Pension funds play a large role in the UK pension system since the returns of the funds determine how large the total pension will be. The future retirees can choose between active and passive fund management where the active management often is more expensive. In this study 102 actively managed UK equity pension funds are analyzed in order to see if managers have sufficient skill to generate risk adjusted return to cover the cost imposed on the investors. The result implies that the active pension funds in aggregate, before expenses, hold a portfolio that imitates market returns during 2000 to 2012. Bootstrap simulations suggest that only eight funds out of the sample of 102 have skilled managers and six of these managers are skilled enough to produce risk adjusted excess return large enough to cover the expenses imposed on the investor.

A função de compliance surge da necessidade de conhecer, com mais detalhes, os métodos como os bancos estão atuando nessa atividade. Com a criação do Comitê da Basileia para supervisão bancária, buscou-se fortalecer o sistema financeiro, por meio da maior conceituação sistemática de suas atividades, parametrizando-as pelas boas práticas financeiras e munindo-as de procedimentos prudenciais na sua atuação, abordando exatamente as boas práticas da integração da função de compliance, com as boas práticas de governança corporativa e de gestão de riscos das rotinas bancárias, para realizar todo gerenciamento e monitoramento das atividades. A pesquisa identifica a função de compliance, conceitua, apresentando os riscos, abordando bases para aprofundamento da discussão do tema e esclarecendo as principais atribuições voltadas à gestão de compliance. No discorrer do trabalho, observa-se como o alinhamento dos processos asseguram o cumprimento de normas e procedimentos, que visam, principalmente, a preservar a imagem perante o mercado e agregar valor pela qualidade e velocidade nas interpretações regulatórias das políticas e dos procedimentos de compliance de maneira integrada aos demais pilares da governança corporativa, tais como: (i) melhoria de relacionamento com os acionistas, (ii) melhoria de relacionamento com os clientes, (iii) decisões de negócio em compliance, (iv) velocidade dos novos produtos em conformidade para o mercado, (v) disseminação de elevados padrões éticos/culturais de compliance pela organização. Na sequência, a aplicabilidade dos procedimentos de compliance na gestão de fundos do Banrisul, observando-se a estrutura institucional, a padronização, as rotinas operacionais e seus processos, o tratamento dos relatórios de auditoria e de monitoramento, os pontos de controle, os riscos da não conformidade e as consequências que podem gerar custos de maneira irreversível A fim de que este processo que passa por um planejamento, implantação, verificação e controle das atividades de compliance, tenha sucesso e seja eficaz, é necessário o comprometimento da alta administração e de todos os funcionários, devendo ainda fazer parte da cultura organizacional da instituição. / The compliance function arises from the need to know in more details the methods how banks are performing this activity. With the creation of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision,it is aimed to strengthen the financial system through greater systematic conceptualization of its activities, parameterizing them by good financial practices and providing them with prudential procedures in its supervisory role, addressing exactly the good practices of integrating compliance function, with good corporate governance and risk management of banking routines, to perform all management and monitoring activities. The research identifies the role of compliance, evaluates, presenting risks, approaching foundations for further discussion of the topic and explaining the major tasks facing the management of compliance. In the discourse of this work, it is observed how the alignment of processes assures the compliance of rules and procedures, which aims primarily to preserve the image in the market and add value for the quality and speed in the regulatory interpretation of policies and the procedures of compliances through an integrated way to the other pillars of corporate governance, such as: (i) improvement of relationship with shareholders, (ii) improving of relationship with customers, (iii) business decisions on compliance, (iv) speed of new products according to the market, (v) dissemination of high ethical / cultural compliance by the organization. In sequence, the applicability of the compliance procedures in managing Banrisul funds, observing the institutional structure, standardization, operational routines and its processes, the treatment of audit reports and monitoring, control points, the risks of non-compliance and the consequences that can generate costs irreversibly. For this process goes through a planning, implementation, verification and control of compliance activities, to succeed and be effective, it requires commitment from top management and all employees and it should be part of the organizational culture of the institution.

A função de compliance surge da necessidade de conhecer, com mais detalhes, os métodos como os bancos estão atuando nessa atividade. Com a criação do Comitê da Basileia para supervisão bancária, buscou-se fortalecer o sistema financeiro, por meio da maior conceituação sistemática de suas atividades, parametrizando-as pelas boas práticas financeiras e munindo-as de procedimentos prudenciais na sua atuação, abordando exatamente as boas práticas da integração da função de compliance, com as boas práticas de governança corporativa e de gestão de riscos das rotinas bancárias, para realizar todo gerenciamento e monitoramento das atividades. A pesquisa identifica a função de compliance, conceitua, apresentando os riscos, abordando bases para aprofundamento da discussão do tema e esclarecendo as principais atribuições voltadas à gestão de compliance. No discorrer do trabalho, observa-se como o alinhamento dos processos asseguram o cumprimento de normas e procedimentos, que visam, principalmente, a preservar a imagem perante o mercado e agregar valor pela qualidade e velocidade nas interpretações regulatórias das políticas e dos procedimentos de compliance de maneira integrada aos demais pilares da governança corporativa, tais como: (i) melhoria de relacionamento com os acionistas, (ii) melhoria de relacionamento com os clientes, (iii) decisões de negócio em compliance, (iv) velocidade dos novos produtos em conformidade para o mercado, (v) disseminação de elevados padrões éticos/culturais de compliance pela organização. Na sequência, a aplicabilidade dos procedimentos de compliance na gestão de fundos do Banrisul, observando-se a estrutura institucional, a padronização, as rotinas operacionais e seus processos, o tratamento dos relatórios de auditoria e de monitoramento, os pontos de controle, os riscos da não conformidade e as consequências que podem gerar custos de maneira irreversível A fim de que este processo que passa por um planejamento, implantação, verificação e controle das atividades de compliance, tenha sucesso e seja eficaz, é necessário o comprometimento da alta administração e de todos os funcionários, devendo ainda fazer parte da cultura organizacional da instituição. / The compliance function arises from the need to know in more details the methods how banks are performing this activity. With the creation of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision,it is aimed to strengthen the financial system through greater systematic conceptualization of its activities, parameterizing them by good financial practices and providing them with prudential procedures in its supervisory role, addressing exactly the good practices of integrating compliance function, with good corporate governance and risk management of banking routines, to perform all management and monitoring activities. The research identifies the role of compliance, evaluates, presenting risks, approaching foundations for further discussion of the topic and explaining the major tasks facing the management of compliance. In the discourse of this work, it is observed how the alignment of processes assures the compliance of rules and procedures, which aims primarily to preserve the image in the market and add value for the quality and speed in the regulatory interpretation of policies and the procedures of compliances through an integrated way to the other pillars of corporate governance, such as: (i) improvement of relationship with shareholders, (ii) improving of relationship with customers, (iii) business decisions on compliance, (iv) speed of new products according to the market, (v) dissemination of high ethical / cultural compliance by the organization. In sequence, the applicability of the compliance procedures in managing Banrisul funds, observing the institutional structure, standardization, operational routines and its processes, the treatment of audit reports and monitoring, control points, the risks of non-compliance and the consequences that can generate costs irreversibly. For this process goes through a planning, implementation, verification and control of compliance activities, to succeed and be effective, it requires commitment from top management and all employees and it should be part of the organizational culture of the institution.

A função de compliance surge da necessidade de conhecer, com mais detalhes, os métodos como os bancos estão atuando nessa atividade. Com a criação do Comitê da Basileia para supervisão bancária, buscou-se fortalecer o sistema financeiro, por meio da maior conceituação sistemática de suas atividades, parametrizando-as pelas boas práticas financeiras e munindo-as de procedimentos prudenciais na sua atuação, abordando exatamente as boas práticas da integração da função de compliance, com as boas práticas de governança corporativa e de gestão de riscos das rotinas bancárias, para realizar todo gerenciamento e monitoramento das atividades. A pesquisa identifica a função de compliance, conceitua, apresentando os riscos, abordando bases para aprofundamento da discussão do tema e esclarecendo as principais atribuições voltadas à gestão de compliance. No discorrer do trabalho, observa-se como o alinhamento dos processos asseguram o cumprimento de normas e procedimentos, que visam, principalmente, a preservar a imagem perante o mercado e agregar valor pela qualidade e velocidade nas interpretações regulatórias das políticas e dos procedimentos de compliance de maneira integrada aos demais pilares da governança corporativa, tais como: (i) melhoria de relacionamento com os acionistas, (ii) melhoria de relacionamento com os clientes, (iii) decisões de negócio em compliance, (iv) velocidade dos novos produtos em conformidade para o mercado, (v) disseminação de elevados padrões éticos/culturais de compliance pela organização. Na sequência, a aplicabilidade dos procedimentos de compliance na gestão de fundos do Banrisul, observando-se a estrutura institucional, a padronização, as rotinas operacionais e seus processos, o tratamento dos relatórios de auditoria e de monitoramento, os pontos de controle, os riscos da não conformidade e as consequências que podem gerar custos de maneira irreversível A fim de que este processo que passa por um planejamento, implantação, verificação e controle das atividades de compliance, tenha sucesso e seja eficaz, é necessário o comprometimento da alta administração e de todos os funcionários, devendo ainda fazer parte da cultura organizacional da instituição. / The compliance function arises from the need to know in more details the methods how banks are performing this activity. With the creation of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision,it is aimed to strengthen the financial system through greater systematic conceptualization of its activities, parameterizing them by good financial practices and providing them with prudential procedures in its supervisory role, addressing exactly the good practices of integrating compliance function, with good corporate governance and risk management of banking routines, to perform all management and monitoring activities. The research identifies the role of compliance, evaluates, presenting risks, approaching foundations for further discussion of the topic and explaining the major tasks facing the management of compliance. In the discourse of this work, it is observed how the alignment of processes assures the compliance of rules and procedures, which aims primarily to preserve the image in the market and add value for the quality and speed in the regulatory interpretation of policies and the procedures of compliances through an integrated way to the other pillars of corporate governance, such as: (i) improvement of relationship with shareholders, (ii) improving of relationship with customers, (iii) business decisions on compliance, (iv) speed of new products according to the market, (v) dissemination of high ethical / cultural compliance by the organization. In sequence, the applicability of the compliance procedures in managing Banrisul funds, observing the institutional structure, standardization, operational routines and its processes, the treatment of audit reports and monitoring, control points, the risks of non-compliance and the consequences that can generate costs irreversibly. For this process goes through a planning, implementation, verification and control of compliance activities, to succeed and be effective, it requires commitment from top management and all employees and it should be part of the organizational culture of the institution.

In Sweden, savings in funds today is one of the most popular forms of savings. Through both active and passive choices, almost all Swedes are exposed to the fund market, where mutual funds are the most popular type of funds. A clear majority of these funds are actively managed, which means that one or more fund managers actively work with the investments of the funds, with the aim to outperform the market. This method of management has been hotly debated in recent years, when many scientists claim that fund managers generally fail to outperform the market in long term. At the same time, interest in sustainability investments has increased in recent years, which is reflected in the fund market where sustainability funds have become increasingly popular. This essay therefore focuses on these sustainability funds, with focus on comparing large banks with web-based fund companies. The large banks in Sweden have been criticized for the way they are working seen from a customer perspective, but their funds are still very popular. Against this background, the study aims to investigate whether one can find any differences in performance of actively managed sustainability funds between large banks and web-based fund companies. Using four different models to measure risk-adjusted return of security portfolios, the funds have been examined to see if it is possible to find any patterns in terms of performance and the type of company that manages the funds. The survey results show that there is a clear difference in performance between the large banks and the web-based fund companies, whereby the latter succeed much better. Of the four models used, the large banks do not outperform the market under one model, while the web-based companies manage to outperform the market according to three of the models. Thus it can be stated that if you are interested in saving money in actively managed sustainability funds, it is the web-based companies to turn to. As previously mentioned, the large banks funds are very popular, which means that Swedish private investors have much money to gain by allowing web-based companies to manage their money, rather than large banks.

I decennier har problematiken kring förvaltning belysts och i mångt och mycket har motpolerna aktiv- och passiv förvaltning jämförts. Tidigare forskning har påvisat att passiv förvaltning är att föredra framför aktiv förvaltning, bland annat på grund av de dyra förvaltningsavgifterna samt att förespråkarna antar en effektiv marknad. Ämnesområdet är ett väl utforskat område dock i högsta grad aktuellt. Tidigare forskning har inte belyst aktivitetsgraden i aktivt förvaltade fonder och därmed gavs implikation till fortsatt analysområde för den här studien. Syftet med uppsatsen är att analysera om aktivitetsgraden i aktivt förvaltade fonder kan förklara den riskjusterade avkastningen med hänsyn tagen till förvaltningsavgiften. En deduktiv ansats kommer tillämpas för utveckling av existerande teori. Utifrån uppsatsens syfte har en kvantitativ metod tillämpats för att analysera information som tilldelats av fondbolagens fondrapporter för att genomföra tester på olika tidsperioder. Uppsatsens resultat grundas på 81 aktivt förvaltade fonder vilka indikerar att det ej går att påvisa att en högre aktivitetsgrad leder till en högre riskjusterad avkastning. Likaså kan inte en högre förvaltningsavgift motiveras av aktivitetsgraden. Utfallet av analyserna beskrivs genom tabeller för att visualisera de statistiska analyserna. Förslag till fortsatt forskning inkluderar undersökning av vad fondbolagen definierar som krav för att klassificeras som aktivt förvaltade fonder. Utifrån att aktivitetsgraden är en ny infallsvinkel i utvärdering av aktiv förvaltning torde studiens resultat vara av intresse för gemene man då vi alla är investerare mer eller mindre i det privata livet. Investerare antas vara intresserade att veta vad som motiverar den höga förvaltningsavgiften samt hur investerade pengar blir förvaltade då konklusionen av studien är att aktivitetsgraden inte ger mervärde. / For decades, the problem of portfolio management has been discussed, specifically the comparisons between the opposite poles ‘active’ and ‘passive’ management. Previous research has shown that passive management is preferred over active management, predominantly because of the expensive management fees, as well as proponents assuming an efficient market. The subject area is a well- explored area yet, highly relevant. Previous research has not highlighted the trading frequency in actively managed funds and an implication for further analysis within this area was given. The purpose of this paper is to analyze whether the frequency of trade in actively managed funds may explain the risk-adjusted return, taking into account the management fees. A deductive approach will be applied to the development of existing theory. Based on the thesis purpose, a quantitative method was applied. As well as analyzing the information assigned by the mutual fund companies’ fund reports for conducting tests at different time periods. Results of the thesis are based on 81 actively managed funds, indicating that it is not possible to reveal that, a higher frequency of trade will lead to a higher risk-adjusted return. Likewise, a higher management fee is not justified by the level of activity. The outcomes of the analysis are depicted through tables to provide a visualization of the statistical and analytical questions explored. Suggestions for future research include; consideration of what the fund companies define as requirements that will be classified as actively managed funds. Based on the above notions the frequency of trade is a new approach to the evaluation of active management. Investors are presumed to have a known interest in what stimulates high management fees and how the money invested will be managed. With respect to the conclusion of this study; the level of the frequency in trade does not add any value.

Bakgrund: Utbredningen av dolda indexfonder har visat sig starkt relaterat till ett lands regelverk och avsaknad av konkurrens på fondmarknaden i form av uttalade indexfonder (Cremers et al. 2013). Då Sverige är ett av de länder som placerar sig i topp vad gäller utbredning av dolda indexfonder (Cremerset al. 2013), är detta remarkabelt med tanke på att Sverige har ett effektivt och välfungerande juridisktsystem (Heritage Foundation 2016). Detta har föranlett oss att undersöka förekomsten av doldaindexfonder i Sverige, samt identifiera och analysera möjliga orsaker till val av aktivitetsgrad utifrånsåväl yttre som inre faktorer. Syfte: Uppsatsen syfte är att med anledning av att det framkommit att dolda indexfonder är vanligt förekommande på den svenska fondmarknaden, undersöka aktivitetsgraden i svenska aktiefonder, samt identifiera och analysera möjliga orsaker till val av aktivitetsgrad. Genomförande: Studien genomförs med ett kvantitativt angreppssätt för att möjliggöra ett statistiskt säkerställt resultat kring aktiviteten på den svenska fondmarknaden. Aktivitetsgraden på den svenskafondmarknaden mäts, genom active share, för att sedan ligga till grund för tester angående hur olika karaktärsdrag påverkar en fonds aktivitet. Avslutningsvis undersöks hur studiens resultat kan kopplas till de spelregler som gäller på den svenska fondmarknaden. Slutsats: Studiens resultat visar på att drygt hälften, 52 %, av de påstått aktivt förvaltade fonderna under mätperioden 2005-2015, i själva verket är att betrakta som dolda indexfonder. Resultatet visar dock också på att det under mätperioden skett en kraftig förbättring av fonders aktivitetsgrad, samt att fler fonder förvaltas aktivt på den svenska marknaden. Fondens inriktning, såväl som om fonden är förvaltad av en storbank, har en signifikant negativ påverkan på fondens aktivitet. Det kan till stor del förklaras av att rådande regelverk och den svenska aktiemarknadens storlek, indirekt uppmuntrar fonder till en lägre aktivitetsgrad. / Background: The existence of closet index funds has been shown highly correlated to regulations andcompetition of explicit index funds on a market (Cremers et al. 2013). Despite its strong regulations andpresence of explicit index funds, studies have shown that Sweden has a high amount of closet indexfunds. This fact has led to our interest in examining the presence of closet index funds on the Swedish market, and to try to identify and analyze potential characteristics of a fund that affect its choice ofactivity rate. Aim: The aim of the study is, by reason of the proven high presence of closet index funds on the Swedish market, to examine the activity rate within the funds, and to identify and analyze potential characteristics that affects it. Completion: The study is conducted through quantitative research. The activity rate of the fund marketis measured through active share and then analyzed for how different characteristics influence the funds activity rate. Eventually the results of the study are being analyzed for if and how they are concatenated to the rules of the Swedish fund market. Conclusion: The result of the study shows that 52 % of the predicated actively managed funds were actually proven to be closet index funds. However, the result also shows that the degree of active share has generally risen, and that more funds are being actively managed in Sweden. The alignment of the fund, as well as if the fund is managed by a major bank, are proven to have a significant negative impactof the activity of the fund. This negative relationship is largely linked to the regulations as well as the size of the Swedish stock market, which creates incentives for low activity of the funds.

Senior leaders of higher education institutions make management-related funding decisions that meet the needs of the institution without incurring financial loss. By classifying groups of students into strategic business units, these leaders can make targeted fund management decisions. Researchers have demonstrated that higher education institutions have successfully implemented student retention programs for students in the freshman unit, but in this early adoption stage, have been unable to establish a pattern in the sophomore unit decision-making process. This study was designed to determine the relationship between the management decisions to allocate funding for retention programs for students in the sophomore year in relation to the annual cost and the anticipated increase in student retention. The design was a quantitative correlation study, with a population of 49 senior leaders from 4-year higher education institutions in North Carolina, most of whom held the position of provost. The researcher developed the electronic survey instrument to measure the outcomes of this study and the results were analyzed using both regression analysis and Bradley-Terry pairwise analysis. The findings of this study suggest a significant relationship exists between the decision to fund retention programs and both the cost of the programs and the anticipated increase in student retention after program implementation. The management decision to allocate funds for the implementation of retention programming for students in a sophomore strategic business unit may improve the retention/graduation rates of students, which may increase the potential earning power of the college graduates while reducing the default rate of student loans.

Bank-managed equity funds are not inferior to their non-bank counterparts. Previous research reporting relative underperformance of bank-managed funds ignored their differing fiduciary standards. To evaluate bank and non-bank funds facing similar fiduciary responsibilities, domestic retail funds approved for Singapore’s Central Provident Fund Investment Scheme were examined, as they meet the same standard for managing social security savings. Returns from these funds correlate highly with market performance. Even though these fund returns exceeded guaranteed interest rates, they did not outperform their market index.With financial market deregulation in Southeast Asia, local banks in small economies withstand erosion of business by foreign competitors. Banks, in order to increase profits, compete with local as well as foreign insurance and investment companies by offering mutual fund products. To remain competitive, banks need to shed their reputation for not being able to generate impressive fund returns, as their funds are not inferior to those from insurance and investment companies in terms of assets under management, expenditures, returns and risk. To gain competitive advantage, banks can differentiate their fund characteristics and reduce portfolio management costs.Mutual fund characteristics can affect expected returns or transaction costs. Factors affecting expected returns include asset allocation and systematic risk, while transaction costs include explicit and implicit ones, which can be measured by expense ratios and size of funds respectively. Insignificance of transaction cost determinants in affecting actual returns can be attributable to dominance of factors affecting expected returns.

Bank-managed equity funds are not inferior to their non-bank counterparts. Previous research reporting relative underperformance of bank-managed funds ignored their differing fiduciary standards. To evaluate bank and non-bank funds facing similar fiduciary responsibilities, domestic retail funds approved for Singapore’s Central Provident Fund Investment Scheme were examined, as they meet the same standard for managing social security savings. Returns from these funds correlate highly with market performance. Even though these fund returns exceeded guaranteed interest rates, they did not outperform their market index.With financial market deregulation in Southeast Asia, local banks in small economies withstand erosion of business by foreign competitors. Banks, in order to increase profits, compete with local as well as foreign insurance and investment companies by offering mutual fund products. To remain competitive, banks need to shed their reputation for not being able to generate impressive fund returns, as their funds are not inferior to those from insurance and investment companies in terms of assets under management, expenditures, returns and risk. To gain competitive advantage, banks can differentiate their fund characteristics and reduce portfolio management costs.Mutual fund characteristics can affect expected returns or transaction costs. Factors affecting expected returns include asset allocation and systematic risk, while transaction costs include explicit and implicit ones, which can be measured by expense ratios and size of funds respectively. Insignificance of transaction cost determinants in affecting actual returns can be attributable to dominance of factors affecting expected returns.