O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar o papel do gênero no aprendizado escolar no Brasil, enfatizando desigualdades e o efeito de pares. Essas questões foram analisadas em cinco capítulos, incluindo a introdução e as considerações finais. Inicia-se com uma breve descrição sobre a desigualdade de gênero em termos de aprendizado de matemática e português no Brasil considerando, principalmente, os alunos de 5º e 9º ano. Observa-se que os meninos tendem a se sair melhor em matemática que as meninas, uma relação que se inverte para português e, ainda, que estas desigualdades aumentam nos anos escolares mais avançados. O segundo capítulo visa investigar os fatores associados a estas diferenças, explorando características dos alunos, professores e escolas através de dois métodos diferentes de decomposição, uma que explora a diferença de média dos resultados e outra que analisa toda a distribuição de notas. Os resultados indicam que apesar de meninos e meninas possuírem características de contexto socioeconômico e familiares parecidas, o principal fator contribuinte para as diferenças de aprendizado está no retorno destas características em termos de nota para cada um dos dois gêneros, o que, portanto, reduz o papel do professor e da escola na diminuição destas desigualdades. O terceiro capítulo trata do efeito de pares no aprendizado do 5º ano das escolas públicas brasileiras. Ele investiga, de maneira causal, a relação entre a proporção de meninas na escola e o aprendizado. Identifica-se uma relação positiva entre notas e a proporção de meninas em português e, principalmente, em matemática, uma disciplina cujas meninas tendem a se sair piores do que os meninos. Isto, portanto, chama atenção para o tópico do quarto capítulo, que busca elucidar mecanismos por trás desta influência. Verifica-se, portanto, que o efeito positivo das meninas ocorre via comportamento, o que se reflete em menor violência, maior expectativa dos professores sobre o futuro escolar dos alunos e facilita o andamento da classe. Diante disso, em termos de políticas públicas, o trabalho chama atenção para o gênero como fator importante na alocação de alunos e professores dentro da escola. Assim, levar os resultados aqui apresentados em consideração na formulação e execução de políticas pode resultar em medidas efetivas e de baixo custo voltadas para o aumento do aprendizado escolar. / The aim of this research is to analyze the role of gender on scholastic achievement in Brazil, emphasizing inequalities and peer effects. These issues are analyzed in five chapters, including the introduction and the concluding remarks. We start by briefly describing gender inequality in terms of math and literacy achievements in Brazil, focusing, mainly, on 5th and 9th grade students. We observe that boys tend to outperform girls in math, a relation that reverses in literacy and, furthermore, that these inequalities increase in more advanced schooling years. The second chapter aims to investigate the factors associated with these differences, exploring students’, teachers’ and schools characteristics in two different types of decomposition methods, one that explores differences in mean achievement and another that assesses the entire test score distribution. The results indicate that despite boys and girls having similar family and socioeconomic characteristics, the main contributor towards the learning differences is the return of these characteristics in terms of test scores for each of the two genders, which, therefore, reduces the role of teachers’ and schools in diminishing these inequalities. The third chapter deals with peer effects in 5th grade Brazilian public schools. It investigates the casual relationship between the proportion of girls at school and learning. We identify a positive relation between test scores and the proportion of girls in literacy and, mainly, in math, a subject that girls tend to be outscored by boys. This, in fact, draws attention to the fourth chapter, which seeks to elucidate the mechanisms behind this influence. We verify that the benefits of having a greater proportion of girls are mainly through improvements in student behavior, which reflects in less violence, greater teacher expectations over the student’s academic future, and facilitates classroom progress. In terms of public policies, this research draws attention to gender as an important factor in the allocation of students and teachers within schools. Therefore, the consideration of our findings in the formulation and execution of policies can result in effective and low cost measures aimed at increasing scholastic achievement.

Im vorliegenden Artikel werden die zentralen Ergebnisse der Studie zur Vermögensverteilung zwischen Frauen und Männern auf Personenebene in Österreich vorgestellt. Es wurden bereits zahlreiche Studien zu den Themen der Einkommensverteilung und dem geschlechtsspezifischen Lohnunterschied publiziert, die Analyse von Vermögensunterschieden zwischen Geschlechtern stand bisher allerdings nicht im Zentrum der Betrachtung. Dabei ist gerade Vermögen ein wesentlich umfassenderes Maß für den Wohlstand eines Haushalts bzw. Individuums. Die Untersuchung der geschlechtsspezifischen Vermögenslücke erfolgt im Rahmen der Studie zum ersten Mal für Österreich anhand von Individualdaten aus dem "Household Finance and Consumption Survey" (HFCS) 2014. Die Analyseergebnisse zeigen, dass das Nettovermögen innerhalb von Paarhaushalten ungleich verteilt ist und eine geschlechtsspezifische Vermögensdifferenz zulasten der Frauen existiert. In österreichischen Paarhaushalten kann im Durchschnitt ein Gender Wealth Gap in Höhe von 58.417 A ermittelt werden. Frauen in Paarhaushalten besitzen demnach um 28% weniger Vermögen als Männer. Dieser Artikel analysiert des Weiteren Unterschiede hinsichtlich Nettovermögen von Frauen und Männern in Paar- und Single-Haushalten anhand von Haushaltsstruktur und Entscheidungsmacht.

O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar o papel do gênero no aprendizado escolar no Brasil, enfatizando desigualdades e o efeito de pares. Essas questões foram analisadas em cinco capítulos, incluindo a introdução e as considerações finais. Inicia-se com uma breve descrição sobre a desigualdade de gênero em termos de aprendizado de matemática e português no Brasil considerando, principalmente, os alunos de 5º e 9º ano. Observa-se que os meninos tendem a se sair melhor em matemática que as meninas, uma relação que se inverte para português e, ainda, que estas desigualdades aumentam nos anos escolares mais avançados. O segundo capítulo visa investigar os fatores associados a estas diferenças, explorando características dos alunos, professores e escolas através de dois métodos diferentes de decomposição, uma que explora a diferença de média dos resultados e outra que analisa toda a distribuição de notas. Os resultados indicam que apesar de meninos e meninas possuírem características de contexto socioeconômico e familiares parecidas, o principal fator contribuinte para as diferenças de aprendizado está no retorno destas características em termos de nota para cada um dos dois gêneros, o que, portanto, reduz o papel do professor e da escola na diminuição destas desigualdades. O terceiro capítulo trata do efeito de pares no aprendizado do 5º ano das escolas públicas brasileiras. Ele investiga, de maneira causal, a relação entre a proporção de meninas na escola e o aprendizado. Identifica-se uma relação positiva entre notas e a proporção de meninas em português e, principalmente, em matemática, uma disciplina cujas meninas tendem a se sair piores do que os meninos. Isto, portanto, chama atenção para o tópico do quarto capítulo, que busca elucidar mecanismos por trás desta influência. Verifica-se, portanto, que o efeito positivo das meninas ocorre via comportamento, o que se reflete em menor violência, maior expectativa dos professores sobre o futuro escolar dos alunos e facilita o andamento da classe. Diante disso, em termos de políticas públicas, o trabalho chama atenção para o gênero como fator importante na alocação de alunos e professores dentro da escola. Assim, levar os resultados aqui apresentados em consideração na formulação e execução de políticas pode resultar em medidas efetivas e de baixo custo voltadas para o aumento do aprendizado escolar. / The aim of this research is to analyze the role of gender on scholastic achievement in Brazil, emphasizing inequalities and peer effects. These issues are analyzed in five chapters, including the introduction and the concluding remarks. We start by briefly describing gender inequality in terms of math and literacy achievements in Brazil, focusing, mainly, on 5th and 9th grade students. We observe that boys tend to outperform girls in math, a relation that reverses in literacy and, furthermore, that these inequalities increase in more advanced schooling years. The second chapter aims to investigate the factors associated with these differences, exploring students’, teachers’ and schools characteristics in two different types of decomposition methods, one that explores differences in mean achievement and another that assesses the entire test score distribution. The results indicate that despite boys and girls having similar family and socioeconomic characteristics, the main contributor towards the learning differences is the return of these characteristics in terms of test scores for each of the two genders, which, therefore, reduces the role of teachers’ and schools in diminishing these inequalities. The third chapter deals with peer effects in 5th grade Brazilian public schools. It investigates the casual relationship between the proportion of girls at school and learning. We identify a positive relation between test scores and the proportion of girls in literacy and, mainly, in math, a subject that girls tend to be outscored by boys. This, in fact, draws attention to the fourth chapter, which seeks to elucidate the mechanisms behind this influence. We verify that the benefits of having a greater proportion of girls are mainly through improvements in student behavior, which reflects in less violence, greater teacher expectations over the student’s academic future, and facilitates classroom progress. In terms of public policies, this research draws attention to gender as an important factor in the allocation of students and teachers within schools. Therefore, the consideration of our findings in the formulation and execution of policies can result in effective and low cost measures aimed at increasing scholastic achievement.

The thesis focuses on representation of gender inequality in Czech lifestyle magazines for men. The main research question explores the ways in which men's magazines represent the issues of gender inequality. The research method used in this thesis is qualitative content analysis by Anselm Strauss and Juliet Corbin. The sample contains selected articles from Czech versions of the men's magazines Maxim and Esquire, covering all of 2016. The open coding process enabled labeling of the analyzed phenomena, discovering the prominent categories and their dimensions. Axial coding resulted in the reorganization of the categories, which emerged during open coding, by exploring the relationships between the categories and making connections between them. Selective coding identified the central phenomenon of the research. Male Dominance emerged as the core category, integrating the other categories - Manifestations of Gender Inequality, Men's Fear of Gender Equality and Partial Refutation of the Masculine Perspective - around the central phenomenon. The theories used as the sources of the enhancement of theoretical sensitivity are explored and presented in the theoretical part of this thesis. The research concludes that the analyzed lifestyle magazines for men spread negative gender stereotypes and...

Haiti experienced the greatest urban disaster of international history in 2010 when the county was hit by an earthquake which triggered one of the largest responses of humanitarian assistance and disaster relief efforts ever identified. The Haitian population was harshly affected by the earthquake, killing approximately 200 000 people, injuring 300 000 and displacing over 2,3 million. Reports from the post-disaster period also revealed that gender inequalities were growing deeper and that cases of sexual based violence against women and girls increased massively. The history of Haiti shows similar patterns of discrimination and gender based violence against women and children. Research upon gender based violence in the aftermath of disaster presents that disastrous events such as an earthquake, often is followed by an increase in gender based – and sexual gender based violence. Disasters could also provide a window of opportunity for change of  traditional roles and social norms in societies where they are deeply rooted. In order to seize this opportunity disaster management needs to acknowledge and adapt to gendered needs and capacities in all stages of disaster relief efforts in order to provide these opportunities for the subordinated gender. This research is studying the responsive policies of the Haitian government in the aftermath of the earthquake 2010, presented in the Action Plan for National Recovery and Development of Haiti. The aim is to investigate if any exercises of power could be observed to have affected the increase of gender based violence and sexual gender based violence for women and children in the post-earthquake responsive period. The study will be carried out as a text-analysing, desk study and by applying the theoretical framework of Steven Lukes three-dimensional power approach and the theory of radical feminism abductively. The findings of this research presents that power exercises by the government can be observed to have affected the increase of gender based – as well as sexual gender based violence in the period of study.

Submitted by Marilene Donadel (marilene.donadel@unioeste.br) on 2017-12-08T18:39:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruna_Castro_2017.pdf: 1126012 bytes, checksum: 9d6ac90d6788df3e7466f1f51e2ae2b1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-08T18:39:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruna_Castro_2017.pdf: 1126012 bytes, checksum: 9d6ac90d6788df3e7466f1f51e2ae2b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Health is relevant to economic agents, since it contributes directly to the people´s well-being, and constitutes part of human capital and, for these reason, health affects a productivity and individual´s incomes. Either individual decisions and public policies that affect health have been doing cruxcial effects on economic development, also constitute a channel for an revenue distribution policie and fight against poverty. This study analyzes the differences of health conditions of male and female workers in Brazil in 2008, using as measure the perception of health of the researched people by the supplement of PNAD (Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios) of 2008. In the applied methodology, firstly was made descriptive statistical analyzis, also were estimated probit models in two stages to capture the contributions of the socioeconomic caratteristiche to the person´s health conditions occupied by sex. The main results were that women presented worst health perceptions than men in almost all socioeconomic variables analyzed. Health policies need to address the specific needs of men and women, and it is also believed that reducing gender inequality can reduce differences in health perceptions of gender. / A saúde é relevante para os agentes econômicos, uma vez que contribui diretamente para o bem-estar das pessoas, e se constitui como parte do estoque de capital humano, por essa razão, o estado de saúde afeta a produtividade e a renda dos indivíduos. As decisões individuais ou as políticas públicas que afetam a saúde têm efeitos cruciais sobre o desenvolvimento econômico e, também, constituem um canal para as políticas de distribuição de renda e combate à pobreza. Este trabalho analisa os fatores que afetam o estado de saúde entre trabalhadores do sexo feminino e masculino no Brasil em 2008, utilizando como medida a percepção de saúde dos indivíduos captada pelo suplemento da PNAD (Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios) de 2008. Na metodologia aplicada primeiramente foram feitas as análises das estatísticas descritivas e, também, foram estimados modelos probit em Dois Estágios para captar as contribuições das características socioeconômicas para o estado de saúde das pessoas ocupadas por sexo. Os principais resultados foram que as mulheres apresentaram menor percepção de boa saúde do que os homens em quase todas as variáveis socioeconômicas analisadas. Portanto, é necessário que as políticas de saúde atendam às necessidades especificas de homens e mulheres, e, também, acredita-se que a redução da desigualdade de gênero pode diminuir as diferenças de percepção de saúde por sexo.

In recent years there has been a resurgence of gender inequality in China. Today, women are pressured to get married by the state and their social surroundings, as they told if they remain unmarried and have the "three highs"; high age, education and salary, they will become leftovers on the marriage market. Previous research on the concept of labelling women as "leftover" has 4 shown that labelling women as "leftover" can have several different negative impacts. In this thesis, both the theory of masculine hegemony and the theory of symbolic interaction have been used. The concept creates a hegemonic masculinity as it is a normative practice that promotes the subordination of women. However, as the concept is based on the notion that all Chinese men, or at least those of relevant social standing, would find the "three highs" undesirable, it is relevant to see how Chinese men in fact do position themselves in relation to the hegemonic masculinity on an individual level. In symbolic interaction, the concept of gender is created through social construction when people attach special meanings to the sex of a person, a process which is called "doing gender". Therefore symbolic interaction is used to see what special meaning Chinese men attach to women having the "three highs" and masculine hegemony to put their answers into a larger context. If it could be shown that Chinese men do not comply with the hegemonic masculinity, Chinese women would not have to feel obliged to adjust to the hegemonic masculinity and thereby making it easier for them to pursue higher education, high paying jobs and marrying at a later age. However, as this thesis is a qualitative study, and therefore a limited number of data subjects, the generalizability of the result should not be exaggerated. The interviews that were conducted for this thesis showed that the data subjects were familiar with the concept and that they considered it to be natural for there to be women China labelled as "leftover". Nevertheless, in relation to their own marital choices, the data subjects did not attach the negative meaning as set out by the hegemonic masculinity, a result which to some extent was confirmed by the data subjects’ experiences and other control questions. The result is interesting, and enforces Connell and MesserSchmidt’s theory, that even though a hegemonic masculinity is normative, not everyone has to comply with it. As the cornerstone of the concept is that Chinese men find women with the "three highs" undesirable, the result of the study shows that there is a need for the concept to be further examined and questioned. / 近年，性别不平等在中国又开始回潮。今天，中国女性在婚姻问题上受到来自社会的不小压力。如果这些女性尚未结婚而又具有?三高? ，即高龄、高学历和高薪，那她们将有可能成为婚姻上的剩女。以往研究表明，女性被打上?剩女? 的标签后，这?剩? 字会给她们带来若干负面影响。本文运用两个理论：「支配性男性气质」(hegemonic masculinity) 和「象征性互动」(symbolic interaction) 理论。「支配性男性气质」作为理论说明男性如何建立规范使妇女处于从属地位。此观念基于这样一个已有概念，即中国男性不喜欢?三高? 女性。本文主要讨论中国男人在「支配性男性气质」主导的社会里如何自我定位。根据「象征性互动」理论，性别的概念是经由社会建構创造的性意思，过程被称为「做性别」(doing gender) 。「象征性互动」理论因此被用来观察中国男性对?三高?女性存在的特殊想法。而「支配性男性气质」的理论则把他们的回答放到一个更大的范围内。如果我们能够证明中国男性并不完全赞同「支配性男性气质」的概念，那么中国女性就没有必要认为必须顺应「支配性男性气质」的一些规范，从而使这些女性更愿意接受高等教育，从事高收入工作和晚婚。需要指出的是，由于本论文是定性研究，样本数量有限，结果不一定具有普遍性。本文受访者均熟悉・剩女?这个观念，并且觉得这些・三高・女性很自然地被社会标签为?剩余?。但尽管如此，当谈及他们自己的婚姻选择时，这些受访者却并不在意「支配性男性气质」对女性标签的负面意义。此现象在一定程度上从受访者个人经历和我们附加的对照性问题上得到证实。这一结果相当有意思，根据康奈尔（Connell）和梅塞施密特（MesserSchmidt）的理论，即使「支配性男性气质」是一个常态，但其在统计学上并不一定最常见。由于已有的概念认为中国男性不喜欢?三高?女性，本研究结果显示，有必要对这一概念作进一步的探讨和分析。

South Africa has the biggest HIV epidemic in the world and the HIV rates among youth are especially alarming. In 2016 there were 110 000 new cases of HIV among 15 to 24-year-olds. The aim of this study is to describe and analyse perceptions of HIV and HIV prevention among Xhosa youth in the township of Langa, Cape Town. In order to study this, I focus on the organisation loveLife and their employed peer educators called groundBREAKERs (gBs). To gain knowledge on what fuels the HIV epidemic in this setting I will examine their thoughts and notions of HIV/AIDS, sexuality and sexual behaviour in relation to the information that is available to them. Examining the socio-cultural context of HIV/AIDS is important to understand the spread and why HIV is not declining sufficiently in response to HIV preventative efforts. This thesis is based on ten weeks of fieldwork at loveLife’s Y-Centre in Langa. The material was gathered through semi-structured interviews and participant observation. To analyse the drivers for the spread of HIV among Xhosa youth an analytical tool of gender roles, with a main focus on masculinity, has been utilized.

Magister Legum - LLM

This thesis aims to find out the range of unpaid work in the Czech Republic and whether there are significant gender differences in the terms of unpaid work. This target was reached by evaluating experience from abroad, specifically from the research of OECD, research of HETUS and research based on a survey in the Slovakia in 2011. Measure of unpaid work in the Czech Republic was determined by present surveys, but was mainly based on my own survey. The thesis also contains a theoretical part that specifies the importance and influence of unpaid work. Gender inequalities in society but mainly in the labour market were also specified. This thesis summarises past results of surveys that addressed the topic of unpaid work. The main asset of my work is the research in the Czech Republic, which is directly focused on the range of unpaid work as there only had been series of research that dealt with unpaid work briefly. Another benefit of this work is proposing possible amendments because the assumption that women spend more time on unpaid work than men was confirmed. These changes could help to compensate the inequality.