada contenedor que habrá de ccargarse. El plan de carga también debe agilizar las operaciones de transporte en la explanada de la terminal. Presentamos dos algoritmos para generar el plan de carga. El primero utiliza el método de descomposición Lagrangeana. El segundo utiliza la metaheurística tabú. Las companías navieras se enfrentan a un problema extremadamente complejo cuando intentan determinar la composición y ruteo óptimo de su flota. Presentamos un modelo y algoritmo para este problema. El modelo representa los costes operativos de una naviera. También permite la respresentación de buques con diferentes propiedades, puntos y costes de transbordo, retrasos en puerto, y la posibilidad de rechazar una solicitud de transporte. Un caso práctico explora la sensitividad de los resultados a cambios en el precio del combustible. / The vessel loading plan must comply with stowage instructions provided by the vessel operator, which specify characteristics of each container to be loaded. Additionally, the vessel loading plan should expedite transport operations in the yard. We present two vessel planning algorithms. In the first model, the vessel planning problem is formulated as a mixed integer programming (MIP) model and solved using Lagrangean relaxation and branch and bound. In the second model, a tabu metaheuristic is employed. Liner companies face a complex decision problem in determining the optimal fleet composition and routing. We present a model that captures the revenues and operating expenses of a liner company. The model allows for vessel types with different cost and operating properties; transhipment hubs; port delays; regional trade imbalances; and the possibility of rejecting transportation demand selectively. A case study explores the sensitivity of optimal fleet composition and routing to bunker costs.

Motor vehicles are a major source of gaseous and particulate matter pollution in urban areas, particularly of ultrafine sized particles (diameters < 0.1 µm). Exposure to particulate matter has been found to be associated with serious health effects, including respiratory and cardiovascular disease, and mortality. Particle emissions generated by motor vehicles span a very broad size range (from around 0.003-10 µm) and are measured as different subsets of particle mass concentrations or particle number count. However, there exist scientific challenges in analysing and interpreting the large data sets on motor vehicle emission factors, and no understanding is available of the application of different particle metrics as a basis for air quality regulation. To date a comprehensive inventory covering the broad size range of particles emitted by motor vehicles, and which includes particle number, does not exist anywhere in the world. This thesis covers research related to four important and interrelated aspects pertaining to particulate matter generated by motor vehicle fleets. These include the derivation of suitable particle emission factors for use in transport modelling and health impact assessments; quantification of motor vehicle particle emission inventories; investigation of the particle characteristic modality within particle size distributions as a potential for developing air quality regulation; and review and synthesis of current knowledge on ultrafine particles as it relates to motor vehicles; and the application of these aspects to the quantification, control and management of motor vehicle particle emissions. In order to quantify emissions in terms of a comprehensive inventory, which covers the full size range of particles emitted by motor vehicle fleets, it was necessary to derive a suitable set of particle emission factors for different vehicle and road type combinations for particle number, particle volume, PM1, PM2.5 and PM1 (mass concentration of particles with aerodynamic diameters < 1 µm, < 2.5 µm and < 10 µm respectively). The very large data set of emission factors analysed in this study were sourced from measurement studies conducted in developed countries, and hence the derived set of emission factors are suitable for preparing inventories in other urban regions of the developed world. These emission factors are particularly useful for regions with a lack of measurement data to derive emission factors, or where experimental data are available but are of insufficient scope. The comprehensive particle emissions inventory presented in this thesis is the first published inventory of tailpipe particle emissions prepared for a motor vehicle fleet, and included the quantification of particle emissions covering the full size range of particles emitted by vehicles, based on measurement data. The inventory quantified particle emissions measured in terms of particle number and different particle mass size fractions. It was developed for the urban South-East Queensland fleet in Australia, and included testing the particle emission implications of future scenarios for different passenger and freight travel demand. The thesis also presents evidence of the usefulness of examining modality within particle size distributions as a basis for developing air quality regulations; and finds evidence to support the relevance of introducing a new PM1 mass ambient air quality standard for the majority of environments worldwide. The study found that a combination of PM1 and PM10 standards are likely to be a more discerning and suitable set of ambient air quality standards for controlling particles emitted from combustion and mechanically-generated sources, such as motor vehicles, than the current mass standards of PM2.5 and PM10. The study also reviewed and synthesized existing knowledge on ultrafine particles, with a specific focus on those originating from motor vehicles. It found that motor vehicles are significant contributors to both air pollution and ultrafine particles in urban areas, and that a standardized measurement procedure is not currently available for ultrafine particles. The review found discrepancies exist between outcomes of instrumentation used to measure ultrafine particles; that few data is available on ultrafine particle chemistry and composition, long term monitoring; characterization of their spatial and temporal distribution in urban areas; and that no inventories for particle number are available for motor vehicle fleets. This knowledge is critical for epidemiological studies and exposure-response assessment. Conclusions from this review included the recommendation that ultrafine particles in populated urban areas be considered a likely target for future air quality regulation based on particle number, due to their potential impacts on the environment. The research in this PhD thesis successfully integrated the elements needed to quantify and manage motor vehicle fleet emissions, and its novelty relates to the combining of expertise from two distinctly separate disciplines - from aerosol science and transport modelling. The new knowledge and concepts developed in this PhD research provide never before available data and methods which can be used to develop comprehensive, size-resolved inventories of motor vehicle particle emissions, and air quality regulations to control particle emissions to protect the health and well-being of current and future generations.

[pt] Na indústria do petróleo e gás, uma das atividades de maior importância é a intervenção em poços para serviços de manutenção, a qual é necessária para garantir a produção de petróleo. Estas intervenções são realizadas por sondas workover que são disponibilizadas para atender uma grande quantidade de poços segundo um itinerário. Nesta tese são propostos três modelos de programação linear inteira para abordar eficientemente o problema de intervenção em poços terrestres de petróleo. O primeiro modelo determina o itinerário de um conjunto de sondas homogêneas, visando minimizar a perda total de produção. Este modelo é um aprimoramento do modelo proposto por Costa e Ferreira Filho (2004). O segundo modelo é uma extensão do anterior e considera também o dimensionamento de uma frota de sondas heterogênea, procurando minimizar o custo de perda de produção e o custo de aluguel de sondas. O terceiro modelo é uma abordagem estocástica que estende o segundo modelo e consiste em dimensionar uma frota de sondas considerando o tempo de intervenção incerto. A incerteza do tempo de intervenção é representada mediante a geração de cenários, usando para este fim os métodos de Monte Carlo, Redução de Cenários e Quasi-Monte Carlo. Os testes de estabilidade propostos por Kaut e Wallace (2003) são aplicados para avaliar os métodos de geração de cenários e estabelecer o número de cenários adequados para resolver o problema. Para avaliar o desempenho dos modelos propostos, diversos experimentos computacionais foram realizados em instâncias de pequeno, médio e grande porte. Todas as instâncias são baseadas em casos reais no Brasil. Os resultados mostram que os modelos propostos foram capazes de resolver todas as instâncias utilizadas, inclusive aquelas de grande porte, demonstrando serem eficientes quando comparadas com várias metaheurísticas, pois produzem soluções exatas em um curto tempo computacional. Uma análise do impacto nas soluções quando ocorre uma mudança no preço de petróleo e no horizonte de planejamento também é realizada. A metodologia de resolução empregada no terceiro modelo mostrou que o método Quasi-Monte Carlo proporcionou os melhores cenários para representar a incerteza e também o potencial do modelo para resolver problemas de grande porte. / [en] In the oil and gas industry, one of the most important activities is the intervention in wells for maintenance services, which is necessary to ensure the production of oil. These interventions are performed by workover rigs that are available to serve a large number of wells according to a schedule. In this thesis, we proposed three integer linear programming models to efficiently address the problem of intervention in onshore oil wells. The first model determines the schedule of a set of homogeneous rigs, with the objective of minimizing the total production loss. This model is an improvement of the model proposed by Costa and Ferreira Filho (2004). The second model is an extension of the previous one and also considers the sizing of a heterogeneous rig fleet, with the objective of minimizing the production loss cost and the rig rental cost. The third model is a stochastic approach that extends the second model and consists of sizing a rig fleet considering the uncertainty in the intervention time. The uncertainty in the intervention time is represented by the generation of scenarios, using for this purpose the Monte Carlo, Scenario Reduction, and Quasi-Monte Carlo methods. The stability tests proposed by Kaut and Wallace (2003) are applied to evaluate the scenario generation methods and to establish the number of appropriate scenarios to solve the problem. To evaluate the performance of the proposed models, several computational experiments were performed in small, medium and large instances. All instances are based on real cases in Brazil. The results show that the proposed models were able to solve all of the instances considered, including the large instances, proving to be efficient when compared to various metaheuristics, as they produce exact solutions in small computational time. An analysis of the impact on the solutions when there is a change in the oil price and the planning horizon is also carried out. The resolution methodology employed in the third model showed that the Quasi-Monte Carlo method provided the best scenarios to represent the uncertainty and also the potential of the model to solve large-scale problems.

Now a day, petroleum companies are looking for a way to calculate the best economic and time consuming alternative to move a group of ships between platforms, refineries and consuming centers. In the following research is introduced a solution to this problem through a system which optimize the main variables involved. Variables such as scheduling and road have been taken into account. The variable scheduling defines the road that each ship must follow. Meanwhile, the optimization of the route is based on traveling time between each points, uploaded and downloaded time, storing capacity at each point, etc. The following system has been tested in two real cases showing a good performance. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Hoje em dia, as empresas petroleiras enfrentam o desafio de conhecer qual é a melhor forma de movimentar uma frota de navios cargueiros sem que isso signifique um aumento de custo, entre outras. Neste trabalho será apresentada uma solução para este, mediante o desenvolvimento de um sistema que permita calcular as rotas para transporte de petróleo bruto de plataformas marítimas a refinarias, bem como transporte dos derivados do petróleo de refinarias a centros consumidores. Para a solução do sistema, foi realizado um scheduling no qual determina-se a rota que cada navio deve realizar para que o petróleo sea entregue, buscando a rota que conduza ao melhor caminho, sendo considerado o tempo de deslocamento, carga e descarga do produto, além do limite de armazenamento de produto em cada plataforma, entre outros parâmetros.

In this work specifically to deal with companies MEZADO Jan Pesek and its new services offered by the individual is assisted transportation of handicapped persons.The aim of this work is to analyze the design and service for its effectiveness.I decided to conduct a survey.The questionnaire was created database. The customers suggest extending the car fleet. The key to solving this problem is to extend the portfolio of customers.Instrument to acquisition new customers is a gain promotion.I suggest introduction of new form of propagation with leaflets and already created presentation. The leaflets and presentations will be distributed free of charge in the districts that need the increase in promotion.

[pt] O Brasil ,atualmente, é o maior produtor de açúcar do mundo e o estado de São Paulo é o principal pólo produtor brasileiro. Apesar de possuir custos produtivos mais baixos do que em outros países, a exportação brasileira do açúcar enfrenta barreiras logísticas que elevam o custo total do produto, fazendo com que o açúcar brasileiro perca competitividade no mercado mundial. A falta de investimentos em portos e o estado precário das rodovias fazem com que a estratégica na logística de exportação do açúcar seja um diferencial num mercado altamente sensitivo aos custos de movimentação do produto. Num mercado de transporte de commodities agrícolas extremamente competitivo, é muito comum a influência constante de outros produtos,tais como soja, trigo, farelo de soja, etc no corredor de exportação do açúcar no estado de São Paulo, resultando numa oscilação constante nos fretes praticados no mercado de transporte terrestre. Nesse contexto, esse trabalho visa analisar a intermodalidade no Estado de São Paulo, na exportação do açúcar a granel pelo porto de Santos, utilizando como estudo a operação de um terminal de transbordo rodoviário-ferroviário situado em Santa Adélia, apresentando sua principais características operacionais e comparando-o com a alternativa de transporte rodoviário. / [en] Brazil is currently the world largest sugar producer and the state of São Paulo is the main Brazilian producer pole. Despite the lower production costs comparing with other countries, the Brazilian sugar export faces logistical barriers that increase the total cost of the product, making the Brazilian sugar lose competitiveness on world markets. The lack of investment in ports and the precarious state of the roads make the logistic strategic for sugar export a gap in a market highly sensitive to the costs of handling the product. In a extremely competitive market of commodities transportation, the influence of other products such as soy, wheat, soybean meal, etc in the corridor for export of sugar in São Paulo state is very common and visible, resulting in a constant fluctuation in freight prices during land transport. In this context, this work aims to analyze the intermodality in the State of São Paulo, during the bulk sugar export through the port of Santos, using as example the transhipment operation of a rail-road terminal located at Santa Adélia, showing their main characteristics and comparing their alternative with the of truck transport.

Orientador: Marcos Júlio Rider Flores / Resumo: Nesta tese são apresentados três modelos de programação matemática que abordam os problemas de otimização relacionados ao gerenciamento da energia nos sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica (SDEE), como: 1) Programação ótima das entregas e carregamento dos veículos elétricos (VEs) durante a navegação em um mapa de cidade, 2) Gerenciamento ótimo pelo lado da demanda considerando um sistema fotovoltaico híbrido (SFH) em uma residência em baixa tensão (RBT) no SDEE, e 3) O melhoramento do fator de carga (FC) do SDEE através do controle da demanda. O primeiro problema visa minimizar os custos relacionados com a manutenção e geração de horas extra durante a operação de uma frota de VEs, levando em conta um conjunto de entregas pre-especificadas, assim como, pontos de carregamento alocados ao longo de cada via urbana (principal e/ou secundária) pertencente ao mapa da cidade. No segundo problema, para uma residência em baixa tensão é planejado um perfil ótimo de consumo para o dia seguinte. Este perfil de consumo é obtido através de um programa de gerenciamento pelo lado da demanda (GLD) que considera uma estrutura tarifária e um esquema de operação que otimiza os recursos energéticos vindos de um SFH e o SDEE. Para cada problema de otimização é apresentado o seu correspondente modelo de programação não linear inteiro misto (PNLIM). O terceiro problema visa minimizar os custos por compra de energia (consumo e perdas de potência ativa) da concessionária, levando em conta, o co... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Doutor

The study begins with a historical background over the fisheries development in North America and in the Baltic Sea area in Finland and Sweden. As we can see the fisheries development depends on the interaction between ecology, state of production, politic and also social factors. In Sweden the fishery politic has changed over the period of the study. In the 1970: s the main politic focus was on the fisheries progress, expansion and rationalization. The State in Sweden took a vast part in this development and gave economic support. In the 1980: s the fishery politic in Sweden started to change and the environmental politics began to enter the fishery politic. The environmental problems in the Baltic Sea were given attention and it was a great anxiety over the eutrophication. In the 1980: s the codpopulation declined and with them the catches declined. The conflict over the White zone 1978-1988 between Former Soviet Union and Sweden resulted in a plunder fishery in the area east of Bornholm. This plunder fishery effected the cod population enormous and the effect has continued to the late 1990: s. In 1995 Sweden joined the European Union and the common fishery politic replaced the Swedish fishery politic. The system with TAC (Total Allowable Catch) is central in the common politic and it is used to control the cod catches. But the problem is that the TAC -volume has been higher than the codpopulation could stand. Despite the politic goal in Sweden and EU to preserve the codpopulation in the Baltic Sea, the codpopulation has continued to decline. The reason to this politic failure is that the limit of the ecology has been overseen. Instead, the economic and social values have been dominating the politic and together with a to weak control of the catches and environmental problems in the Baltic Sea, the situation for the cod has been devastating.

O tema de roteamento de veículos é de grande importância na literatura e tem sido amplamente estudada pela sua importância para muitas indústrias. Com a evolução na literatura, mais características foram adicionadas para torná-lo mais próximo de situações reais. Alinhado com esta tendência, este trabalho aborda o problema de roteamento de veículos quando há a terceirização da frota que realiza as entregas. Uma forma de cobrança do frete é por meio de custos escalonados, que são calculados de acordo com o tipo de veículo e a distância percorrida, com valores fixos para cada faixa de distância. Embora seja uma forma comum de trabalho na indústria, nenhum trabalho focado nesta característica foi encontrado na literatura. Este problema é o problema de roteamento de veículos com frota mista, janelas de tempo e custos escalonados (FSMVRPTWSC). Ao abordar este problema, este trabalho apresenta um modelo de programação linear inteira mista que é avaliado em um cenário real da indústria. Além disso, três heurísticas de inserção sequencial são propostas para lidar com problemas maiores. Estes métodos são examinados por meio de testes computacionais em 168 problemas de referência gerados para este problema. Os experimentos numéricos mostram que os métodos são robustos e eficientes, apresentando um bom desempenho em conjuntos de problemas com diversas características. / The theme of vehicle routing is of great importance in the literature and has been widely studied for its relevance to many industries and, throughout the literature, more characteristics have been added to make it closer to real situations. Aligned with this trend, this paper addresses the vehicle routing problem when there is outsourcing of the fleet that delivers goods. One form of freight charging is by scaled costs, which are calculated according to the type of vehicle and the distance traveled, with fixed values for each distance range. Though it is a common form of work in the industry, no work focused on this characteristic was found in the literature. This problem is the fleet size and mix vehicle routing problem with time windows and scaled costs (FSMVRPTWSC). In approaching this problem, this paper presents a mixed integer linear programming model that is evaluated under a real situation scenario. Furthermore, three sequential insertion heuristics are proposed in order to deal with larger problems. These methods are examined through a computational comparative study in 168 benchmark problems generated for this problem. The numerical experiments show that the methods are robust and efficient, performing well in different problem sets.

A presente dissertação traz a questão da aderência de viagens de veículos em monitoramentos inteligentes com sistemas Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) que operam em rotas rodoviárias. Uma viagem é considerada como uma série de \"passadas\", que correspondem ao tempo em que o veículo está em movimento, mas excluindo os tempos gastos em paradas para atividades como carregamento/descarregamento entre outras. A partir de dados históricos coletados via Global Positioning System (GPS) pelo sistema AVL, uma metodologia de filtragem e aplicações estatísticas para geração das passadas é apresentada. Além disso, são propostos métodos para geração de padrões de viagem de referência, baseados em tempos de viagem e velocidades, desvios padrões, locais de descontinuidades entre outros parâmetros. A geração desses padrões em conjunto com procedimentos operacionais permite o monitoramento eficiente do progresso de viagens de frotas de veículos, para finalidades logísticas e de segurança. O progresso de um veículo ao longo de uma rota é analisado diante dos padrões de viagem de referência obtidos a partir de suas viagens prévias, de veículos similares na mesma rota ou de viagens em rotas de mesma classe, dependendo do que for mais adequado. A geração de padrões é um processo dinâmico que gera conhecimento sobre o veículo e comportamento da rodovia ao longo do tempo. Desenho do processo de monitoramento do progresso de viagem é apresentado, no qual, a cada nova coleta de dado GPS ou a cada instante solicitado pelo usuário, a aderência é medida, eventuais descontinuidades (saídas da rota, paradas ou mudança de sentido) são identificadas e avisos são gerados. Tal aderência é definida por índice de desempenho que considera os desvios de tempo em relação a valores de referência e respectivas tolerâncias. Para experimentação da metodologia, foi realizada simulação de viagem na rodovia BR116 na ligação São Paulo - Rio de Janeiro, sobre base com cerca de 130.000 registros de dados GPS associados. Com integração em Geographic Information System (GIS) para suporte de funcionalidades, foram gerados os padrões de viagem e simulado o processo de monitoramento com sucesso. / This dissertation addresses the question of vehicle travel adherence in intelligent monitoring with Automatic Transportation Location (AVL) operating in a regional environment. A trip is considered as series of runs, corresponding to time in movement but excluding time spent on activities such as loading/unloading and others. Based on historic data collected from AVL/GPS a statistical data filtering method to generate the runs is presented. Furthermore, statistical methods are proposed to generate travel patterns based on travel time, speed, standard deviation and other parameters. The pattern generation together with operational procedures allows effective monitoring of large fleets in logistics and safety. The progress of a vehicle along a route is evaluated face to the statistical patterns of its previous successful trips or against statistical patterns of similar vehicles on the same route, whichever appropriate. The generation of patterns is a dynamic continuous process that generates knowledge on vehicle and road behavior along time. A broad outline of the travel monitoring process is presented. Whenever the requested by user, the process calculates the travel adherence, identifies abnormalities and generates alarms. That adherence is defined by a performance index, which considers the travel time deviations from the reference values and the respective tolerances. Successful experimentation was carried out on the Rio de Janeiro - São Paulo motorway, with 130.000 Global Positioning System (GPS) positional data relayed from trucks to a Geographic Information System (GIS) based monitoring system in Brazil.