Este trabajo de tesis busca modelar las distribuciones espaciales conjuntas de las leyes de cobre soluble y cobre total en yacimientos cupríferos. El modelamiento descrito posee dos dificultades: la restricción lógica de las variables (la ley de cobre soluble debe ser menor o igual a la ley de cobre total) y la presencia de un muestreo preferencial: generalmente la ley de cobre soluble no es analizada químicamente a bajas leyes de cobre total, resultando en un sesgo al momento de estimar la distribución de los datos existentes de leyes de cobre soluble, mientras que la distribución de la ley de cobre total puede ser estimada sin sesgo alguno. La manera propuesta comienza con el modelamiento de distribuciones representativas para las leyes de cobre soluble e insoluble basado en la distribución representativa de la ley de cobre total y en una distribución teórica gamma bivariable. El conocimiento de las distribuciones de las leyes de cobre soluble e insoluble permite transformar la información disponible a valores gaussianos, lo que es requerido previamente para realizar la simulación geoestadística. El paso siguiente es cosimular las leyes de cobre soluble e insoluble en la zona de estudio, condicionado a los datos disponibles. Primero se realiza la cosimulación en los puntos con solo información de cobre total mediante un algoritmo iterativo (muestreador de Gibbs), luego se cosimula en los nodos de la grilla mediante un algoritmo de simulación gaussiana multivariable tradicional (bandas rotantes). Una vez obtenidas las leyes de cobre soluble e insoluble cosimuladas se obtiene la ley de cobre total cosimulada, obedeciendo a la relación de orden de estas variables. El método propuesto se aplica a un caso de estudio, correspondiente a un yacimiento cuprífero localizado en el norte de Chile, con el fin de demostrar su aplicación en el negocio minero. La metodología aplicada resulta ser eficiente, logrando una evaluación realista del yacimiento a través de las simulaciones. A su vez se compara y contrasta con el cokriging, metodología tradicional ocupada en la industria, el cual subestima los recursos del yacimiento. Además, las simulaciones permiten tener una visión de los riesgos del proyecto, no así el cokriging que entrega un caso promedio. Mediante el conocimiento de las leyes de cobre total y cobre soluble se puede implementar varias alternativas tanto en el proceso extractivo como en el metalúrgico, con lo cual se puede incrementar el beneficio del negocio minero del yacimiento.

Neste trabalho estudaremos o comportamento de um feixe de partículas carregadas, radialmente simétrico, quando este élançado em um canal solenoidal com campo magnético constante. Se esse feixe for denso e se propagar com uma velocidade muito menor que a da luz, sofrerá um forte efeito de repulsão Coulombiana, a qual competirá com a força magnética externa do canal solenoidal. Em um dado momento, entre o regime de transição do estado inicial para o estado final de relaxação, o feixe ejetará partículas do seu núcleo para a borda e, esse processo se intensificará à medida que o feixe se propaga no canal solenoidal. Analisaremos esse fenômeno de maneira detalhada, tanto para feixes com temperaturas quanto para feixes frios. Para isso, construiremos modelos numéricos e analíticos, onde ambos estabelecerão parâmetros que permitam otimizar o tempo de vida do feixe dentro do canal solenoidal até a primeira ejeção de partículas, [1], [2], [3], [4]. Com o intuito de entendermos a dinâmica do sistema como um todo, também estudaremos o estado estacionário do feixe. Para tanto, utilizaremos técnicas Lagrangeanas e quantidade conservadas, como a energia total, a fim de determinarmos a emitância do estado relaxado [5], [6]. / In this work, we will study the behavior of a charged particle beam, radially symmet- rical, when it is launched in a solenoidal channel with constant magnetic field. If the beam is dense and propagate with speed much slower than the light, it will undergo a strong effect of Coulomb repulsion, which compete with the strength of the external magnetic solenoidal channel. At a certain point, between the transition from initial state to the ultimate state of relaxation, the beam will eject particles from the core to its edge, and this process will intensify as the beam propagates in the channel solenoidal. We will analyze this phenomenon in detail either for cold beams as for beams with temperature. To do this, we will construct analytical and numerical models, which both provide parameters to optimize the lifetime of the beam inside the solenoidal channel until the first ejection of particles, [1], [2], [3], [4]. In order to understand the dynamics of the system as a whole, we will also study the relaxed state of the beam. For this purpose, we will use Lagrangian techniques and conserved quantities, as the total energy, with the purpose of determine the emittance of the relaxed state [5], [6].

Neste trabalho estudaremos o comportamento de um feixe de partículas carregadas, radialmente simétrico, quando este élançado em um canal solenoidal com campo magnético constante. Se esse feixe for denso e se propagar com uma velocidade muito menor que a da luz, sofrerá um forte efeito de repulsão Coulombiana, a qual competirá com a força magnética externa do canal solenoidal. Em um dado momento, entre o regime de transição do estado inicial para o estado final de relaxação, o feixe ejetará partículas do seu núcleo para a borda e, esse processo se intensificará à medida que o feixe se propaga no canal solenoidal. Analisaremos esse fenômeno de maneira detalhada, tanto para feixes com temperaturas quanto para feixes frios. Para isso, construiremos modelos numéricos e analíticos, onde ambos estabelecerão parâmetros que permitam otimizar o tempo de vida do feixe dentro do canal solenoidal até a primeira ejeção de partículas, [1], [2], [3], [4]. Com o intuito de entendermos a dinâmica do sistema como um todo, também estudaremos o estado estacionário do feixe. Para tanto, utilizaremos técnicas Lagrangeanas e quantidade conservadas, como a energia total, a fim de determinarmos a emitância do estado relaxado [5], [6]. / In this work, we will study the behavior of a charged particle beam, radially symmet- rical, when it is launched in a solenoidal channel with constant magnetic field. If the beam is dense and propagate with speed much slower than the light, it will undergo a strong effect of Coulomb repulsion, which compete with the strength of the external magnetic solenoidal channel. At a certain point, between the transition from initial state to the ultimate state of relaxation, the beam will eject particles from the core to its edge, and this process will intensify as the beam propagates in the channel solenoidal. We will analyze this phenomenon in detail either for cold beams as for beams with temperature. To do this, we will construct analytical and numerical models, which both provide parameters to optimize the lifetime of the beam inside the solenoidal channel until the first ejection of particles, [1], [2], [3], [4]. In order to understand the dynamics of the system as a whole, we will also study the relaxed state of the beam. For this purpose, we will use Lagrangian techniques and conserved quantities, as the total energy, with the purpose of determine the emittance of the relaxed state [5], [6].

O propÃsito da dissertaÃÃo à caracterizar hipersuperfÃcies na esfera euclidiana com curvatura mÃdia de ordem superior constante. Provamos que se M à uma variedade riemanniana de dimensÃo n e a imagem da aplicaÃÃo de Gauss de M està contida num hemisfÃrio fechado da esfera de dimensÃo n+1 entÃo M à totalmente umbÃlica.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T18:33:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo8678_1.pdf: 651005 bytes, checksum: ec2e9b73a9128d7f8de4f13552fd4339 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Neste trabalho mostramos alguns dos principais resultados acerca do número de pontos omitidos pela aplicação normal de Gauss de superfícies mínimas regulares completas. Começamos com uma das versões do teorema de Bernstein e citamos os resultados conseguidos, no sentido de seu melhoramento, por Osserman, Xavier e Fujimoto. Por fim introduzimos o teorema de Mo-Osserman o qual se caracteriza como uma extensão do teorema de Fujimoto

Le théorème de Gauss sur les sommes de 3 carrés relie le nombre de points entiers primitifs sur la sphère de rayon la racine carrée de n au nombre de classes d'un ordre quadratique imaginaire. En 2011, Edixhoven a esquissée une preuve du théorème de Gauss en utilisant une approche de la géométrie arithmétique. Il a utilisé l'action du groupe orthogonal spécial sur la sphère et a donné une bijection entre l'ensemble des SO3(Z)-orbites de tels points, si non vide, avec l'ensemble des classes d'isomorphisme de torseurs sous le stabilisateur. Ce dernier ensemble est un groupe, isomorphe au groupe des classes d'isomorphisme de modules projectifs de rang 1 sur l'anneau Z[1/2, √- n], ce qui donne une structure d'espace affine sur l'ensemble des SO3(Z)-orbites sur la sphère. Au chapitre 3 de cette thèse, nous donnons une démonstration complète du théorème de Gauss suivant les travaux d'Edixhoven. Nous donnons aussi une nouvelle preuve du théorème de Legendre sur l'existence d'une solution entière primitive de l'équation x2 + y2 + z2 = n en utilisant la théorie des faisceaux. Nous montrons au chapitre 4 comment obtenir explicitement l'action, donnée par la méthode des faisceaux, du groupe des classes sur l'ensemble des SO3(Z)-orbites sur la sphère en termes de SO3(Q). / Gauss's theorem on sums of 3 squares relates the number of primitive integer points on the sphere of radius the square root of n with the class number of some quadratic imaginary order. In 2011, Edixhoven sketched a different proof of Gauss's theorem by using an approach from arithmetic geometry. He used the action of the special orthogonal group on the sphere and gave a bijection between the set of SO3(Z)-orbits of such points, if non-empty, with the set of isomorphism classes of torsors under the stabilizer group. This last set is a group, isomorphic to the group of isomorphism classes of projective rank one modules over the ring Z[1/2, √- n]. This gives an affine space structure on the set of SO3(Z)-orbits on the sphere. In Chapter 3 we give a complete proof of Gauss's theorem following Edixhoven's work and a new proof of Legendre's theorem on the existence of a primitive integer solution of the equation x2 + y2 + z2 = n by sheaf theory. In Chapter 4 we make the action given by the sheaf method of the Picard group on the set of SO3(Z)-orbits on the sphere explicit, in terms of SO3(Q). / De stelling van Gauss over sommen van 3 kwadraten relateert het aantal primitieve gehele punten op de bol van straal de vierkantswortel van n aan het klassengetal van een bepaalde imaginaire kwadratisch orde. In 2011 schetste Edixhoven een ander bewijs van deze stelling van Gauss metbehulp van aritmetische meetkunde. Hij gebruikte de actie van de special orthogonale groep op de bol en gaf een bijectie tussen de verzameling van SO3(Z)-banen van dergelijke punten, als die niet leeg is, met de verzameling van isomor_e klassen van torsors onder de stabilisator groep. Deze laatste verzameling is een groep, isomorf met de groep van isomor_e klassen van projectieve rang _e_en modulen over de ring Z[1/2, √- n]. Dit geeft een a_ene ruimte structuur op de verzameling van SO3(Z)-banen op de bol. In Hoofdstuk 3 geven we een volledig bewijs van de stelling van Gauss zoals geschetst door Edixhoven, en een nieuw bewijs van Legendre's stelling over het bestaan van een primitieve gehele oplossing van de vergelijking x2 +y2 +z2 = n met schoven theorie. In hoofdstuk 4 maken we de werking gegeven door de schoven theorie van de Picard groep op de verzameling van SO3(Z)-banen op de bol expliciet, in termen van SO3(Q).

Magíster en Ciencias de la Ingeniería, Mención Matemáticas Aplicadas. Ingeniero Civil Matemático / Multi-Output Gaussian Processes (MOGPs) are the multivariate extension of Gaussian processes (GPs \cite{Rasmussen:2006}), a Bayesian nonparametric method for univariate regression. MOGPs address the multi-channel regression problem by modeling the correlation in time and/or space (as scalar GPs do), but also across channels and thus revealing statistical dependencies among different sources of data. This is crucial in a number of real-world applications such as fault detection, data imputation and financial time-series analysis. Analogously to the univariate case, MOGPs are entirely determined by a multivariate covariance function, which in this case is matrix valued. The design of this matrix-valued covariance function is challenging, since we have to deal with the trade off between (i) choosing a broad class of cross-covariances and auto-covariances, while at the same time (ii) ensuring positive definiteness of the symmetric matrix containing these scalar-valued covariance functions. In the stationary univariate case, these difficulties can be bypassed by virtue of Bochner's theorem, that is, by building the covariance function in the spectral (Fourier) domain to then transform it to the time and/or space domain, thus yielding the (single-output) Spectral Mixture kernel \cite{Wilson:2013}. A classical approach to define multivariate covariance functions for MOGPs is through linear combinations of independent (latent) GPs; this is the case of the Linear Model of Coregionalization (LMC \cite{goo1997}) and the Convolution Model \cite{Alvarez:2008}. In these cases, the resulting multivariate covariance function is a function of both the latent-GP covariances and the linear operator considered, which usually results in symmetric cross-covariances that do not admit lags across channels. Due to their simplicity, these approaches fail to provide interpretability of the dependencies learnt and force the auto-covariances to have similar structure. The main purpose of this work is to extend the spectral mixture concept to MOGPs: We rely on Cram\'er's theorem \cite, the multivariate version of Bochner's theorem, to propose an expressive family of complex-valued square-exponential cross-spectral densities, which, through the Fourier transform yields the Multi-Output Spectral Mixture kernel (MOSM). The proposed MOSM model provides clear interpretation of all the parameters in spectral terms. Besides the theoretical presentation and interpretation of the proposed multi-output covariance kernel based on square-exponential spectral densities, we inquiry the plausibility of complex-valued t-Student cross-spectral densities. We validate our contribution experimentally through an illustrative example using a tri-variate synthetic signal, and then compare it against all the aforementioned methods on two real-world datasets.

No description available.

A lattice gas with equal numbers of oppositely charged particles, diffusing under the influence of a uniform electric field and an excluded volume condition undergoes an order-disorder phase transition, controlled by the particle density and the field strength. This transition may be continuous (second order) or continuous (first order). Results from previous discrete simulations are shown, and a theoretical continuum model is developed. As this is a nonequilibrium system, there is no associated free energy to determine the location of a first order transition. Instead, the model equations for this system are evolved in time numerically, and the locus of this transition is determined via the presence of a stable state with coexisting regions of order and disorder. The Crank-Nicholson, nonlinear Gauss-Seidel, and GMRES algorithms used to solve the model equations are discussed. Performance enhancements and limits on convergence are considered. / Master of Science

L'objectif de ce mémoire est de dénombrer les polynômes irréductibles unitaires sur un corps fini en prescrivant des contraintes sur les coefficients. Dans les prochaines pages, il sera question de fixer simplement des coefficients, ou simplement de fixer leur signe, leur cubicité ou leur quarticité. / The objective of this thesis is to count monic irreducible polnomials over a finite field under some conditions on the coefficients of the polynomial. These conditions will be simply to fix some coefficients, or to fix their sign, cubicity or quarticity.