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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
281

Characterization of Novel Pyroelectrics: From Bulk GaN to Thin Film HfO2

Jachalke, Sven 15 May 2019 (has links)
The change of the spontaneous polarization due to a change of temperature is known as the pyroelectric effect and is restricted to crystalline, non-centrosymmetric and polar matter. Its main application is the utilization in infrared radiation sensors, but usage for waste heat energy harvesting or chemical catalysis is also possible. A precise quantification, i.e. the measurement of the pyroelectric coefficient p, is inevitable to assess the performance of a material. Hence, a comprehensive overview is provided in this work, which summarizes and evaluates the available techniques to characterize p. A setup allowing the fully automated measurement of p by utilizing the Sharp-Garn method and the measurement of ferroelectric hysteresis loops is described. It was used to characterize and discuss the behavior of p with respect to the temperature of the doped bulk III-V compound semiconductors gallium nitride and aluminum nitride and thin films of doped hafnium oxide, as reliable data for these materials is still missing in the literature. Here, the nitride-based semiconductors show a comparable small p and temperature dependency, which is only slightly affected by the incorporated dopant, compared to traditional ferroelectric oxides. In contrast, p of HfO2 thin films is about an order of magnitude larger and seems to be affected by the present dopant and its concentrations, as it is considered to be responsible for the formation of the polar orthorhombic phase.:1. Motivation and Introduction 2. Fundamentals 2.1. Dielectrics and their Classification 2.2. Polarization 2.3. Pyroelectricity 2.4. Ferroelectricty 2.5. Phase Transitions 2.6. Applications and Figures of Merit 3. Measurement Methods for the Pyroelectric Coefficient 3.1. General Considerations 3.1.1. Heating Concepts 3.1.2. Thermal Equilibrium 3.1.3. Electric Contact 3.1.4. Separation of Contributions 3.1.5. Thermally Stimulated Currents 3.2. Static Methods 3.2.1. Charge Compensation Method 3.2.2. Hysteresis Measurement Method 3.2.3. Direct Electrocaloric Measurement 3.2.4. Flatband Voltage Shift 3.2.5. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Method 3.2.6. X-ray Diffraction and Density Functional Theory 3.3. Dynamic Methods 3.3.1. Temperature Ramping Methods 3.3.2. Optical Methods 3.3.3. Periodic Pulse Technique 3.3.4. Laser Intensity Modulation Methods 3.3.5. Harmonic Waveform Techniques 4. Pyroelectric and Ferroelectric Characterization Setup 4.1. Pyroelectric Measurement Setup 4.1.1. Setup and Instrumentation 4.1.2. Automated Sharp-Garn Evaluation of Pyroelectric Coefficients 4.1.3. Further Examples 4.2. Hysteresis Loop Measurements 4.2.1. Instrumentation 4.2.2. Measurement and Evaluation 4.2.3. Examples 5. Investigated Material Systems 5.1. III-Nitride Bulk Semiconductors GaN and AlN 5.1.1. General Structure and Spontaneous Polarization 5.1.2. Applications 5.1.3. Crystal Growth and Doping 5.1.4. Pyroelectricity 5.2. Hafnium Oxide Thin Films 5.2.1. General Structure and Applications 5.2.2. Polar Properties in Thin Films 5.2.3. Doping Effects 5.2.4. Pyro- and Piezoelectricity 6. Results 6.1. The Pyroelectric Coefficient of Free-standing GaN and AlN 6.1.1. Sample Preparation 6.1.2. Pyroelectric Measurements 6.1.3. Lattice Influence 6.1.4. Slope Differences 6.2. Pyroelectricity of Doped Hafnium Oxide 6.2.1. Sharp-Garn Measurement on Thin Films 6.2.2. Effects of Silicon Doping 6.2.3. Dopant Comparison 7. Summary and Outlook A. Pyroelectric Current and Phase under Periodic Thermal Excitation B. Loss Current Correction for Shunt Method C. Conductivity Correction D. Comparison of Pyroelectric Figures of Merit Bibliography Publication List Acknowledgments / Die Änderung der spontanen Polarisation durch eine Änderung der Temperatur ist bekannt als der pyroelektrische Effekt, welcher auf kristalline, nicht-zentrosymmetrische und polare Materie beschränkt ist. Er findet vor allem Anwendung in Infrarot-Strahlungsdetektoren, bietet aber weitere Anwendungsfelder wie die Niedertemperatur-Abwärmenutzung oder die chemische Katalyse. Eine präzise Quantifizierung, d. h. die Messung des pyroelektrischen Koeffizienten p, ist unabdingbar, um die Leistungsfähigkeit eines Materials zu bewerten. Daher bietet diese Arbeit u.a. einen umfassenden Überblick und eine Bewertung der verfügbaren Messmethoden zur Charakterisierung von p. Weiterhin wird ein Messaufbau beschrieben, welcher die voll automatisierte Messung von p mit Hilfe der Sharp-Garn Methode und auch die Charakterisierung der ferroelektrischen Hystereseschleife ermöglicht. Aufgrund fehlerender Literaturdaten wurde dieser Aufbau anschließend genutzt, um den temperaturabhängigen pyroelektrischen Koeffizienten der dotierten III-V-Verbindungshalbleiter Gallium- und Aluminiumnitrid sowie dünner Schichten bestehend aus dotiertem Hafniumoxid zu messen und zu diskutieren. Im Vergleich zu klassichen ferroelektrischen Oxiden zeigen dabei die nitridbasierten Halbleiter einen geringen pyroelektrischen Koeffizienten und eine kleine Temperaturabhängigkeit, welche auch nur leicht durch den vorhandenen Dotanden beeinflusst werden kann. Dagegen zeigen dünne Hafniumoxidschichten einen um eine Größenordnung größeren pyroelektrischen Koeffizienten, welcher durch den anwesenden Dotanden und seine Konzentration beeinflusst wird, da dieser verantwortlich für die Ausbildung der polaren, orthorhombischen Phase gemacht wird.:1. Motivation and Introduction 2. Fundamentals 2.1. Dielectrics and their Classification 2.2. Polarization 2.3. Pyroelectricity 2.4. Ferroelectricty 2.5. Phase Transitions 2.6. Applications and Figures of Merit 3. Measurement Methods for the Pyroelectric Coefficient 3.1. General Considerations 3.1.1. Heating Concepts 3.1.2. Thermal Equilibrium 3.1.3. Electric Contact 3.1.4. Separation of Contributions 3.1.5. Thermally Stimulated Currents 3.2. Static Methods 3.2.1. Charge Compensation Method 3.2.2. Hysteresis Measurement Method 3.2.3. Direct Electrocaloric Measurement 3.2.4. Flatband Voltage Shift 3.2.5. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Method 3.2.6. X-ray Diffraction and Density Functional Theory 3.3. Dynamic Methods 3.3.1. Temperature Ramping Methods 3.3.2. Optical Methods 3.3.3. Periodic Pulse Technique 3.3.4. Laser Intensity Modulation Methods 3.3.5. Harmonic Waveform Techniques 4. Pyroelectric and Ferroelectric Characterization Setup 4.1. Pyroelectric Measurement Setup 4.1.1. Setup and Instrumentation 4.1.2. Automated Sharp-Garn Evaluation of Pyroelectric Coefficients 4.1.3. Further Examples 4.2. Hysteresis Loop Measurements 4.2.1. Instrumentation 4.2.2. Measurement and Evaluation 4.2.3. Examples 5. Investigated Material Systems 5.1. III-Nitride Bulk Semiconductors GaN and AlN 5.1.1. General Structure and Spontaneous Polarization 5.1.2. Applications 5.1.3. Crystal Growth and Doping 5.1.4. Pyroelectricity 5.2. Hafnium Oxide Thin Films 5.2.1. General Structure and Applications 5.2.2. Polar Properties in Thin Films 5.2.3. Doping Effects 5.2.4. Pyro- and Piezoelectricity 6. Results 6.1. The Pyroelectric Coefficient of Free-standing GaN and AlN 6.1.1. Sample Preparation 6.1.2. Pyroelectric Measurements 6.1.3. Lattice Influence 6.1.4. Slope Differences 6.2. Pyroelectricity of Doped Hafnium Oxide 6.2.1. Sharp-Garn Measurement on Thin Films 6.2.2. Effects of Silicon Doping 6.2.3. Dopant Comparison 7. Summary and Outlook A. Pyroelectric Current and Phase under Periodic Thermal Excitation B. Loss Current Correction for Shunt Method C. Conductivity Correction D. Comparison of Pyroelectric Figures of Merit Bibliography Publication List Acknowledgments
282

Numerical Studies of Natural Convection in Laterally Heated Vertical Cylindrical Reactors: Characteristic Length, Heat Transfer Correlation, and Flow Regimes Defined

Hirt, David Matthew 14 May 2022 (has links)
No description available.
283

Energy and Charge Transfer at Hybrid Interfaces Probed by Optical Spectroscopy

Mutz, Niklas 30 April 2021 (has links)
Hybride anorganisch/organischen Systeme können die individuellen Vorteile, etwa eine hohe elektronische Mobilität in anorganischen und starke Licht-Materie-Wechselwirkung in organischen Halbleitern, kombinieren. Ein sinnvoller Nutzen dieser Heterostrukturen benötigt ein umfassendes Verständnis der Grenzfläche. Zwei Grenzflächenprozesse werden in dieser Arbeit behandelt. Förster-Resonanzenergietransfer (FRET) wird zwischen einem InGaN/GaN Quantengraben und dem Polymer Cn-ether PPV untersucht. Trotz des hohen internen elektrischen Feldes im Quantengraben, ist effizienter Energietransfer möglich, solange andere nicht-strahlende Zerfallsprozesse unterdrückt werden. Dies wird mittels temperaturabhängiger PL und PLE Spektroskopie gezeigt. PLE demonstriert eine eindeutige Erhöhung der Emission des Akzeptors. Bei höheren Temperaturen dominieren nicht-strahlende Zerfallskanäle. Ladungstransfer wird zwischen MoS2 und dem Molekül H2Pc untersucht. Die Kombination mit organischen Molekülen kann die Funktionalität von MoS2 erweitern. Photoelektronenspektroskopie (PES) zeigt einen Typ-II Heteroübergang an der MoS2/H2Pc Grenzfläche. Angeregte Elektronen gehen von den H2Pc Molekülen in die MoS2 Monolage über, wie mittels einer Verkürzung der PL Lebenszeit von H2Pc gezeigt wird. Photostrommessungen demonstrieren zudem, dass die transferierten Elektronen zu einer erhöhten Photoleitfähigkeit beitragen. Zusätzlich werden auch einzelne 2D Übergangsmetall Dichalkogenide (TMDCs) untersucht. Um TMDCs von hoher Qualität herzustellen, wurde intern eine Wachstumsmethode entwickelt. Mittels PL Spektroskopie werden die so hergestellten Schichten charakterisiert. Die Vielseitigkeit der Methode wird anhand des Wachstums von Mischkristallen und Heterostrukturen gezeigt. Der Einfluss der dielektrischen Funktion des Substrates wird erforscht. Durch die Kombination von PES und Reflexionsmessungen kann eine gleichzeitige Abnahme sowohl der Bandlücke als auch der Exzitonen Bindungsenergie gezeigt werden. / Hybrid inorganic/organic systems can combine the advantages of both materials such as high carrier mobilities in inorganic semiconductors and large light-matter interaction in organic ones. In order to benefit from these heterostructures, a thorough understanding of the interface is needed. Two processes occurring at the interface are looked at in this thesis. Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) is studied between a single InGaN/GaN quantum well and the polymer Cn-ether PPV. Despite the large internal electric fields in the quantum well, efficient FRET is possible as long as other non-radiative decay channels are suppressed. This is shown by temperature dependent PL and PLE spectroscopy. PLE spectra clearly demonstrate an enhanced light emission from the acceptor. At elevated temperatures, non-radiative decay pathways become dominant. Excited-state charge transfer is studied on MoS2 in combination with the molecule H2Pc. The combination with molecules can extend the functionality of MoS2. Photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) reveals a type II energy level alignment at the MoS2/H2Pc interface. Excited electrons are transferred from H2Pc to MoS2, deduced from a shortening of the H2Pc PL decay time. Photocurrent spectra further show that the transferred electrons contribute to an enhanced photoconductivity. Additionally, bare 2D transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) are studied. In order to fabricate high-quality TMDC monolayers, a growth method was developed in-house. The grown monolayers are characterised by optical spectroscopy. The versatility of the method is demonstrated by the growth of alloys and heterostructures. The influence of the substrate dielectric function is investigated by comparing band-gaps measured by PES with the exciton transition energies obtained by reflectance measurements. An almost equal reduction in both energies with the substrate dielectric constant is seen.
284

Quantitative spectroscopy of reliability limiting traps in operational gallium nitride based transistors using thermal and optical methods

Sasikumar, Anup January 2014 (has links)
No description available.
285

Power GaN FET Testing

Faruque, Shams Omar January 2014 (has links)
No description available.
286

Gallium Nitride: Analysis of Physical Properties and Performance in High-Frequency Power Electronic Circuits

Saini, Dalvir K. 11 August 2015 (has links)
No description available.
287

Herstellung von GaN-Schichten mittels Hochtemperatur-Gasphasenepitaxie

Schneider, Tom 03 August 2022 (has links)
Verbindungshalbleiter mit einer großen Bandlücke wie Galliumnitrid (GaN) sind aufgrund ihrer hervorragenden elektronischen Eigenschaften für die Halbleiterindustrie von großem Interesse. Die Hochtemperatur-Gasphasenepitaxie, die auf dem physikalischen Gasphasentransport von Gallium basiert, ist eine alternative Methode der Gasphasenepitaxie von GaN. Im Mittelpunkt der vorliegenden Arbeit standen die Weiterentwicklung der Methode hinsichtlich der Verringerung der Kontamination und die Reduzierung der Versetzungsdichte in den GaN-Schichten. Dazu wurde eine neue Verdampfungszelle entwickelt und die komplexen, mehrstufigen Nukleations- und Wachstumsprozesse systematisch untersucht. Insgesamt wurden zu kommerziell verfügbaren GaN-Schichten vergleichbare Defektdichten erreicht. Zusätzlich wurde die Methode zur Abscheidung auf Saphir-Substraten mit einem Durchmesser von bis zu 2 Zoll aufskaliert.
288

Surface morphology of AlGaN/GaN heterostructures grown on bulk GaN by MBE

Hentschel, R., Gärtner, J., Wachowiak, A., Großer, A., Mikolajick, T., Schmult, S. 10 October 2022 (has links)
In this report the influence of the growth conditions on the surface morphology of AlGaN/GaN heterostructures grown on sapphire-based and bulk GaN substrates is nondestructively investigated with focus on the decoration of defects and the surface roughness. Under Ga-rich conditions specific types of dislocations are unintentionally decorated with shallow hillocks. In contrast, under Ga-lean conditions deep pits are inherently formed at these defect sites. The structural data show that the dislocation density of the substrate sets the limit for the density of dislocation-mediated surface structures after MBE overgrowth and no noticeable amount of surface defects is introduced during the MBE procedure. Moreover, the transfer of crystallographic information, e.g. the miscut of the substrate to the overgrown structure, is confirmed. The combination of our MBE overgrowth with the employed surface morphology analysis by atomic force microscopy (AFM) provides a unique possibility for a nondestructive, retrospective analysis of the original substrate defect density prior to device processing.
289

Extraction of the active acceptor concentration in (pseudo-) vertical GaN MOSFETs using the body-bias effect

Hentschel, R., Wachowiak, A., Großer, A., Kotzea, S., Debald, A., Kalisch, H., Vescan, A., Jahn, A., Schmult, S., Mikolajick, T. 10 October 2022 (has links)
We report and discuss the performance of an enhancement mode n-channel pseudo-vertical GaN metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET). The trench gate structure of the MOSFET is uniformly covered with an Al₂O₃ dielectric and TiN electrode material, both deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD). Normally-off device operation is demonstrated in the transfer characteristics. Special attention is given to the estimation of the active acceptor concentration in the Mg doped body layer of the device, which is crucial for the prediction of the threshold voltage in terms of device design. A method to estimate the electrically active dopant concentration by applying a body bias is presented. The method can be used for both pseudo-vertical and truly vertical devices. Since it does not depend on fixed charges near the channel region, this method is advantageous compared to the estimation of the active doping concentration from the absolute value of the threshold voltage.
290

Behavioral Model and Predistortion Algorithm to Mitigate Interpulse Instabilities Induced by Gallium Nitride Power Amplifiers in Multifunction Radars

Tua-Martinez, Carlos Gustavo 27 January 2017 (has links)
The incorporation of Gallium Nitride (GaN) Power Amplifiers (PAs) into future high power aperture radar systems is certain; however, the introduction of this technology into multifunction radar systems will present new challenges to radar engineers. This dissertation describes a broad investigation into amplitude and phase transients produced by GaN PAs when they are excited with multifunction radar waveforms. These transients are the result of self-heating electrothermal memory effects and are manifested as interpulse instabilities that can negatively impact the coherent processing of multiple pulses. A behavioral model based on a Foster network topology has been developed to replicate the measured amplitude and phase transients accurately. This model has been used to develop a digital predistortion technique that successfully mitigates the impact of the transients. The Moving Target Indicator (MTI) Improvement Factor and the Root Mean Square (RMS) Pulse-to-Pulse Stability are used as metrics to assess the impact of the transients on radar system performance and to test the effectiveness of a novel digital predistortion concept. / Ph. D.

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