Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:59:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 7220631 bytes, checksum: d36ace240b1aa4b1c66a0ca9ae99326d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This paper describes elastic, static and dynamic analysis of frames using the Boundary Element Method (BEM). The superstructure is modeled for two frame structure cases (that is, plane frame and space frame) and algebraic specific representations are developed for these purposes. According to the specific cases, bending effects (Euler- Bernoulli or Timoshenko models), torsional effects (under Saint Venant assumptions) are properly operated as well as the explicit forms of displacements and efforts influence matrices and the body force vector. Special attention is paid to the problem of static soil-structure interaction. In this case the superstructure (space frame) is modeled by BEM and the soil (assumed as semiinfinite elastic solid) is represented by integral equations and algebraically systematized in BEM fashion as well. Then, the superstructure and soil algebraic systems are coupled in order to allow the soil-structure interaction analysis. Open section thin-walled beams under Vlasov torsional-flexure assumptions receive also special attention, so that a direct BEM formulation for static and vibration analysis is established. Hence, here it is propposed integral equations, fundamental solution and algebraic representations which incorporate all secondary fields (forces, moments and bimoment) and primary fields (displacements, rotations and warping). For vibration case, both integral and algebraic equations are deduced for bi-coupled problems ( monosymmetric cross-section) and triply-coupled problems (nonsymmetric cross-sections). / Neste trabalho são descritas análises elásticas (estática e vibratória) de pórticos, utilizando o Método dos Elementos de Contorno (MEC). A superestrutura é modelada para duas famílias de estruturas reticuladas (pórtico plano, pórtico espacial) e representações algébricas específicas são desenvolvidos para esse fim. Nos casos pertinentes, os efeitos de flexão (segundo as teorias de Euler-Bernoulli e Timoshenko), de torção (segundo as hipóteses de Saint Venant), são devidamente explorados assim como as formas explícitas das matrizes de influência de deslocamentos, de esforços e o vetor de forças de volume. Um enfoque especial é dado para o problema de interação solo-estrutura em regime estático. Nesse caso a superestrutura (pórtico espacial) é modelada pelo MEC e o solo (admitido como um sólido elástico semi-infinito) é representado por equações integrais e sistematizado algebricamente, também, pelo MEC. Então, os sistemas algébricos da superestrutura e do solo são compatibilizados permitindo assim a análise da interação soloestrutura. As barras de seção abertas de paredes finas incorporando o modelo de flexo-torção de Vlasov também recebem uma atenção especial, de forma que uma formulação direta do MEC para a análise estática e vibratória é estabelecida. Assim, aqui são propostas as equações integrais, soluções fundamentais e representações algébricas, que incorporam todos os campos secundários (forças, momentos e bi-momentos) e os campos primários (deslocamentos, rotações, empenamentos). No caso do problema de vibração, as representações integrais e algébricas são deduzidas para os problemas bi-acoplados (seções monossimétricas) e tri-acoplados (seções não-simétricas).

[pt] O método híbrido dos elementos finitos, proposto por Pian com base no potencial de Hellinger-Reissner, estabeleceu um novo paradigma entre as formulações de discretização numérica de um problema de elasticidade. Uma proposta feita por Przemieniecki – para a análise generalizada de vibração livre de elementos de treliça e de viga – foi incorporada por Dumont aos métodos híbridos dos elementos finitos e de contorno e generalizada ainda mais para a análise de problemas dependentes do tempo em termos de um procedimento de superposição modal avançado, que se baseia na resolução de um problema não linear de autovalores e que permite levar em conta de maneira adequada condições iniciais gerais de contorno, assim como ações de domínio. O presente trabalho apresenta as principais características do desenvolvimento feito por Dumont para aplicação específica a estruturas aporticadas e investiga diversos exemplos disponíveis na literatura de dinâmica estrutural clássica para mostrar que muitos resultados apresentados são bastante imprecisos pela falta de um cuidadoso estudo de convergência. / [en] The hybrid finite element method, proposed by Pian on the basis of the Hellinger-Reissner potential, has proved itself a conceptual breakthrough among the discretization formulations. A proposition made by Przemieniecki – for the generalized free vibration analysis of truss and beam elements – was incorporated into the hybrid finite/boundary element method developed by Dumont and extended to the analysis of time-dependent problems by making use of an advanced mode superposition procedure that is based on a nonlinear eigenvalue analysis and adequately takes into account general initial conditions as well as general body actions. This work presents all the features of the formulation as applied to frame structures and assesses several examples available in the technical literature to show that remarkable improvements may be achieved – and actually should be taken into account – with the proposed formulation when compared to the classical structural dynamics.

<p>Savremene metode procene ponašanja konstrukcija u uslovima požarnih dejstava zasnivaju se na razvoju složenih numeričkih modela. U okviru disertacije, računski modeli razvijeni su korišćenjem komercijalnog programskog paketa ANSYS Workbench 16.0. Validacija i verifikacija modela sprovedeni su na osnovu rezultata eksperimentalnih i numeričkih istraživanja dostupnih u literaturi. Parametarskom analizom, utvrđen je uticaj požarnog scenarija, tipa agregata za spravljanje betonske mešavine, početnog nivoa opterećenja i prethodnog uticaja seizmičkog dejstva, na odgovor armiranobetonskih okvirnih konstrukcija u toku požara.</p> / <p>Contemporary methods for assessing the structural behavior under conditions of fire actions are based on the development of advanced numerical models. In the framework of dissertation, computational models are developed using commercial software package ANSYS Workbench 16.0. Validation and verification of the models are carried out based on the results of experimental and numerical research available in the literature. Parametric analysis is used to determine the influence of fire scenario, type of aggregate used for preparation of concrete mix, initial load level and the previous effect of seismic action, on the response of reinforced concrete frame structures during fire.</p>

Analytical models of wood-frame shear walls and diaphragms for use in monotonic, quasi-static (cyclic), and dynamic analyses are developed in this thesis. A new analytical model is developed to accurately represent connections between sheathing panels and wood framing members (sheathing-to-framing connections) in structural analysis computer programs. This new model represents sheathing–to–framing connections using an oriented pair of nonlinear springs. Unlike previous models, the new analytical model for sheathing-to-framing connections is suitable for both monotonic, cyclic, or dynamic analyses. Moreover, the new model does not need to be scaled or adjusted. The new analytical model may be implemented in a general purpose finite element program, such as ABAQUS, or in a specialized structural analysis program, such as CASHEW. The analytical responses of several shear walls and diaphragms employing this new model are validated against measured data from experimental testing. A less complex analytical model of shear walls and diaphragms, QUICK, is developed for routine use and for dynamic analysis. QUICK utilizes an equivalent single degree of freedom system that has been determined using either calibrated parameters from experimental or analytical data, or estimated sheathing-to-framing connection data. Application of the new analytical models is illustrated in two applications. In the first application, the advantages of diaphragms using glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) panels in conjunction with plywood panels as sheathing (hybrid diaphragms) are presented. In the second application, the response of shear walls with improperly driven (overdriven)nails is determined along with a method to estimate strength reduction due to both the depth and the percentage of total nails overdriven.

[pt] Esta dissertação descreve a extensão de uma ferramenta educacional (LESM – Linear Elements Structure Model), desenvolvida na PUC-Rio e implementada no ambiente do MATLAB, para dimensionamento de pórticos metálicos bidimensionais seguindo os preceitos da norma brasileira NBR8800:2008. Todas as etapas de desenvolvimento são descritas detalhadamente, trazendo também referências à norma utilizada, visto que a funcionalidade deve atender rigorosamente a seus preceitos. As etapas adotadas são: levantamento de requisitos da funcionalidade, levantamento de requisitos do software, análise, projeto do programa, codificação, teste e operação. Vale ressaltar que todos os desdobramentos das etapas são baseados na linguagem orientada a objetos MATLAB, na qual o software LESM foi desenvolvido. As etapas de desenvolvimento são elucidadas através de esquemas UML (Linguagem de Modelagem Unificada) para que haja maior entendimento dos relacionamentos organizacionais e processuais utilizados. Dessa maneira podem ser traçados comparativos das novas estruturas de dados implementadas com as anteriormente disponíveis na documentação do LESM. Além disso, apesar da linguagem predominante utilizada no desenvolvimento ser a linguagem do MATLAB, há menções relacionais à JavaScript, utilizado para elaborar alguns recursos da nova funcionalidade. Por fim, após esclarecer todas as nuances do processo de desenvolvimento, são modelados exemplos práticos utilizando o LESM com o intuito de demonstrar a nova funcionalidade adicionada e a acurácia de seus resultados. / [en] This document describes the extension of an educational tool (LESM – Linear Elements Structure Model), developed on PUC-Rio and implemented in the MATLAB environment for metallic dimensioning of 2D frames, following the precepts of the Brazilian dimensioning standard, NBR8800:2008. The entire development steps are described in details, along with references of the standard used, since the new feature must strictly attend its precepts. The order of the adopted steps is: feature requirements gathering, software requirements gathering, analysis, program project, coding, test and operation. It is worth mentioning that all of the steps are based on the objects oriented language MATLAB, which the software LESM was developed. The previously mentioned phases are elucidated through UMLs schemes for a better understanding of the organizational relationships and processes used. Thus, comparatives of the implemented new data structure with the previously available in LESM documentation, disposed in UML diagrams, can be traced. Furthermore, despite the predominant language used in the development is MATLAB, will be also mentions to JavaScript, used to elaborate some resources of the new feature. Finally, after clarifying all aspects of the development process, practical examples using LESM are modeled to demonstrate the new feature along with the results accuracy.

High performance multifunctional epoxy resin systems are becoming increasingly important as matrix materials for the advanced composites used in aerospace, electronics, automotive and other industries. In a composite based on epoxy resin systems, a three-dimensional network of the matrix is formed around the reinforcing fibre as a result of the chemical reaction between the resin and the curing agent. This chemical process, known as curing, is an important event to he considered in the production of composite components made up of these resin systems. Two process parameters namely viscosity and chemical conversion are of paramount significance in the production of composite materials Curing studies of the resin systems based on these two parameters, would therefore assume great importance in deciding the performance reliability of the end product. The objectives of the present investigation are 1. to study the cure kinetics of three thermoset resin systems, viz., i) epoxy novolac (EPIT)/ diamino diphenyl methane{DDM), ii) trigylcidyl para- ammo phenol (TGPAP)/toluene diamine (TDA) and iii) tetraglycidyl diamino diphenyl methane (TGDDM)/pyridine diamine(PDA) using the cure kinetic models based on chemical conversion (α), Theological conversion (β) and viscosity. 2.to develop a correlation between a and viscosity (η) and modify an existing autocatalytic model based on α, to the viscosity domain and 3.to investigate the cure behaviour of these systems in terms of the TTT cure diagram and its associated models. EPN/DDM, TGPAP/PDA and TGDDM/PDA resin systems were chosen for the studies to represent a range of functionalities, The cure was monitored using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) techniques by following the changes in enthalpy, functional groups and rheology, respectively. The kinetic parameters namely, order of reaction and activation energy were estimated from dynamic DSC data using the methods of Freeman-Carroll and Ellerstein using nth rate expression. Barton, Kissinger and Osawa methods were employed to find out the activation energy from the peak/equal conversion at different heating rates. Isothermal DSC data were also analyzed using nth order model and it was observed that the data could be fitted satisfactorily only for higher temperatures The results obtained from the analysis of both dynamic and isothermal DSC data using nth order model clearly indicate that this model is inadequate for describing the cure behavior. The isothermal DSC data was analyzed by the autocatalytic models of Hone and Kamal Good correlation was observed with Hum and Kamal models up to 60-70%, 25% and 45% conversions for EPN/DDM, TGPAP/TDA and TCDDM/PDA systems respectively. However, the parameters m and n in Kamal model were found to be temperature dependent for EPN/DDM and TCPAP/TDA systems. The limited applicability of the autocatalytic models IK attributed to the counter-effect offered by the intra-molecular bonding taking place. The primary amine and epoxy groups conversions obtained from FTIR were analyzed using autocatalytic model and the kinetic parameters were calculated. The reactivity ratio of the primary amine and the secondary amine with epoxy was found to be dependent on temperature in agreement with the recent findings reported m the literature. The existing models that relate the cure kinetics and the rheological changes, are dual Arrhenius nth order model and autocatalytic model The nth order kinetic model was used to evaluate the kinetic parameters using the viscosity data at different cure temperatures under isothermal conditions As the storage modulus, G' is proportional to the chemical cross links and becomes significant only after the g<4 point, it was used to follow the changes in conversion known as rheoconversion after the gel point The rheoconversion was found by normalizing the G' data with G1^, the storage modulus of the fully cured resin It was used to study the cuie kinetics using an autocatalytic model The kinetic parameters such as rate constant, acceptation and retardation parameters were evaluated and that temperature dependence was established. While the existing models relate viscosity and conversion only up to gel point the new proposed model, termed VISCON model takes into account the changes up to vitrification. The relation so developed is used to modify the autocatalytic cure model based on chemical conversion. The parameters appearing in this model were evaluated using Levenberg-Marquardt error minimization algorithm. The kinetic parameters obtained are comparable with the values estimated using the DSC data. All the models cited above represent the microkinetic aspects. The models based on the information of TTT cure diagrams, however, represent the macrokinetic aspects of the cure, as they are based on the cure stages such as gelation and vitrification TTT diagram relates the cure characteristics like cure temperature, cure time, Ta and, indirectly, chemical conversion Hence the ultimate properties of the composite could he predicted and established with the help of the models based on TTT cure diagrams The changes in the storage modulus, G1 and loss modulus, G", were followed to identify the gel and vitrification points of the resin systems at different cure temperatures Gel point and vitrification point were used to generate gelation and vitrification hues in the construction of TTT cure diagrams for EPN/DDM, TGPAP/TDA and TGDDM/PDA resin systems Theoretical TTT diagrams were generated and IBO-T, contours were established using the TTT diagram-based models The cure schedule for the resin systems investigated could be determined from the TTT diagram and the respective rheological data.

Space structures are inevitable while covering large spans. Space structures are skeletal structures, which are lighter for the same stiffness when compared with RCC roofs. Till now, space structures, like any other metal structures have been designed assuming the joints as rigid, although there have been several publications about semi rigid joints. Of course, the publications mostly deal with 2D structures and there are very few reports on 3D structures. Space structures, by their nature fall into the latter category. The joints in a space structure are popularly called as "nodes". Generally, nodes, which ensure concentricity of member axes, are either solid or hollow. These are either cast or forged. There are other proprietary types, which do not come under the above classification, and have not been considered in this thesis. Hollow nodes are obviously more economical than solid nodes, but also more flexible. While it is prudent to prefer hollow nodes, it is equally necessary to assess their flexibility, because of its influence on the behaviour of the structure. The hollow spherical node is very popular because of its simplicity and adaptability to various forms of space frames. Double layer grids, which are the most popular forms for roofing applications, are being increasingly implemented. While the hollow spherical node is well suited for double layer grids, an evolutionary development has been what is called as the hollow octahedral node (this node is simply referred to as the 'Octa ' node in this thesis). Chapter 1 introduces space frames and double layer grids in particular, with the advantages of using double-layer grids. Jointing systems available around the world are briefed and the node connector used in the present study is introduced with a brief write-up on its advantages and disadvantages. This chapter also explores the available literature and, the scope and objectives of the thesis are mentioned. Chapter 2 introduces 3D finite element models of the hollow spherical and octahedral nodes. The stiffness matrixes of these nodes have been derived by conducting analyses on the computer for six sizes each of the Octa and spherical nodes. Using the stiffness matrix of the node, a new method of incorporating this into the regular analysis of a space truss has been developed. The new method proposed yields realistic values for the forces in the members and takes into account the elastic deflections in the node under the action of member forces. Implementation of the proposed method has been carried out by writing a custom program using state-of-the-art object oriented programming techniques. A sample problem has been analyzed using this program to demonstrate the effect of including joint flexibility. The effect of flexibility of nodes on the effective length of compression members in double-layer grids has been evaluated. The effect of compliance on the dynamic characteristics of a space frame has also been evaluated for the sample space frame with flexible joints. The analysis program has been modified to evaluate the natural frequencies of the system using rigid or flexible nodes. The study of the Octanode and spherical node under the action of uniaxial compression and tension dominates the contents of Chapter 3. The two types of nodes have been analyzed using commercially available finite element software considering material nonlinearity. The stress patterns from the analyses have been examined thoroughly. Two consistent methods for fixing the load at yield in both uniaxial compression and tension have been proposed using the load-displacement curve. Yield loads for all the nodes have been evaluated using both the methods and the results agree well between the two methods. Three material yield values have been selected for each of the node size for evaluating the yield values viz. 240,320 and 415 MPa. The members of a double layer grid are connected to the nodes by bolts and holes are drilled in the nodes for this purpose. The bolthole patterns differ between two popular types of double-layer grids. Both these bolthole patterns have been modeled separately in the above exercise and the results for these two have been shown to be approximately the same. The effect of varying diameters of the boltholes on the response of the nodes has been examined. Relationships between the yield load, diameter, thickness and material yield have been developed using the method of least squares. The differences in the behaviour of the nodes under uniaxial compression and tension have been discussed. Ramberg Osgood type of relationships have been worked out for all the load-displacement curves obtained from the analyses. The simulation of non-linear behaviour of nodes with cracks with plastic crack closing forces have been carried out with useful insights into the behaviour of the two types of nodes in uniaxial compression and tension. Chapter 4 is devoted largely for studying the two types of nodes under the influence of biaxial load combinations. The combinations studied are dual compression, dual tension and compression-tension. In all cases equal loads are applied along two orthogonal; directions in the horizontal plane. Stress patterns have been examined for each type of load combination and yield values for each case have been obtained using one of the methods proposed in chapter 3. These have been compared with the corresponding uniaxial values in both compression and tension. Some useful inferences have been possible by studying the behaviour of the nodes under the various biaxial load combinations. In each case, relationships between the biaxial yield load, uniaxial yield load, diameter of node, thickness of node and material yield of node have been obtained using the method of least squares. The nodes have been analyzed under some selected Multi-axial loading and combinations of load which cause yield based on the second method proposed in Chapter 3 have been obtained and tabulated. However, a proper and thorough study of the nodes under multi-axial loading proved to be beyond the scope of this thesis. Chapter 5 contains the contributions made towards developing new methods and algorithms for obtaining the several results of chapters 2, 3 and 4, using object oriented programming (OOP) techniques. The contributions have been in Object Pascal, the underlying language of Delphi, a popular RAD tool developed by Borland/Inprise of USA. Several new modules have been developed to reliably handle the large amounts of data generated by the hundreds of analyses detailed in chapters 2,3 and 4. The ease with which new methods were possible to be incorporated into existing software using OOP has been demonstrated, with source code examples. Comparisons with other types of tools available and die advantages of using OOP have also been demonstrated using the experience during the preparation of this thesis. A strong case for OOP as an indispensable tool for the researcher has been made. Chapter 6: Several important conclusions and suggestions for future work have been made. Appendix 1 contains a brief note on the Method of Least Squares. Appendix 2 contains a small write-up on Delphi and OOP. Concepts of OOP have been briefly described and comparisons between three popular OOP languages have been attempted. A brief description of the features in Delphi's Object Pascal has also been provided. Appendix 3 contains the listing of Unit Arrays, which is a general purpose unit developed to make handling of large arrays easy. Several matrix calculations have been implemented which make the unit extremely useful for programmers. Appendix 4 contains the full listing of program FormK, which has been developed for chapter 2 to derive the fall stiffness matrix of a space frame node. The program picks up results from several analyses, forms a few columns of the stiffness matrix and then fills up the rest using the cyclic symmetry present in the space frame node. This program is given in full, with the intention that other researchers may find it useful to use it as-is or use after making small alterations to suit their circumstances. OOP is known for fast, reliable and easy ways of implementing modifications to existing code. Appendix 5 provides the full listing of the Object Pascal program for extracting Eigenvalues of a space truss with rigid joints or flexible joints. The incorporation of flexibility of the joints proposed in chapter 2 has been implemented. Descriptions of the program's implementations have been provided in chapter 5. Bibliography contains the alphabetical list of references.

Cette thèse s'inscrit dans la continuation du travail de Younes Achkire, consacré au contrôle actif des ponts haubanés. Elle traite de l'implémentation d'un système de contrôle actif sur des maquettes de structures câblées. Deux types de structures sont étudiés expérimentalement: les ponts haubanés et les treillis spatiaux. Après une brève introduction sur l'usage du contrôle actif dans ces domaines, le chapitre 2 traite numériquement des mécanismes d'interaction entre le câble et la structure. Au chapitre 3, nous présentons la stratégie de contrôle que nous utilisons pour stabiliser une structure câblée: il s'agit d'un contrôle décentralisé, basé sur des paires capteur/actionneur colocalisées, placées au niveau des ancrages des câbles, chacune équipée d'un contrôleur Intégral Force Feedback. Nous présentons une théorie linéaire simplifiée permettant de dimensionner le système et de prévoir son efficacité. Elle est illustrée sur un exemple, et nous discutons de la validité de certaines hypothèses simplificatrices. Le chapitre 4 est consacré au contrôle actif des ponts haubanés. Nous y présentons 2 maquettes. La première, de petite taille (3m) représente un pylône de pont haubané en construction. Elle est équipée d'actionneurs piézoélectriques. La seconde, installée au Centre Commun de Recherche d'Ispra (Italie), mesure 30m de long, et est équipée d'actionneurs hydrauliques. Les expériences réalisées sur ces maquettes ont démontré l'efficacité du contrôle et la fiabilité de la théorie prédictive. Le contrôle du flottement des ponts est traité sur un exemple numérique. Le chapitre 5 relate nos expériences d'amortissement actif des treillis spatiaux. Deux structures ont été étudiées: une colonne en treillis équipée de 3 câbles actifs, et une structure triédrique suspendue à des cordons élastiques pour simuler l'absence de gravité, également munie de câbles actifs. Deux concepts d'actionneur piézoélectrique ont été testés. Nous avons ensuite examiné le problème de la saturation des actionneurs, et celui du contrôle actif des microvibrations (~10nm) d'une structure câblée. Le chapitre 6 conclut ce travail, en souligne les aspects originaux et donne quelques perspectives de développement. / Doctorat en sciences appliquées / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Были получены результаты, которые обосновывают эффективность использования рамных каркасных конструкций из сварных двутавров переменного сечения с гофрированными стенками в строительстве большепролетных промышленных зданий. / Results were obtained that substantiate the effectiveness of the use of frame frame structures made of welded I-beams of variable cross section with corrugated walls in the construction of large-span industrial buildings.