Development is currently being driven towards products that are linked to sustainability. Products with a positive imprint in sustainability are becoming increasingly valuable to consumers, which in turn creates increased value for producers and suppliers. The current pricing tools do not have room to consider the value of the sustainable properties of new products. This is something that the wood industry is following and is now facing the challenge of estimating the value of sustainable production. The study aims to estimate a value for environmentally/climate-friendly products in the wood industry from a customer perspective. This has been done by performing a conjoint analysis using PAPRIKA (Potentially All Pairwise Rankings of all possible Alternatives), to determine the relative importance of 6 product properties. The results of the study show that price is the most important property of wooden floor decking. The mean weight of the 6 attributes included in the study is; price (25,0%), aging (21,9%), maintenance intervals (16,9%), climate impact (16,9%), dimensional stability (10,2%) and biocides (9,1%). The conclusion of the results is if the purpose is to cover the majority of consumers, several different products with different properties should be produced. The results also indicate that the weight for sustainability attributes can increase if the consumer becomes more informed and gains a broader knowledge of the meaning of the properties. / Utvecklingen drivs just nu mot produkter som anknyts till hållbarhet. Produkter med ett positivt avtryck inom hållbarhet blir allt mer värdefull för konsumenten vilket i sin tur skapar ett ökat värde för producenter och leverantörer. De nuvarande verktygen för prissättning har inte utrymme att överväga värdet för hållbara egenskaper hos nya produkter. Denna utveckling är en central del inom träindustrin, som nu står inför utmaningen att estimera värdet av en hållbar produktion. Studien syftar att estimera ett värde för miljö-/klimatvänliga produkter inom träindustrin från ett kundperspektiv. Detta har gjorts genom att utföra en conjointanalys med användandet av PAPRIKA (Potentially All Pairwise RanKings of all possible Alternatives), för att bestämma den relativa betydelsen för 6 produktegenskaper. Resultatet av studien visar att priset är den viktigaste egenskapen hos trallvirke. Medelvikten för de 6 egenskaperna som inkluderats i studien är; pris (25,0%), åldring (21,9%), underhållsintervall (16,9%), fossilt kolspår (16,9%), dimensionsstabilitet (10,2%) och biocider (9,1%). Slutsatsen av studiens resultat är om sortimentet för trallprodukter ska täcka majoriteten av konsumenterna, bör man ha flera olika produkter med olika egenskaper. Resultatet tyder också på att vikten för hållbarhetsattributen kan öka ifall konsumenten blir mer informerad och får en bredare kunskap om egenskapernas innebörd.

This paper tackles the challenge of how to compare floor plans with each other. A lot of different methods were used to analyze floor plan images, such as different kinds of pixel-based breadth-first search algorithms for finding walls, doors, and windows. Python-tesseract was used to read text labels in the floor plan, which was of great use when rooms were to be identified. The extracted information from over 1000 floor plans was then used to create a comparison program, which spits out the most similar floor plans to any given floor plan. The results of the extraction part were pretty good for most of the floor plans. Walls, doors, and windows were often accurately found, and the room identification worked very well compared to other known methods. Using the extracted data to find similar floor plans worked splendidly. The extraction part of the project had its flaws and can be improved, but even so, this method of assessing similarity between floor plans works very well. / Den här rapporten tacklar problemet och försöker ge ett svar på hur man kan jämföra planritningar med varandra. Flera olika metoder användes för att analysera planritningar, exempelvis olika typer av pixelbaserade sökalgoritmer för att hitta planritningens väggar, dörrar och fönster. Python-tesseract användes också för att läsa textetiketter i planritningen, vilket var till stor nytta när rummen skulle identifieras. Den extraherade informationen från över 1 000 planritningar användes sedan för att skapa ett jämförelseprogram, som spottar ut de 10 mest liknande planritningarna till en given planritning. Resultatet av extraheringsdelen var väldigt bra för de flesta planritningarna. Se exempelbilden nedan. Väggar, dörrar och fönster hittades ofta korrekt och rumidentifieringen fungerade mycket bra jämfört med andra kända metoder. Att använda den extraherade information för att sedan hitta liknande planlösningar fungerade utmärkt. Extraheringsdelen av projektet hade sina brister och kan förbättras, men trots det fungerar denna metod för att jämföra planlösningar väldigt bra.

La ocurrencia del “Fenómeno del Niño”, el año 2017, ocasionó una serie de desastres en diversas cuencas ubicadas al Oeste de la ciudad de Lima, cuyo hecho constituyó el inicio de la búsqueda de información, encontrándose dentro de ella el Estudio “Escenarios de riesgos de desastres–Sector Huachipa” Distrito Lurigancho Chosica-Lima Metropolitana” desarrollado por el INDECI en convenio con PNUD y CESAL. En consideración a dicho estudio, en cuanto se refiere al asentamiento y consolidación urbanística de la margen derecha de la quebrada Huaycoloro, se asumió como zona de la presente investigación el área adyacente ocupada por las empresas PETRAMAS y UNICON; siendo relevante la existencia de gran cantidad de material fluvial como resultado de la limpieza del cauce de dicha quebrada; así mismo, alguna cantidad de detritos coluviales de roca granodiorítica en las laderas Cajamarquilla. La constatación anterior ha permitido orientar el sentido de la investigación hacia el diseño de muros de sostenimiento con suelo estabilizado mecánicamente MSE, lo cual responde al requerimiento de optimización del planeamiento urbanístico de esta zona, en correlación a una adecuada y abundante existencia de suelo granular. La mejor manera de aprovechar la variedad granulométrica de los suelos de la quebrada Huaycoloro y de la ladera Cajamarquilla es mediante el uso de diversos tipos de refuerzo, lo cual implica el logro de una eficiencia estructural aplicable a diversas solicitaciones de la geomorfología, de la altura del elemento y del tipo de granulometría del suelo compatible con cada refuerzo, considerando para ese efecto el uso de geosintéticos (geotextiles y geomallas) y gaviones. Bajo este cometido, todo diseño estructural de muros MSE requiere la verificación de estabilidad externa, al volteo, al deslizamiento y a la capacidad de carga; lo cual es aplicable de manera simple cuando se utiliza como refuerzo los gaviones; sin embargo cuando el refuerzo es con geosintéticos debe realizarse previamente la verificación de estabilidad interna, que correlaciona las propiedades físicas de dichos refuerzos y el suelo. Sin embargo, por diversas circunstancias que confluyen en toda investigación el uso de los valores de los parámetros del suelo a utilizarse como elemento estructural de los muros MSE (ϒ1, ɸ’1 y c’1,) conllevan a incertidumbre epistémica desde el punto de vista geotécnico, lo cual, en la presente investigación ha generado un análisis y dilucidación probabilística de la confiabilidad de uso de dichos parámetros. Ello, en correlación a la serie de factores que intervienen en los diseños y en la discrecionalidad del diseñador o investigador, dará como resultado un producto (muro MSE) con eficiencia estructural. El término “eficiencia estructural” debe entenderse como “la capacidad de lograr una estructura con el mínimo de recursos, y al menor costo y tiempo posibles”, lo cual se sustenta en una serie de experiencias que puede sintetizarse como: la optimización de procesos para maximizar (ganancias, velocidad, calidad, etc.), o minimizar: (costos, tiempo, riesgos, error, etc.), todo lo cual implicará la agudeza en la toma de decisiones del diseñador, así como del ejecutor de la obra. / The occurrence of the "Child Phenomenon", in 2017, caused a series of disasters in various basins located west of the city of Lima, which event constituted the beginning of the search for information, finding within it the Study "Scenarios of disaster risks – Huachipa Sector ”Lurigancho Chosica-Lima Metropolitan District” developed by INDECI in agreement with UNDP and CESAL. In consideration of this study, as regards the urban settlement and consolidation of the right bank of the Huaycoloro stream, the adjacent area occupied by the PETRAMAS and UNICON companies has been assumed as the area of ​​the present investigation; being relevant the existence of a large amount of fluvial material as a result of cleaning the channel of said stream; likewise, some amount of colluvial debris of granodioritic rock on the Cajamarquilla slopes. The aforementioned finding has allowed to orient the direction of the research towards the design of support walls with mechanically stabilized soil MSE, which responds to the requirement of optimization of urban planning in this area, in correlation to an adequate and abundant existence of granular soil. The best way to take advantage of the granulometric variety of the soils of the Huaycoloro stream and the Cajamarquilla slope is through the use of various types of reinforcement, which implies the achievement of a structural efficiency applicable to various requests of geomorphology, height of the element and the type of granulometry of the soil compatible with each reinforcement, considering for this purpose the use of geosynthetics (geotextiles and geogrids) and gabions. Under this mandate, all structural design of MSE walls requires the verification of external stability, overturning, sliding and load capacity; which is applicable in a simple way when using gabions as reinforcement; However, when the reinforcement is with geosynthetics, the internal stability verification must be previously performed, which correlates the physical properties of said reinforcements and the soil. However, due to various circumstances that converge in all research, the use of the values ​​of the soil parameters to be used as a structural element of the MSE walls (ϒ1, ɸ'1 and c'1,) lead to epistemic uncertainty from the point of view of geotechnical view, which, in the present investigation, has generated a probabilistic analysis and elucidation of the reliability of use of these parameters. This, in correlation to the series of factors that intervene in the designs and in the discretion of the designer or researcher, will result in a product (MSE wall) with structural efficiency. The term "structural efficiency" should be understood as "the ability to achieve a structure with the minimum of resources, and at the lowest possible cost and time", which is based on a series of experiences that can be synthesized as: the optimization of processes for maximize (profits, speed, quality, etc.), or minimize: (costs, time, risks, error, etc.), all of which will imply sharpness in the decision-making of the designer, as well as the executor of the work. / Tesis

La presente tesis busca analizar y comparar los dos sistemas de muro de contención más importantes en el Perú: muros de gaviones y muros de suelo reforzado con el sistema terramesh. Para esto, se tomará el proyecto de mejoramiento de la carretera Choropampa-Cospán en la región de Cajamarca, donde se presentan tres tramos críticos debido a los constantes derrumbes y a la inestabilidad de taludes en dichas zonas ocasionado por las pendientes muy pronunciadas que se generarían si no se utilizase muros de contención. Para el diseño de muros de gaviones se utilizó la metodología ASD (Allowable Stress Design), el cual trabaja con un diseño por esfuerzos permisibles y utiliza un único factor de seguridad global; para ello se utilizó el programa Gawacwin. Para el diseño de los muros de suelo reforzado, se utilizó la metodología LRFD (Load And Resistance Factor Design). El cual trabaja con un diseño por la resistencia requerida y utiliza un factor de seguridad para la carga y otro factor de seguridad para la resistencia; para ello se utilizó el programa MSEW. Una vez diseñados ambos sistemas de muro de contención, se procedió a realizar un análisis comparativo técnico, en el cual se revisaron las características más importantes de cada sistema a la hora de la ejecución; y un análisis comparativo económico, en el cual se procedió a realizar un presupuesto referencial de cada uno de los sistemas tomando en cuenta los materiales a utilizar, la mano de obra, el movimiento de tierra y las actividades específicas a realizarse. Una vez obtenido los resultados correspondientes, se extrajo ratios comparativos que nos permitan obtener los costos por metro cuadrado de cada sistema y los costos por metro de altura. Al final de la investigación se concluye que los muros de suelo reforzado son más económicos para alturas mayores a cuatro metros, dando como resultado que en los tramos uno y dos se recomienden usar muros de gaviones, mientras que en el tramo tres se opte por un muro de suelo reforzado. / This thesis analyzes and compares the two most common retaining wall systems in Peru: gabion walls and reinforced soil walls with Terramesh system. For this comparison, the project “improvement of the Choropampa-Cospán road in the region of Cajamarca” was chosen, where there are three critical sections with problems of constant landslides and slope instability caused by slopes very pronounced that would be generated if no retaining walls were used. The design of gabion walls is done with ASD methodology (Allowable Stress Design), which works with allowable stress design and uses a single global safety factor; the Gawacwin program was used to do that design. The design of reinforced soil walls uses LRFD (Load and Resistance Factor Design) methodology, which works with a design by the required strength and uses a safety factor for loading and another safety factor for resistance; for this the MSEW program was used. Once both systems are designed, we proceeded to perform a technical comparative analysis with the most important features of each system at construction; and an economic comparative analysis using reference budget for each system, where we calculated the cost of the materials used, workers, earthwork and specific activities to be carried out. Once obtained the results, we look for comparative ratios that allow us to get the cost per square meter of each system and the cost per square meter of each height. At the end of the investigation we concluded that the walls of reinforced soil are more economical for heights over four meters, so in the sections one and two are recommended using gabion walls, while in the section three are recommended the construction of reinforced soil retaining wall. / Tesis

<p>As Urban Air Mobility (UAM) is developed and brought into fruition via electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) vehicles, contingencies associated with this new distributed electric propulsion technology in metropolitan areas must be considered. On the state of knowledge on contingencies for eVTOL vehicles, these can be Epistemological Risks or Ontological Risks. Epistemological Risks include known-knowns (probabilistic risks) and known-unknowns (gaps in knowledge). Ontological Risks include, unknown-knowns (hidden knowledge), unknown-unknowns (fog of ignorance). As UAM operations at large scale do not have as much historical accidents data as General Aviation or Commercial Aviation, it is challenging to estimate its accident failure rate per 100,000 flight hours. While battery thermal runaway, battery energy uncertainty, software issues, and common mode power failures are some failure cases listed in this thesis, it is the undiscovered contingency (i.e., unknown-unknown) or unprepared contingency (i.e., unknown-known), along with other external factors, that can lead to an accident. UAM is expected to operate at 1500 feet AGL and at high frequencies over dense metropolitan areas. In an in-flight emergency at these altitudes, any startle response experienced by on-board or remote pilots can lead to longer response times. This study aims to create a framework for contingency planning and risk mitigation using a Reachable Ground Footprint model for eVTOL aircraft under 100% power failure scenarios in-flight. This framework utilizes all existing, public aerodrome infrastructures in metropolitan areas as potential contingency landing sites. Metrics such as Contingency Landing Assurance Percentage and Cruise Altitude Floor requirement are introduced to quantitatively measuring the safety of any UAM trip and provide recommendations on safe cruising altitudes. A demonstration case in the Chicago Metropolitan Area between DuPage Regional Airport and John H. Stroger Hospital Helipad is shown and discussed. Furthermore, aggregate analysis of 434 UAM trips in Chicago Metropolitan Area between Regional Airports, between Regional and Heliports, and between Heliports is performed, along with sensitivity studies involving wind and turn control restrictions. The results discuss variations in Cruise Altitude Floor, Flight Time, and Energy Consumption of these trips using an eVTOL vehicle.</p>

I Sverige används många olika interiöra golvmaterial i offentliga byggnader. Studien har undersökt fyra interiöra golvmaterial, keramik, enomer, massivt furu och linoleum. Dessa material är vanligt förekommande i svenska offentliga miljöer och de jämfördes ur ett livscykelperspektiv. Studien undersökte materialens olika livsskeden, från produktion till slutskede och omfattade materialens totala GHG-utsläpp för en referensbyggnad med en livslängd på 75 år, belägen i Växjö.Denna fallstudie visar att en byggnads klimatpåverkan går att minimera vid val av interiört golvmaterial. Keramik är att rekommendera i fuktkänsliga utrymmen då klimatpåverkan är 38 % minder och linoleum rekommenderas i allmänna utrymmen då klimatpåverkan är 20 % mindre. Det finns ytterligare möjlighet att minimera klimatpåverkan genom att använda trägolv i utrymmen med mindre folk i rörelse. / In Sweden, lots of different interior flooring materials are used in public buildings. This study examines four interior flooring materials, ceramics, mineral based, solid pine floor and linoleum flooring. These materials appear regularly in public buildings in Sweden and are compared to each other in a life cycle assessment perspective. The study examines the materials different life stages from production to its end of life and included the materials GHG-emissions for a reference building with a lifespan of 75 years in Växjö, Sweden.This case study shows that a buildings climate impact can be minimized through choices for interior flooring materials. Ceramics are to recommend in areas sensitive to moisture, do to 38 % less climate effect and linoleum are to recommend more public areas do to 20 % less climate effect. Further possibilities to minimize climate impact is through use of massive pine flooring in areas with low traffic.

Purpose: The literature indicates that normal healthy women can increase the strength of the pelvic floor muscles (PFMs) by simultaneously contracting the transverse abdominus (TrA) muscle. This study investigated the relationship of the PFMs and the TrA in women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI). Subjects: 15 women with SUI, verified by scores on the Questionnaire of Urinary Incontinence Diagnosis (QUID), were randomly assigned, blocked by age, into 2 exercise groups. The 6 women in the PFM only group had a mean age of 63 years and the 9 women in the PFM+TrA group had a mean age of 49 years. Method: For 2 weeks, all women were trained by rehabilitative ultrasound imaging (RUSI) to correctly contract the TrA or relax the TrA during a PFM contraction depending upon the group assignment. Each woman was examined using the PERFECT scheme and prescribed a patient-specific PFM exercise program. The exercise protocols required 6 weeks of supervised patient specific exercises. Data collection occurred at 3 time periods (before intervention, after intervention, and follow-up) and included: measurement of TrA thickness changes and PFM lift by RUSI, PFM strength and endurance with pressure perineometry, number of incontinence episodes and pad use from bladder diaries, and quality of life (QOL) measurements using the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire (IIQ) and the Patient Specific Functional Scale (PSFS). Results: MANOVA identified no significant difference after interventions between groups. All women significantly improved in PFM strength (PConclusion: PFM exercises done in isolation or with recruitment of the TrA increased PFM strength, endurance, lift and decreased incontinence in women with SUI. Recommendations: Women with SUI can benefit from physical therapists prescribing PFM exercises in isolation or in combination with TrA contractions.

The subject of diploma thesis is the design of a hotel in the cadastral area of Kozlovice u Přerova. The building is designed for short term accommodation. The building has three floors and with partial basement. The hotel has the wellness zone in basement and the restaurant on the first floor. On the second and thirt floor there are rooms for guests. Before the hotel is a parking. From the construction point of wiev the building is designed as an object made of clay brick with reinforced concrete floor. The building has warm flat roof. The hotel is insulated with mineral wool. The building has ventilated facade.

The master's thesis deals with the project of the new building of the Sports Hall in the Staré Město at the stage of project documentation for the construction on plots 2420/1, 2420/41, 2420/42, 2420/43, 2420/44, 4568/38, 6277/2, 6277/3 , 2517/4. The plots on which the construction is proposed are flat or slightly sloping. The building has no basement, has two floors. The perimeter structures in the locker rooms are designed from ceramic blocks of the POROTHERM system, including the thermal insulation system according to the principles of ETICS, and in the gym from the curtain walling of the KINGSPAN system. Horizontal structures are folded prestressed ceiling panels SPIROLL. The cloakroom building is covered by a warm flat roof, and the gymnasium by barrel roof made of glued laminated girder. In the sports hall, 5 changing rooms are designed, including sanitary facilities, then facilities for the operation of the hall and refreshments for spectators.

The master’s thesis is focused on serviceability evaluation of historical concrete floor slab realized in the third decade of the 20th century. The assessment of structural performance is based on the results of load testing in situ. The thesis defines contemporary load testing requirements followed by the specifications of measuring instruments and the possibilities of displacement measurements during load testing. In addition, it includes structural and historical investigation of the building, methodology and data evaluation of the load testing. Finally, the theoretical computer simulation of executed load testing is run by using software determined for nonlinear finite elements analysis.