Submitted by Ricardo Itapema de Castro Monteiro (ricardo.itapema@gmail.com) on 2018-09-20T22:41:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LOF_RM_Final 3.pdf: 277836 bytes, checksum: 5ea1c7ce5f9c454964e2958165915bca (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Simone de Andrade Lopes Pires (simone.lopes@fgv.br) on 2018-09-21T17:33:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 LOF_RM_Final 3.pdf: 277836 bytes, checksum: 5ea1c7ce5f9c454964e2958165915bca (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Isabele Garcia (isabele.garcia@fgv.br) on 2018-09-24T13:44:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 LOF_RM_Final 3.pdf: 277836 bytes, checksum: 5ea1c7ce5f9c454964e2958165915bca (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-24T13:44:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LOF_RM_Final 3.pdf: 277836 bytes, checksum: 5ea1c7ce5f9c454964e2958165915bca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-20 / The accelerated growth of pharmaceutical market in Brazil, in the past ten years, attracted and intensified investments from multinational pharmaceutical companies. National companies also invested heavily. The industry matured and competition intensified. However, a company that operates in a foreign, new environment, driven by unfamiliar competitive forces generally encounters additional costs to operate. This phenomenal is called ‘liability of foreignness’ (LOF). Still, the foreign branch of a company may also have unique advantages due to their being foreign, the so called ‘asset of foreignness’ (AOF). Do these theoretical expectations hold in the Brazilian pharmaceutical industry? The paper employs panel data methodology with fixed effects on four regression models for a sample of 22 companies (11 Brazilian subsidiaries of multinationals and 11 national companies) from this industry. Moreover, the models utilized were proved by other researchers, in different markets segments and countries. The findings support the hypothesis formulated by these scholars and suggest the existence of “Liability of Foreignness”. / O crescimento acelerado do mercado farmacêutico brasileiro nos últimos dez anos atraiu e intensificou os investimentos de empresas farmacêuticas multinacionais. As empresas nacionais também investiram pesadamente. A indústria amadureceu e a concorrência se intensificou. No entanto, uma empresa que opera num ambiente estrangeiro, que é impulsionado por forças competitivas desconhecidas, geralmente se depara com custos adicionais para operar. Este fenômeno é chamado de "Liability of Foreigness" (LOF). Ainda assim, a filial estrangeira de uma empresa também pode ter vantagens exclusivas devido ao fato de serem estrangeiras, o chamado "Asset of Foreingnness" (AOF). Essas expectativas são evidentes na indústria farmacêutica brasileira? O presente trabalho emprega a metodologia de dados em painel com efeitos fixos em quatro modelos de regressão para uma amostra de 22 empresas (11 subsidiárias brasileiras de multinacionais e 11 empresas nacionais) desta indústria. Os modelos utilizados foram comprovados anteriormente por outros pesquisadores, em diferentes segmentos de mercado e países. As descobertas deste trabalho suportam parte das hipóteses formuladas por esses estudiosos e sugerem a existência do “Liability of Foreignnes”.

Bakgrund: I dagens globaliserade samhälle är länder till stor del sammanknutna ochmarknader betraktas snarare som nätverk av relationer än som klassiska marknader därolika aktörer verkar oberoende av varandra. Existerande forskning utgår i hög grad frånantagandet att små och medelstora företag redan har utvecklade affärsnätverk somsträcker sig över hemlandets gränser vid tidpunkten för internationalisering. Emellertidhar empiriska studier visat att många av dessa företag faktiskt saknar internationellanätverk vid företagsetablering utomlands. En situation som kan leda till stora problem närdet kommer till att förstå det nya affärsklimatet, att identifiera internationellaaffärsmöjligheter samt att skapa tillit till nya utländska affärspartners. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att skapa förståelse för svenska entreprenörer sometablerar sig på den franska marknaden och franska entreprenörer som etablerar sig påden svenska. Vidare söker uppsatsen att klargöra huruvida förekomsten av ett socialtnätverk kan hjälpa dessa entreprenörer att övervinna problemet med liability offoreignness samt hur sociala nätverk påverkar skapandet av entreprenörersaffärsmöjligheter. Metod: Denna flerfallsstudie genomfördes med en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi och haren abduktiv ansats. Det empiriska materialet omfattar 12 semistrukturerade intervjuer. Slutsats: Studiens resultat visar att sociala nätverk har en inverkan på skapandet avaffärsmöjligheter, framförallt när det kommer till valet av marknad att gå in på samt föratt skapa förståelse för den nya kulturen. Vidare drar entreprenörer stor nytta avkundernas sociala nätverk. Därtill visar resultaten att inte alla internationellaentreprenörer upplever liability of foreignness. Det finns istället indikationer på någotstudiens författare kallar “possibility of foreignness”. / Background: In today's globalized world, countries are largely interconnected, andmarkets are considered as networks of relationships rather than as classic markets wheredifferent actors operate independently of one another. Existing research is largely basedon the assumption that SMEs have business networks that extend beyond the borders oftheir home country at the time of internationalization. However, empirical studies haveshown that many companies actually lack international networks when setting upcompanies abroad. A situation that can lead to major problems when it comes tounderstanding the new business climate, identifying international business opportunitiesand building trust in new foreign business partners. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to create an understanding for Swedishentrepreneurs who start a business on the French market and French entrepreneurs whostart a business on the Swedish market. Furthermore, the thesis seeks to clarify whetherthe existence of social networks can help these entrepreneurs overcome the problem ofliability of foreignness and how social networks affect the creation of entrepreneurs'business opportunities. Method: This multiple case study was conducted with a qualitative research strategy andan abductive approach. The empirical data comprises 12 semi-structured interviews. Conclusion: The results of the study show that social networking indeed has an impacton the creation of business opportunities, especially when it comes to choosing whichmarket to enter and to help understanding the new culture. Furthermore, entrepreneursbenefit greatly from customers' social networks. However, the study shows that not allinternational entrepreneurs experience liability of foreignness. Instead, there areindications of something the authors call “possibility of foreignness”.

The internationalization process is a well-researched and explored topic. However, many older models do not consider digitization as a phenomenon. Nor is any further consideration given to the smaller companies. The aim of this study is to investigate how small businesses feel that they are affected by digitalization during an internationalization process. In order to find an answer to this, a qualitative study has been done where a total of three people have been interviewed from three different companies. Based on these interviews, an analysis has been made which has then been analyzed in the context of the theoretical background. Theories used in the study to be able to fulfill the aim includes theories about Mental distance, Liability of Foreignness, Liability of Outsidership and other theories about growth, internationalization and digitalization. The conclusion drawn is that digitalization has simplified the internationalization process, mainly through progress in how knowledge can be collected and shared over greater distances. Digitalization has facilitated contact with the contact network through simpler and alternative contact channels. / Internationaliseringsprocessen är ett välundersökt och utforskat ämne. Många äldre modeller beaktar dock inte digitaliseringen som fenomen. Man tar inte heller någon vidare hänsyn till de mindre bolagen. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur småföretag upplever att de påverkas av digitalisering under en internationaliseringsprocess. För att kunna besvara detta har en kvalitativ studie gjorts där totalt tre personer har intervjuats från tre olika företag. Utifrån dessa intervjuer har analyser gjorts som sedan har analyserats i kontexten av den teoretiska bakgrunden. Teorier som använts i studien för att kunna uppfylla syftet är bland annat teorier om Psykiskt avstånd, Liability of Foreignness, Liability of Outsidership samt andra teorier kring tillväxt, internationalisering och digitalisering.  Slutsatsen som dras är att digitaliseringen har förenklat internationaliseringsprocessen främst genom framsteg i hur kunskap kan insamlas men även delas över större avstånd. Digitaliseringen har underlättat kontakten med kontaktnätet genom enklare och alternativa kontaktkanaler.

Peut-on parler de « poétique » pour un phénomène aussi mouvant que l’exil ? Cette notion qui, dans ses diverses acceptions, ne se laisse pas fixer tout à fait, peut-elle faire apparaître un langage spécifique ? Il s’agira de voir par quels mécanismes cette éprouvante manifestation d’interculturalité peut mener à la création d’une langue qui dépasse le cadre de la nation (même en prenant sa source dans celle-ci), et rejoint des invariants et des structures d’expression transnationales et universelles. Pour ce faire nous prenons appui sur trois auteurs choisis dans des aires géographiques et des époques différentes : Hölderlin (aire germanique), Rimbaud (aire latine) et Sarafian (aire arménienne). L’exil se manifeste avant tout par rapport au pays d’origine, conformément à la définition. Mais il devient rapidement un phénomène linguistique, que ce soit dans le choc avec le monde étranger (Sarafian) ou dans la formulation d’une quête esthétique avec la création verbale pour enjeu (Rimbaud), liée pour une bonne part à la recherche d’une nouvelle mythologie et à la confrontation avec l’étranger pour retrouver ce qui appartient en propre à la nation (Hölderlin). Le pivot est ici la nation, originelle et actuelle, dont les poètes sont exilés. L’exil géographique et l’exil de la langue mènent finalement à l’exil spirituel et à la recherche d’une patrie plus élevée, tiers espace pouvant accueillir ou façonner une parole. Ce nouveau lieu serait celui d’une hybridation (ou du moins d’un questionnement) où le verbe de l’exil pourrait se dire, sous des formes différentes chez les trois auteurs, avec toutefois des similitudes frappantes. / Is it possible to speak about « poetics » with respect to a phenomenon which is as fluctuating as exile? May the latter, which, in its various meanings, cannot be totally defined, allow the emergence of a specific language? It is up to us to find out through which mechanisms such a trying expression of interculturalism might lead to the creation of a language which goes beyond the framework of the nation (even when it emanates from the latter) and which reaches out towards transnational and universal invariants and word structures. In order to achieve this, we rely upon three authors which were chosen in different geographic areas and in different periods : Hölderlin (Germanic area), Rimbaud (Latin area) and Sarafian (Armenian area). Exile is primarily defined with respect to the country of origin, in conformity with the definition. But it becomes a linguistic phenomenon, as in the shock with the foreign word after the genocide of the Armenians (Sarafian), or in the formulation of an aesthetic quest with verbal creation at stake (Rimbaud), or in the essential search of a new mythology, along with the confrontation with the foreign world in order to redefine that which belongs specifically to the nation (Hölderlin). Both the geographic exile and the linguistic exile lead to a spiritual exile and to the search for a loftier fatherland. This new spatial entity would result from a hybridization process (or at least from questioning), whereby the word of the exile could be expressed in different formats for the three authors, with, however, some striking similarities.

This study seeks to understand the scope and types of public relations practices in Japan, how public relations practices of Japanese and foreign companies differ, how media respond differently to the public relations activities of Japanese and foreign companies, and how "foreignness" affects public relations activities of multinational enterprises in Japan. The sole academic journal in the field of public relations in Japan and the single commercially published public relations industry magazine were submitted to an empirical content analysis. Additionally, three cases of contest for corporate control, two of which were between an American activist fund and a Japanese company, and one between a Japanese investment fund and a Japanese company, were analyzed using a case study approach. Press releases and newspaper articles about these cases were also content analyzed. The results show that among public relations activities, crisis category appeared the most frequently in the public relations industry journal and corporate communication category appeared the most frequently in the public relations academic journal. The analysis of the cases shows that the American fund at first faced problems communicating with its stakeholders but improved its communication activities in subsequent years with better results. The content analysis of the press releases shows that American fund uses more quotes and persuasive messages in the press releases and Japanese newspapers do not treat domestic and foreign entities differently. The overall results confirm the importance of culture in public relations practices.

Helt digitala bolag antas många gånger inte möta samma typer av barriärer som de som producerar fysiska produkter eller är delvis digitala. Det finns mycket forskning inom internationalisering och barriärer, men sällan med avseende på born digitals, digitala företag med hög digitaliseringsgrad som internationaliserar sig tidigt. Studiens syfte är att undersöka vilka barriärer, i form av liability of foreignness och liability of newness, som born digitals möter vid internationalisering. I en fallstudie har intervjuer med VD och anställda vid marknadsföringsbyrån Nordic Business House utförts. Företaget agerar brygga mellan Sverige och Kina. Bland resultaten har barriärer noterats i form av kulturella skillnader, regleringar kring media och pengar, avsaknad av legitimitet och svårigheter med att anställa medarbetare med relevant kompetens. Slutsatsen är att samtliga barriärer även kan appliceras på born globals, men de påverkar i olika grad. För att finna born digital-specifika barriärer behöver andra born digitals-företag och barriärer vidare undersökas.

Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to research the factors influencing the purchase intention of Airbnb in China from the perspective of liability of foreignness. Methodology: This thesis adopts a quantitative approach through a questionnairebased survey among Chinese people. Based on a PLS-SEM analysis of the data from 241 online questionnaires, this thesis teststhe effects of perceived risk, perceived higher price, lesser availability of listings, as well as lesser availability of advertising on consumers’ purchase intention towards Airbnb in China. Findings: The results illustrate that both perceived higher price and lesser availability of listings would reduce Chinese purchase intention towards Airbnb in China, whereas perceived risk and lesser availability of advertising do not significantly influence Chinese purchase intention towards Airbnb in China. Research implications: The study contributes to the literature on sharing economy and customer behavior by providing a new framework from the perspective of liability of foreignness in order to understand more completely the deterrents of the Chinese consumer’s purchase of Airbnb-related products and services in China. Specifically, this thesis invokes a relatively under-explored theoretical view (i.e., the liability of foreignness) in the research on the internationalisation of sharing economy, which enables us to enrich the research on sharing economy and international customer behaviors. This study also enhances the understanding of the barriers of international marketing of sharing economy and advances the research on the internationalisation of sharing economy by evaluating the four relevant factors (i.e., perceived risk, perceived higher price, lesser availability of listings, and lesser availability of advertising) in the host country. Practical implications: Our findings entail several practical implications for managers of Airbnb in conquering the Chinese market. For example, given that perceived higher price and lesser availability of listings appears to be the critical barriers of consumer intentions, we recommend that Airbnb China employ strategies to increase the availability of listings, and devise relatively lower pricing strategies to attract Chinese consumers.

Background: Sweden and Germany are closely linked with one another, with cultural similarities, long history of trade and close geographic proximity. Germany is an attractive country for Swedish companies to establish in due to its central location in Europe and its position as Europe's biggest economy. The EU also makes Germany more attractive with the benefits that member states gain from their membership. There are cultural differences that can be difficult for Swedish companies to identify during their establishment.   Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to examine the barriers to entry that Swedish start-ups face when entering the German market. To mitigate the barriers, strategies and preparations for a market entry is examined.  Method: The study was performed as a multiple case study conducted through a qualitative research strategy with an abductive approach. 11 semi-structured interviews were performed for the collection of empirical data.   Conclusion: The results of the study show that Swedish companies are affected by liability of foreignness, competition and culture in several ways. Respondents described the competition on the German market as fierce. They also emphasise the importance of research prior to market entry. Another aspect is the importance of the geographical location of establishment. Germany should not be seen as one big market but as several smaller ones. Knowledge in the German language is also very important for Swedish companies, especially for communicating with domestic German companies. The main cultural aspects are the language barrier, differences in business structure and formalities.

In present time, to be mobile, to be able to physically move from point A to point B is something taken for granted by a small minority of the world’s population, while the vast majority are caught within or between borders. How did we reach to this point? This study examines the lived experiences of (im)mobility in Jordan. It captures the experiences of Syrians who live in Jordan and who have been denied mobility because of their flight from their homeland. By means of an ethnographical approach this study challenges conventional conceptions of what it means to be displaced. Situating the understanding of displacement in relation to the modern nation state, territorial boundedness, national identity and geographical categorizations it ultimately lays the foundation for conceptualizing the relative human (im)mobility and its links to a historical past. Through travelling and living in Jordan periodically between 2017-2018, totalizing approximately 6 months, conducting semi-structured interviews and engaging in everyday social and contextual encounters, this study offers a more multifaceted understanding of what it means to be (im)mobile in present time, as additional to conventional scholarship. It ultimately demonstrates that displacement as we understand it today is inadequate and simplified, and as we reassess its components we are able to reconceptualize the understandings of relative human (im)mobility.

This thesis employs a random effects panel estimator to assess the relationship between Swedish outward foreign direct investment (FDI) stock and cultural distance for a panel of 75 countries covering the period 1998–2012. Cultural distance, operationalized by differences in Schwartz cultural orientations and gender equality, adds to the liability of foreignness and is hypothesized to have a negative impact on outward FDI stock. The theoretical underpinning for the hypothesis is based on a gravity model adapted to FDI, which shows that distance between countries reduces the amount of FDI that takes place between them. The results from the analysis provide partial support for the hypothesis as differences in some of Schwartz cultural orientations (harmony, embeddedness and egalitarianism) have a significant and negative effect on Swedish firms´ outward FDI stock. Moreover, differences in women´s economic rights are positively related to FDI, while no significant effects are found for differences in share of women in parliament.